Inhibition of cannabinoid CB1 receptor upregulates Slc2a4 expression via nuclear factor-kappa B and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 in adipocytes

Evidences have suggested that the endocannabinoid system is overactive in obesity, resulting in enhanced endocannabinoid levels in both circulation and visceral adipose tissue. The blockade of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) has been proposed for the treatment of obesity. Besides loss of body weight, CB1 antagonism improves insulin sensitivity, in which the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) plays a key role. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of GLUT4-encoded gene (Slc2a4 gene) expression by CB1 receptor. For this, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated in the presence of a highly selective CB1 receptor agonist (1 mu M arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide) and/or a CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist (0.1, 0.5, or 1 mu M AM251, 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-1-piperidinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide). After acute (2 and 4 h) and chronic (24 h) treatments, cells were harvested to evaluate: i) Slc2a4, Cnr1 (CB1 receptor-encoded gene), and Srebf1 type a (SREBP-1a type-encoded gene) mRNAs (real-time PCR); ii) GLUT4 protein (western blotting); and iii) binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 specifically in the promoter of Slc2a4 gene (electrophoretic mobility shift assay). Results revealed that both acute and chronic CB1 receptor antagonism greatly increased (similar to 2.5-fold) Slc2a4 mRNA and protein content. Additionally, CB1-induced upregulation of Slc2a4 was accompanied by decreased binding activity of NF-kappa B at 2 and 24 h, and by increased binding activity of the SREBP-1 at 24 h. In conclusion, these findings reveal that the blockade of CB1 receptor markedly increases Slc2a4/GLUT4 expression in adipocytes, a feature that involves NF-kappa B and SREBP-1 transcriptional regulation. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology (2012) 49, 97-106

Cannabidiol blocks long-lasting behavioral consequences of predator threat stress: Possible involvement of 5HT1A receptors

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an incapacitating syndrome that follows a traumatic experience. Predator exposure promotes long-lasting anxiogenic effect in rodents, an effect related to symptoms found in PTSD patients. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic component of Cannabis sativa with anxiolytic effects. The present study investigated the anti-anxiety actions of CBD administration in a model of PTSD. Male Wistar rats exposed to a predator (cat) received, 1 h later, singled or repeated i.p. administration of vehicle or CBD. Seven days after the stress animals were submitted to the elevated plus maze. To investigate the involvement of 5HT1A receptors in CBD effects animals were pre-treated with WAY100635, a 5HT1A receptor antagonist. To explore possible neurobiological mechanisms involved in these effects, 5HT1A receptor mRNA and BDNF protein expression were measured in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, amygdaloid complex and dorsal periaqueductal gray. Repeated administration of CBD prevented long-lasting anxiogenic effects promoted by a single predator exposure. Pretreatment with WAY100635 attenuated CBD effects. Seven days after predator exposure 5HT1A mRNA expression was up regulated in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. CBD and paroxetine failed to prevent this effect. No change in BDNF expression was found. In conclusion, predator exposure promotes long-lasting up-regulation of 5HT1A receptor gene expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Repeated CBD administration prevents the long-lasting anxiogenic effects observed after predator exposure probably by facilitating 5HT1A receptors neurotransmission. Our results suggest that CBD has beneficial potential for PTSD treatment and that 5HT1A receptors could be a therapeutic target in this disorder. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in obesity-associated hypertension

Obesity is strongly associated with high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. These conditions synergistically increase the risk of cardiovascular events. A number of central and peripheral abnormalities can explain the development or maintenance of high blood pressure in obesity. Of great interest is endothelial dysfunction, considered to be a primary risk factor in the development of hypertension. Additional mechanisms also related to endothelial dysfunction have been proposed to mediate the development of hypertension in obese individuals. These include: increase in both peripheral vasoconstriction and renal tubular sodium reabsorption, increased sympathetic activity and overactivation of both the renin-angiotensin system and the endocannabinoid system and insulin resistance. The discovery of new mechanisms regulating metabolic and vascular function and a better understanding of how vascular function can be influenced by these systems would facilitate the development of new therapies for treatment of obesity-associated hypertension.

Temporal changes of CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the basal ganglia as a possible structure-specific plasticity process in 6-OHDA lesioned rats

The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in several neurobiological processes, including neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity. The CB1 cannabinoid receptors are abundantly expressed in the basal ganglia, the circuitry that is mostly affected in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Some studies show variation of CB1 expression in basal ganglia in different animal models of PD, however the results are quite controversial, due to the differences in the procedures employed to induce the parkinsonism and the periods analyzed after the lesion. The present study evaluated the CB1 expression in four basal ganglia structures, namely striatum, external globus pallidus (EGP), internal globus pallidus (IGP) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) of rats 1, 5, 10, 20, and 60 days after unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine injections, that causes retrograde dopaminergic degeneration. We also investigated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), parvalbumin, calbindin and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) expression to verify the status of dopaminergic and GABAergic systems. We observed a structure-specific modulation of CB1 expression at different periods after lesions. In general, there were no changes in the striatum, decreased CB1 in IGP and SNpr and increased CB1 in EGP, but this increase was not sustained over time. No changes in GAD and parvalbumin expression were observed in basal ganglia, whereas TH levels were decreased and the calbindin increased in striatum in short periods after lesion. We believe that the structure-specific variation of CB1 in basal ganglia in the 6-hydroxydopamine PD model could be related to a compensatory process involving the GABAergic transmission, which is impaired due to the lack of dopamine. Our data, therefore, suggest that the changes of CB1 and calbindin expression may represent a plasticity process in this PD model

Il sistema degli endocannabinoidi nella cirrosi epatica complicata da infezione batterica: studio nell’uomo ed in un modello sperimentale animale

Gli endocannabinoidi (EC) sono una classe di composti che mimano gli effetti del Δ9-tetraidrocannabinolo. Essi comprendono l’anandamide (AEA) ed il 2-arachidonoilglicerolo (2-AG), molecole che interagiscono preferenzialmente con due specifici recettori, il CB1 ed il CB2. Più recente è la scoperta di due molecole EC simili, il palmitoiletanolamide (PEA) e l’oleiletanolamide (OEA), che tuttavia agiscono legando recettori diversi tra cui il PPARα ed il TRVP1. Studi sperimentali dimostrano che il sistema degli EC è attivato in corso di cirrosi epatica ed è coinvolto nel processo fibrogenico e nella patogenesi delle alterazioni emodinamiche tipiche della malattia. Esso partecipa alla patogenesi di alcune delle maggiori complicanze della cirrosi quali ascite, encefalopatia, cardiomiopatia ed infezioni batteriche. Scopo del presente studio è stato quello di studiare il ruolo degli EC nella patogenesi delle infezioni batteriche in corso di cirrosi. A tale scopo sono stati eseguiti un protocollo clinico ed uno sperimentale. Nel protocollo sperimentale la cirrosi è stata indotta mediante somministrazione di CCl4 per via inalatoria a ratti maschi Wistar. In tale protocollo i livelli circolanti di tutti gli EC sono risultati significativamente aumentati a seguito della somministrazione di LPS. La somministrazione dell’antagonista del recettore CB1, Rimonabant, inoltre, è stata efficace nel ridurre del 50% la mortalità a 24 ore dei ratti trattati col farmaco rispetto ai ratti trattati col solo LPS. Parallelamente il Rimonabant ha determinato una riduzione dell’espressione genica di molecole pro-infiammatorie e sostanze vasoattive. Lo studio clinico, condotto su 156 pazienti, ha confermato l’attivazione del sistema degli EC in corso di cirrosi epatica. Inoltre è stata identificata una forte correlazione tra il PEA e l’OEA e l’emodinamica sistemica ed una associazione con alcune delle maggiori complicanze. L’analisi statistica ha inoltre individuato l’OEA quale predittore indipendente di insufficenza renale e di sopravvivenza globale.

Behavioural analysis of mouse mutants with altered neuronal and glial genes

Im ersten Teil dieser Doktorarbeit beabsichtigte meine Arbeit, die funktionelle Beteiligung des CB1 Rezeptors, einer Hauptkomponente des neuronalen Endocannabinoid-Systems (ECS), an der Ausbildung von verschiedenen Verhaltensphänotypen mit Hilfe von konditionalen Mausmutanten, denen der CB1 Rezeptor auf verschiedenen neuronalen Unterpopulationen fehlt, aufzuschlüsseln und zu untersuchen. Verschiedene Verhaltensmodelle wurden hierzu getestet. Dabei lag der Fokus dieser Arbeit auf der CB1f/f;D1-Cre Mauslinie, welche der CB1 Rezeptor auf den D1 Rezeptor exprimierenden Neuronen des Striatums fehlt. Ich konnte zeigen, dass der Verlust des CB1 Rezeptors auf diesen Neuronen keinen Einfluss auf basale neurologische Funktionen, Gewicht, Bewegung, Exploration, Sozialverhalten, Angst und Stressbewältigung der Tiere hat, jedoch eine Beteiligung an der Entwicklung von Suchtverhalten gegeben ist. Bei Betrachtung des Kokain-induzierten Suchtverhaltens zeigten die konditionalen Mausmutanten eine reduzierte Suchtanfälligkeit sowohl im Vergleich zu Tieren mit einem totalen CB1 Rezeptor Verlust in allen Körperzellen, als auch zu genetisch unveränderten Kontrollmäusen beider Linien.rnDes Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie eine große, aber gegensätzliche Beteiligung des ECS bei der Regulation von Exploration in Abhängigkeit des Verlustes des CB1 Rezeptors auf GABAergen Neuronen des Vorderhirns und kortikalen glutamatergen Neuronen, jedoch nicht auf striatalen Neuronen alleine. Zusätzlich war ich in der Lage, die Wichtigkeit des genetischen Hintergrunds von Mauslinien nicht nur auf die Ausbildung von spezifischen Verhaltensphänotypen, sondern auch auf die Genexpression zu zeigen.rnIn dem zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit, in dem ich mich auf die Funktion von Gliazellen konzentrierte, wurden ebenfalls Mausmutanten in verschiedenen Verhaltensmodellen getestet. Ein genetisches Auslöschen des NG2 Glykoproteins in Gliazellen sorgt in den Knock-out Mäusen für ein schlechteres Hörvermögen und ein reduziertes Depressionsverhalten im Vergleich zu ihren Wildtyp-Kontrollmäusen. Interessanterweise zeigten diese Tiere auch eine reduzierte Empfänglichkeit bei chemisch induzierten epileptischen Krämpfen, was eine Rolle des NG2 Glykoproteins bei der Kontrolle der glutamatergen Homöostase vorschlägt, die wahrscheinlich durch Strukturänderungen der Neuron-Glia-Synapse verursacht wird. rn

Der Einfluss des Endocannabinoidsystems auf die Alzheimer Pathologie

Die Alzheimer Krankheit ist eine der häufigsten neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen, deren Ursache, abgesehen von einem geringen Prozentsatz vererbter Formen, bisher nicht bekannt ist. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Grundlagenforschung liegt derzeit in der Modulation der APP-spaltenden Enzyme. Durch die Modulation dieser Enzyme könnten weniger schädigende Amyloid β-Peptide entstehen. Die Aktivität des ECS ist in vielen neurodegenerativen Krankheiten verändert. Protektive Eigenschaften der Cannabinoidrezeptoren wurden bei der Alzheimer Krankheit beschrieben. Deshalb sollte in dieser Arbeit der Einfluss des ECS auf die Pathogenese der Alzheimer Erkrankung untersucht werden. In Zellkultursystemen wurde der Einfluss von Cannabinoiden auf die Prozessierung des Amyloid-Vorläuferproteins analysiert. Durch Inkubation der Zellen mit CB1-Rezeptor Agonisten konnte die APP-Prozessierung zugunsten von sAPPα moduliert werden. Gleichzeitig führte die Inkubation mit Cannabinoiden zur reduzierten Amyloid β Menge im Medium der Zellen. In dieser Arbeit konnte die APP-Prozessierung durch die Aktivierung des CB1-Rezeptors zugunsten des nicht-amyloiden Wegs moduliert werden.rnIn einem Tiermodell wurde der Einfluss des CB1-Rezeptors in APP23 transgenen Mäusen untersucht. Der Knockout des CB1-Rezeptors führte in APP23 transgenen Tieren zu weitreichenden biochemischen Veränderungen. APP23/CB1-/--Tiere zeigten eine erhöhte Mortalität und ein sehr geringes Durchschnittsgewicht. Im Vergleich zu APP23/CB1+/+-Tieren führte der CB1-Rezeptor Knockout zur Reduktion der APP-Expression und dessen Prozessierungsprodukten. In den histologischen Untersuchungen wurde eine reduzierte Anzahl an amyloiden Plaques, sowie eine reduzierte Neuroinflammation ermittelt. Biochemische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass der CB1-Rezeptor einen möglichen regulatorischen Einfluss auf die Expression und Prozessierung von APP ausübt. Die Tiere mit der geringsten Plaque-Menge (APP23/CB1-/-) und einer reduzierten Prozessierung von sAPPα- und den CTFs zeigten die schlechteste Lernleistung im Morris Water-Maze. Deshalb müssen andere Faktoren (z.B. die Degradation der Myelinschicht) für die schlechte Lernleistung verantwortlich sein. Mit einem zweiten Tiermodell könnte in CB1-Knockout Mäusen durch den viral-vermittelten Gentransfer eine mögliche Toxizität von Aβ Peptiden untersucht werden. Die in dieser Arbeit ermittelten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der CB1-Rezeptor an der Regulation der APP-Prozessierung beteiligt ist und zu proteinbiochemischen Veränderungen im Zell- und Tiermodell führt.

Phytocannabinoids beyond the Cannabis plant - do they exist?

It is intriguing that during human cultural evolution man has detected plant natural products that appear to target key protein receptors of important physiological systems rather selectively. Plants containing such secondary metabolites usually belong to unique chemotaxa, induce potent pharmacological effects and have typically been used for recreational and medicinal purposes or as poisons. Cannabis sativa L. has a long history as a medicinal plant and was fundamental in the discovery of the endocannabinoid system. The major psychoactive Cannabis constituent Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) potently activates the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor CB(1) and also modulates the cannabinoid receptor CB(2). In the last few years, several other non-cannabinoid plant constituents have been reported to bind to and functionally interact with CB receptors. Moreover, certain plant natural products, from both Cannabis and other plants, also target other proteins of the endocannabinoid system, such as hydrolytic enzymes that control endocannabinoid levels. In this commentary we summarize and critically discuss recent findings.

The antinociceptive triterpene β-amyrin inhibits 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolysis without directly targeting cannabinoid receptors

Pharmacological activation of cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors is a therapeutic strategy to treat chronic and inflammatory pain. It was recently reported that a mixture of natural triterpenes α- and β-amyrin bound selectively to CB(1) receptors with a subnanomolar K(i) value (133 pM). Orally administered α/β-amyrin inhibited inflammatory and persistent neuropathic pain in mice through both CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Here, we investigated effects of amyrins on the major components of the endocannabinoid system.

Cannabinoid receptor ligands as potential anticancer agents--high hopes for new therapies?

OBJECTIVES: The endocannabinoid system is an endogenous lipid signalling network comprising arachidonic-acid-derived ligands, cannabinoid (CB) receptors, transporters and endocannabinoid degrading enzymes. The CB(1) receptor is predominantly expressed in neurons but is also co-expressed with the CB(2) receptor in peripheral tissues. In recent years, CB receptor ligands, including Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, have been proposed as potential anticancer agents. KEY FINDINGS: This review critically discusses the pharmacology of CB receptor activation as a novel therapeutic anticancer strategy in terms of ligand selectivity, tissue specificity and potency. Intriguingly, antitumour effects mediated by cannabinoids are not confined to inhibition of cancer cell proliferation; cannabinoids also reduce angiogenesis, cell migration and metastasis, inhibit carcinogenesis and attenuate inflammatory processes. In the last decade several new selective CB(1) and CB(2) receptor agents have been described, but most studies in the area of cancer research have used non-selective CB ligands. Moreover, many of these ligands exert prominent CB receptor-independent pharmacological effects, such as activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR55, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and the transient receptor potential vanilloid channels. SUMMARY: The role of the endocannabinoid system in tumourigenesis is still poorly understood and the molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid anticancer action need to be elucidated. The development of CB(2)-selective anticancer agents could be advantageous in light of the unwanted central effects exerted by CB(1) receptor ligands. Probably the most interesting question is whether cannabinoids could be useful in chemoprevention or in combination with established chemotherapeutic agents.

Synergistic immunomopharmacological effects of N-alkylamides in Echinacea purpurea herbal extracts

Echinacea purpurea extracts are used in the production of standardized herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory infections. Unsaturated N-alkylamide lipids, the main constituent of E. purpurea and E. angustifolia preparations capable of activating the cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2) have been suggested to play a role as potential anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory principles. Here we show that ethanolic E. purpurea radix and herba extracts produce synergistic pharmacological effects on the endocannabinoid system in vitro. Superadditive action of N-alkylamide combinations was seen at the level of intracellular calcium release as a function of CB2 receptor activation. Likewise, synergism of the radix and herba tinctures was observed in experiments measuring LPS-stimulated cytokine expression from human PBMCs. While the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly superstimulated, the expression of the pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha protein was inhibited more strongly upon combination of the extracts. We show that N-alkylamides act in concert and exert pleiotropic effects modulating the endocannabinoid system by simultaneously targeting the CB2 receptor, endocannabinoid transport and degradation.

Anticancer activity of anandamide in human cutaneous melanoma cells

Cannabinoids are implicated in the control of cell proliferation, but little is known about the role of the endocannabinoid system in human malignant melanoma. This study was aimed at characterizing the in vitro antitumor activity of anandamide (AEA) in A375 melanoma cells. The mRNA expression of genes that code for proteins involved in the metabolism and in the mechanism of AEA action was assessed by RT-PCR. Cell viability was tested using WST-1 assay and the apoptotic cell death was determined by measuring caspase 3/7 activities. A375 cells express high levels of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) genes. AEA induced a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 5.8±0.7 µM and such an effect was associated to a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. AEA cytotoxicity was potentiated by FAAH inhibition (2-fold increase, p<0.05) and mitigated by COX-2 or lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition (5- and 3-fold decrease, respectively; p<0.01). Blocking CB1 receptors partially decreased AEA cytotoxicity, whereas selective antagonism on the TRPV1 barely affected the mechanism of AEA action. Finally, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, a membrane cholesterol depletory, completely reversed the cytotoxicity induced by the selective GPR55 agonist, O-1602, and AEA. Overall, these findings demonstrate that AEA induces cytotoxicity against human melanoma cells in the micromolar range of concentrations through a complex mechanism, which involves COX-2 and LOX-derived product synthesis and CB1 activation. Lipid raft modulation, probably linked to GPR55 activation, might also have a role.

A quantitiative LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of arachidonic acid, prostanoids, endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines and steroids in human plasma.

Free arachidonic acid is functionally interlinked with different lipid signaling networks including those involving prostanoid pathways, the endocannabinoid system, N-acylethanolamines, as well as steroids. A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of arachidonic acid, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, noladin ether, lineoyl ethanolamide, oleoyl ethanolamide, palmitoyl ethanolamide, steroyl ethanolamide, aldosterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and testosterone in human plasma was developed and validated. Analytes were extracted using acetonitrile precipitation followed by solid phase extraction. Separations were performed by UFLC using a C18 column and analyzed on a triple quadrupole MS with electron spray ionization. Analytes were run first in negative mode and, subsequently, in positive mode in two independent LC-MS/MS runs. For each analyte, two MRM transitions were collected in order to confirm identity. All analytes showed good linearity over the investigated concentration range (r>0.98). Validated LLOQs ranged from 0.1 to 190ng/mL and LODs ranged from 0.04 to 12.3ng/mL. Our data show that this LC-MS/MS method is suitable for the quantification of a diverse set of bioactive lipids in plasma from human donors (n=32). The determined plasma levels are in agreement with the literature, thus providing a versatile method to explore pathophysiological processes in which changes of these lipids are implicated.

Correlating FAAH and anandamide cellular uptake inhibition using N-alkylcarbamate inhibitors: from ultrapotent to hyperpotent.

Besides the suggested role of a putative endocannabinoid membrane transporter mediating the cellular uptake of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), this process is intrinsically coupled to AEA degradation by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Differential blockage of each mechanism is possible using specific small-molecule inhibitors. Starting from the natural product-derived 2E,4E-dodecadiene scaffold previously shown to interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a series of diverse N-alkylcarbamates were prepared with the aim of generating novel ECS modulators. While being inactive at cannabinoid receptors and monoacylglycerol lipase, these N-alkylcarbamates showed potent to ultrapotent picomolar FAAH inhibition in U937 cells. Overall, a highly significant correlation (Spearman's rho=0.91) was found between the inhibition of FAAH and AEA cellular uptake among 54 compounds. Accordingly, in HMC-1 cells lacking FAAH expression the effect on AEA cellular uptake was dramatically reduced. Unexpectedly, 3-(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)phenyl carbamates and the 3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)phenyl carbamates WOBE490, WOBE491 and WOBE492 showed a potentiation of cellular AEA uptake inhibition in U937 cells, resulting in unprecedented femtomolar (hyperpotent) IC50 values. Potential methodological issues and the role of cellular accumulation of selected probes were investigated. It is shown that albumin impacts the potency of specific N-alkylcarbamates and, more importantly, that accumulation of FAAH inhibitors can significantly increase their effect on cellular AEA uptake. Taken together, this series of N-alkylcarbamates shows a FAAH-dependent inhibition of cellular AEA uptake, which can be strongly potentiated using specific head group modifications. These findings provide a rational basis for the development of hyperpotent AEA uptake inhibitors mediated by ultrapotent FAAH inhibition.

Functionally Optimized Neuritogenic Farinosone C Analogs: SAR-Study and Investigations on Their Mode of Action

Several natural products derived from entomopathogenic fungi have been shown to initiate neuronal differentiation in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line. After the successful completion of the total synthesis program, the reduction of structural complexity while retaining biological activity was targeted. In this study, farinosone C served as a lead structure and inspired the preparation of small molecules with reduced complexity, of which several were able to induce neurite outgrowth. This allowed for the elaboration of a detailed structure-activity relationship. Investigations on the mode of action utilizing a computational similarity ensemble approach suggested the involvement of the endocannabinoid system as potential target for our analogs and also led to the discovery of four potent new endocannabinoid transport inhibitors.