Overtone spectra of styrene and polystyrene in the visible and near infrared regions

Vibrational overtone spectra of styrene (liquid) and polystyrene (solid), studied by the laser-induced thermal lens (for ΔV=6) and the conventional near infrared absorption (for ΔV=3–5) techniques, are reported. For polystyrene, the overtone energy-bond length correlation predicts that the aryl CH bonds are ∼0.0005 Å longer than that in benzene, while no such conclusions could be drawn on styrene. Thesp 3 CH overtones in polystyrene are observed on the low energy side of the aryl CH overtones.

Photoacoustic and photothermal deflection studies on certain selected photonic materials“

The emergence of lasers in the early sixties has not only revolutionized the field of optics and communication but also paved new ways in the field of material characterization. Material studies using photothermal techniques possess certain unique characteristics and advantages over conventional methods. The most important aspect of photothennal techniques is their ability to perform noncontact and nondestructive measurement. Photoacoustics, photothermal deflection, thermal lens, photothermal radiometry and photopyroelectric methods are some of the commonly used and powerful techniques for the thermal and optical characterization of materials using lasers. In this thesis the applications of photoacoustic and photothermal deflection techniques for the thermal and optical characterization of different photonic materials, namely, semiconductors, liquid crystals and dye-doped polymers are discussed

" Studies on Laser induced Phatothermal Phenomena in Selected Organic Compounds and Fullerenes"

In the pre—laser era it was difficult to believe that the optical properties of a medium depend upon the intensity of the radiation incident on it. The basis for this conclusion is that the electric field strength associated with the conventional light sources used before the advent of lasers was much smaller than (103 V/cm) the field sttrengths of atomic or interatomic fields (2 107 —- 10” V/cm). The radiation with such low intensity is not able to affect atomic fields to the extent of changing optical parameters. The invention of laser in 1960 was a turning point. The high degree of coherence of the laser radiation provides high spatial concentration of optical power. With the availability of the femtosecond lasers it has become possible to get extremely high peak powers 2 1013 W/cmz). At such high fields, the relationship between electric ‘polarization P and the electric field strength E ceases to be linear and several nonlinear effects begin to occur. Nonlinear absorption, a branch of nonlinear optics, refers to the interaction between radiation and matter accompanied by absorption of more than one photon. Nonlinear absorption has acquired great importance after the invention of high power lasers. One of the objectives of the present work is to investigate the nonlinear absorption processes occurring in fullerene, selected organic solvents and laser dyes. Fullerenes and laser dyes were chosen because of their highly nonlinear behaviour. Fullerenes, the most beautiful among molecules, offer fascinating field of research owinglto their significant structural properties. As toluene, benzene and carbon disulphide are themost widely used solvents for fullerenes, it seems important to study the nonlinear properties of these liquids as well. Like fullerenes, laser dyes also possess highly delocalized 7r electrons which are responsible for their nonlinear absorption. Dye lasers were the fulfillment of an experimenter’s pipe dream - to have a laser that is easily tunable over a wide range of wavelengths. A better understandingof the photophysical properties of laser dyes can significantly enhance the development and technology of dye lasers. We studied the nonlinear absorption properties of two rhodamine dyes to have some insight into their nonlinear optical properties.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Hybrid Nanocomposites of TiO2 With Conducting Polymers

A nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less than 100 nanometers (nm), or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material. In the broadest sense this definition can include porous media, colloids, gels and copolymers, but is more usually taken to mean the solid combination of a bulk matrix and nano-dimensional phase(s) differing in properties due to dissimilarities in structure and chemistry. The mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, electrochemical, catalytic properties of the nanocomposite will differ markedly from that of the component materials. Size limits for these effects have been proposed, <5 nm for catalytic activity, <20 nm for making a hard magnetic material soft, <50 nm for refractive index changes, and <100 nm for achieving superparamagnetism, mechanical strengthening or restricting matrix dislocation movement. Conducting polymers have attracted much attention due to high electrical conductivity, ease of preparation, good environmental stability and wide variety of applications in light-emitting, biosensor chemical sensor, separation membrane and electronic devices. The most widely studied conducting polymers are polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene etc. Conducting polymers provide tremendous scope for tuning of their electrical conductivity from semiconducting to metallic region by way of doping and are organic electro chromic materials with chemically active surface. But they are chemically very sensitive and have poor mechanical properties and thus possessing a processibility problem. Nanomaterial shows the presence of more sites for surface reactivity, they possess good mechanical properties and good dispersant too. Thus nanocomposites formed by combining conducting polymers and inorganic oxide nanoparticles possess the good properties of both the constituents and thus enhanced their utility. The properties of such type of nanocomposite are strongly depending on concentration of nanomaterials to be added. Conducting polymer composites is some suitable composition of a conducting polymer with one or more inorganic nanoparticles so that their desirable properties are combined successfully. The composites of core shell metal oxide particles-conducting polymer combine the electrical properties of the polymer shell and the magnetic, optical, electrical or catalytic characteristics of the metal oxide core, which could greatly widen their applicability in the fields of catalysis, electronics and optics. Moreover nanocomposite material composed of conducting polymers & oxides have open more field of application such as drug delivery, conductive paints, rechargeable batteries, toners in photocopying, smart windows, etc.The present work is mainly focussed on the synthesis, characterization and various application studies of conducting polymer modified TiO2 nanocomposites. The conclusions of the present work are outlined below, Mesoporous TiO2 was prepared by the cationic surfactant P123 assisted hydrothermal synthesis route and conducting polymer modified TiO2 nanocomposites were also prepared via the same technique. All the prepared systems show XRD pattern corresponding to anatase phase of TiO2, which means that there is no phase change occurring even after conducting polymer modification. Raman spectroscopy gives supporting evidence for the XRD results. It also confirms the incorporation of the polymer. The mesoporous nature and surface area of the prepared samples were analysed by N2 adsorption desorption studies and the mesoporous ordering can be confirmed by low angle XRD measurementThe morphology of the prepared samples was obtained from both SEM & TEM. The elemental analysis of the samples was performed by EDX analysisThe hybrid composite formation is confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyAll the prepared samples have been used for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes, antibiotic, endocrine disruptors and some other organic pollutants. Photocatalytic antibacterial activity studies were also performed using the prepared systemsAll the prepared samples have been used for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes, antibiotic, endocrine disruptors and some other organic pollutants. Photocatalytic antibacterial activity studies were also performed using the prepared systems Polyaniline modified TiO2 nanocomposite systems were found to have good antibacterial activity. Thermal diffusivity studies of the polyaniline modified systems were carried out using thermal lens technique. It is observed that as the amount of polyaniline in the composite increases the thermal diffusivity also increases. The prepared systems can be used as an excellent coolant in various industrial purposes. Nonlinear optical properties (3rd order nonlinearity) of the polyaniline modified systems were studied using Z scan technique. The prepared materials can be used for optical limiting Applications. Lasing studies of polyaniline modified TiO2 systems were carried out and the studies reveal that TiO2 - Polyaniline composite is a potential dye laser gain medium.

Thermo- Optic and Nonlinear-Optical studies on CdSe Quantum Dots for Photonic Applications

In general, linear- optic, thermo- optic and nonlinear- optical studies on CdSe QDs based nano uids and their special applications in solar cells and random lasers have been studied in this thesis. Photo acous- tic and thermal lens studies are the two characterization methods used for thermo- optic studies whereas Z- scan method is used for nonlinear- optical charecterization. In all these cases we have selected CdSe QDs based nano uid as potential photonic material and studied the e ect of metal NPs on its properties. Linear optical studies on these materials have been done using vari- ous characterization methods and photo induced studies is one of them. Thermal lens studies on these materials give information about heat transport properties of these materials and their suitability for applica- tions such as coolant and insulators. Photo acoustic studies shows the e ect of light on the absorption energy levels of the materials. We have also observed that these materials can be used as optical limiters in the eld of nonlinear optics. Special applications of these materials have been studied in the eld of solar cell such as QDSSCs, where CdSe QDs act as the sensitizing materials for light harvesting. Random lasers have many applications in the eld of laser technology, in which CdSe QDs act as scattering media for the gain.

Study on the observation of Eu(2+) and Eu(3+) valence states in low silica calcium aluminosilicate glasses

The optical, magnetic and structural properties of Eu doped low silica calcium aluminosilicate glasses were investigated. The optical absorption coefficient presented two bands at 39 246 and 29 416 cm(-1), which were assigned respectively to the 4f(7) ((8)S(7/2)) -> 4f(6) (4F(J)) 5d (T(2g)), and 4f(7) ((8)S(7/2)) -> 4f(6) (4F(J)) 5d (E(g)) transitions of Eu(2+). The fluorescence measured at 300 K on a sample doped with 0.5 wt% of Eu(2)O(3) exhibited a broad band centered at 17 350 cm(-1), which is attributed to the 4f(6)5d -> 4f(7) transition of Eu(2+), whereas the additional peaks are due to the (5)D(0) -> (7)F(J) (J = 1, 2, 4) transitions of Eu(3+). From magnetization and XANES data it was possible to evaluate the fractions of Eu(2+) and Eu(3+) for the sample doped with 0.5 and 5.0 wt% of Eu(2)O(3), the values of which were approximately 30 and 70%, respectively.

Inversion in the temperature coefficient of the optical path length close to the glass transition temperature in tellurite glasses

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Photothermal Study of Two Different Nanofluids Containing SiO2 and TiO2 Semiconductor Nanoparticles

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Simple and versatile heterodyne whole-field interferometer for phase optics characterization

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Síntese e caracterização de vidros teluritos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação óptica de vidros teluritos preparados com Er3+ e Er3+/Yb3+ para aplicação em fotônica

Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Materiais - FEIS

Caracterização térmica de compostos orgânicos usando a técnica de lente térmica

Utilizou-se a técnica de espectroscopia de lente térmica com dois feixes quase paralelos em modo descasado para estudar as propriedades térmicas de cinco óleos vegetais e de um composto específico de oleína de palma e p-caroteno (OP+BC), preparado no laboratório. As medidas de difusividade térmica foram obtidas do ajuste entre a curva experimental do sinal temporal de lente térmica no fotodetector com a equação obtida no modelo aberrante de lente térmica com modos descasados, tendo em conta a difração de Fresnel para o campo distante. São reportadas as medidas da difusividade térmica de diversos óleos vegetais da Amazônia e do composto OP+BC. É verificado um crescimento exponencial da difusividade térmica com a concentração, o que se atribui à estrutura molecular do p-caroteno. Até o momento, os resultados são inéditos e não têm sido reportados na literatura.

Espectroscopia de Lente Térmica aplicada ao sistema Ácido oléico/Beta Caroteno

Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo na mistura formada pelo betacaroteno diluído em ácido oleico (BC:AO) em diferentes concentrações, usando-se para isso a técnica fototérmica chamada de Lente Térmica. Procuramos variar os diferentes parâmetros de controle como: a espessura da amostra, a sua concentração, a potência do laser de excitação, etc. Aplicamos o modelo aberrante desenvolvido por Shen para encontrar a difusividade térmica, a variação do índice de refração com a temperatura (dn/dT), e a magnitude do sinal de lente térmica, nas amostras. Verificamos, com base no modelo teórico apresentado no capítulo 2, que se o aumento da potência e da concentração é muito grande e atinge um certo valor, parâmetros como difusividade térmica passam a apresentar distorções nos valores medidos. Observamos também que a mistura BC:AO apresenta absorção não linear, mesmo para potências pequenas do laser de excitação usado. As contribuições apresentadas neste trabalho são inéditas e devem contribuir para um melhor entendimento das propriedades térmicas do sistema BC:AO ou de sistemas similares como alguns óleos vegetais que são ricos em ácido oleico e betacaroteno.

Propriedades ópticas e térmicas da oleína de palma

Usamos uma metodologia experimental para investigar propriedades ópticas e térmicas da oleína de palma (OP), a fração líquida do azeite de palma (Elaies guineensis) obtida por fracionamento natural, com propriedades físicas que diferem apreciavelmente do azeite. Em uma primeira abordagem, estudamos os espectros de absorção e emissão monitorando a modificação dos espectros com o aumento da concentração β-caroteno misturado com OP, o que permitiu encontrar o coeficiente de absorção molar do β-caroteno (ε = 920,802 mol ^-1.cm^-1.L). Este valor é muito baixo em relação aos conhecidos para o β-caroteno diluído em um solvente puro, como o benzeno ou o n-hexano. Experimentos feitos com β-caroteno diluído em hexano nos permitiram medir ε = 117.900 L.mol^-1.cm^-1, que representa aproximadamente 18% abaixo dos valores reportados na literatura. Em uma segunda abordagem, os espectros de absorção foram usados para medir o coeficiente de absorção da OP, A = 0,028 cm^-1 em 532 nm, o comprimento de onda de um laser usado como fonte de excitação no estudo das propriedades térmicas da OP usando a técnica de lente térmica. Neste sentido foi medido também o coeficiente térmico do índice de refração da OP, dn/dt = - 3,821 x 10 ^-4 °C ^-1. Estes resultados, associados ao modelo aberrante para estudos de espectroscopia de lente térmica, levaram à medição do coeficiente de difusão, D = 2,19 ± 0,11 x 10^-4 cm²/s, e da condutividade térmica, k = 5,96 ± 0,08 W/m°C. Embora as medidas das propriedades térmicas da OP não sejam ainda conhecidas na literatura, observa-se que elas têm as mesmas ordens de grandeza daquelas já conhecidas para outros óleos vegetais que foram relatadas na literatura.

Propriedades ópticas de materiais híbridos de sílica dopados com nanocristais de CdSe/ZnS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)