Eco-Taxonomic Insights into Actinomycete Symbionts of Termites for Discovery of Novel Bioactive Compounds

Termites play a major role in foraging and degradation of plant biomass as well as cultivating bioactive microorganisms for their defense. Current advances in “omics” sciences are revealing insights into function-related presence of these symbionts, and their related biosynthetic activities and genes identified in gut symbiotic bacteria might offer a significant potential for biotechnology and biodiscovery. Actinomycetes have been the major producers of bioactive compounds with an extraordinary range of biological activities. These metabolites have been in use as anticancer agents, immune suppressants, and most notably, as antibiotics. Insect-associated actinomycetes have also been reported to produce a range of antibiotics such as dentigerumycin and mycangimycin. Advances in genomics targeting a single species of the unculturable microbial members are currently aiding an improved understanding of the symbiotic interrelationships among the gut microorganisms as well as revealing the taxonomical identity and functions of the complex multilayered symbiotic actinofloral layers. If combined with target-directed approaches, these molecular advances can provide guidance towards the design of highly selective culturing methods to generate further information related to the physiology and growth requirements of these bioactive actinomycetes associated with the termite guts. This chapter provides an overview on the termite gut symbiotic actinoflora in the light of current advances in the “omics” science, with examples of their detection and selective isolation from the guts of the Sunshine Coast regional termite Coptotermes lacteus in Queensland, Australia

Assessing the integrated sustainability of a public rental housing project from the perspective of complex eco-system

Public rental housing (PRH) projects are the mainstream of China's new affordable housing policies, and their integrated sustainability has a far-reaching effect on medium-low income families' well-being and social stability. However, there are few quantitative researches on the integrated sustainability of PRH projects. Our study tries to fill this gap through proposing an assessment model of the integrated sustainability for PRH projects. First, this paper defines what the sustainability of a PRH project is. Second, after constructing the sustainable system of a PRH project from the perspective of complex eco-system, the paper explores the internal operation mechanism and the coupling mechanism among the ecological, economic and social subsystems. Third, it identifies fourteen indices to represent the sustainability system of a PRH project, including six indices of ecological subsystem, five of economic subsystem and three of social subsystem. Fourth, it qualifies the weights of three subsystems and their internal representative indices. In addition, an assessment model is established through expert surveys and analytic network process (ANP). Finally, the paper carries out an empirical research on a PRH project in Nanjing city of China, followed by suggestions to enhance the integrated sustainability. The sustainability system and its evaluation model proposed in this paper are concise and easy to understand and can provide a theoretical foundation and a scientific basis for the evaluation and optimization of PRH projects.

Eco-friendly wood polymer composites for sustainable design applications

Environmental inputs can improve the level of innovation by interconnecting them with traditional inputs regarding the properties of materials and processes as a strategic eco-design procedure. Advanced engineered polymer composites are needed to meet the diverse needs of users for high-performance automotive, construction and commodity products that simultaneously maximize the sustainability of forest resources. In the current work, wood polymer composites (WPC) are studied to promote long-term resource sustainability and to decrease environmental impacts relative to those of existing products. A series of polypropylene wood–fiber composite materials having 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. % of wood–fibers were prepared using twin-screw extruder and injection molding machine. Tensile and flexural properties of the composites were determined. Polypropylene (PP) as a matrix used in this study is a thermoplastic material, which is recyclable. Suitability of the prepared composites as a sustainable product is discussed.

Biogenic nanosilver incorporated reverse osmosis membrane for antibacterial and antifungal activities against selected pathogenic strains: An enhanced eco-friendly water disinfection approach

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been used extensively in water desalination plants, waste water treatment in industries, agricultural farms and drinking water production applications. The objective of this work is to impart antibacterial and antifungal activities to commercially available RO membrane used in water purification systems by incorporating biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Rosa indica wichuriana hybrid leaf extract. The morphology and surface topography of uncoated and AgNPs-coated RO membrane were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Elemental composition of the AgNPs-coated RO membrane was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The functional groups were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Hydrophilicity of the uncoated and AgNPs-coated RO membrane was analyzed using water contact angle measurements. The thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The AgNPs incorporated RO membrane exhibited good antibacterial and antifungal activities against pathogenic bacterial strains such as E. coli, S. aureus, M. luteus, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa and fungal strains such as Candida tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. albicans.

Eco-friendly green synthesis, structural and photoluminescent studies of CeO2:Eu3+ nanophosphors using E. tirucalli plant latex

The investigation involves preparation and photoluminescence properties of CeO2:Eu3+ (1-11 mol%) nano phosphors by eco-friendly green combustion route using Euphorbia tirucalli plant latex as fuel. The final product was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microcopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PXRD and SEM results reveals cubic fluorite phase with flaky structure. The crystallite size obtained from TEM was found to be similar to 20-25 nm, which was comparable to W-H plots and Scherrer's method. Photoluminescence (PL) emission of all the Eu3+ doped samples shows characteristic bands arising from the transitions of D-5(0) -> F-5(J) (J = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) manifolds under excitation at 373 and 467 nm excitation. The D-5(0) -> F-7(2) (613 nm) transition often dominate the emission spectra, indicating that the Eu3+ cations occupy a site without inversion center. The highest PL intensity was recorded for 9 mol% Eu3+ ions with 5 ml latex. PL quenching was observed upon further increase in Eu3+ concentration. The international commission on illumination (CIE) chromaticity co-ordinates were calculated from emission spectra, the values (x, y) were very close to national television system committee (NTSC) standard values of pure red emission. The results demonstrate that the synthesized phosphor material could be very useful for display applications. Further, the phosphor material prepared by this method was found to be non toxic, environmental friendly and could be a potential alternative to economical routes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Green Nanosilver as Reinforcing Eco-Friendly Additive to Epoxy Coating for Augmented Anticorrosive and Antimicrobial Behavior

Epoxy resin GY250 representing diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) was reinforced with 1, 3 and 5 wt % of surface functionalized silver nanoparticles (F-AgNPs) which were synthesized using Couroupita guianensis leaves extract with a view of augmenting the corrosion control property of the epoxy resin and also imparting antimicrobial activity to epoxy coatings on mild steel. Corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by EIS, potentiodynamic polarization studies and cross scratch tests. AFM, SEM, HRTEM and EDX were utilized to investigate the surface topography, morphology and elemental composition of the coatings on MS specimens. Results showed that the corrosion resistance, hardness and T-g of the DGEBA/F-AgNPs coatings increased at 1 wt % of F-AgNPs. The DGEBA/F-AgNPs coatings also offered manifold antimicrobial protection to the MS surfaces by inhibiting the growth of biofilm forming bacteria like P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, the most common human pathogen E. coli and the most virulent human pathogenic yeast C. albicans.

Potencial escénico de la Reserva Natural Cerro Datanli-El Diablo en Jinotega, con fines eco turisticos

El estudio fue realizado en la RN Cerro Datanlí- El Diablo, Jinotega. El objetivo principal fue identificar sitios con potencial belleza escénica aun no considerados para la ejecución de actividades ecoturísticas que tiendan a mejorar la calidad de vida de sus pobladores locales a partir de la visita de turistas y nacionales. Los mejores atractivos naturales e infraestructura existente se homogenizaron mediante la consulta a lugareños y a través de la observación personal . La metodología se desarrolló en tres etapas: (1) Recolección de la información secundaria, selección y ubicación de la zona de estudio y de contactos (MARENA, PAGJINO, Líderes locales). (2) Giras de campo para llevar a cabo: el DRP auxiliado con tres herramientas participativas; la identificación de 22 sitios con potencial ecoturístico, 3 problemas principales que limitan su desarrollo, recorridos por 7 senderos ecológicos que facilitó la identificación de 17 sitios posibles como miradores de paisajes diversos y 5 sitios donde se pueden observar y escuchar cantar aves exóticas como el Quetzal; aplicación de encuestas a los pobladores locales (niños y jóvenes ambientalistas, mujeres y productores) con el fin de conocer su participación en actividades de protección, conservación y manejo de los recursos naturales. (3) Elaborar los mapas de los senderos a través del programa Arc View 3.2, se ubicaron los principales atractivos, propuestas de cambios en los recorridos basados en pendientes del terreno, análisis de visibilidad de miradores ysegún los atractivos principales en los sendero. La información facilitó incluir el diseño de un modelo de infraestructura en los senderos (gradas, miradores y puentes) para el tráfico de visitantes y la elaboración de tres propuestas de paquetes turísticos que contienen información básica de los recursos naturales existentes en la reserva natural.

Evaluación de sobrevivencia e incremento de seis especies forestales maderables en plantaciones de la finca Eco forestal, San Juan del Sur, Rivas. 2010

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la sobrevivencia y el incremento de seis especies forestales: Caoba del Pacífico (Swietenia humilis. Zucc.), Pochote (Pachira quinata (Jacq.) Alverson), Roble ( Tabebuia rosea(Bertol) DC.), Teca (Tectona grandis L.F.), Caoba Africana (Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss) y Ñambar (Dalbergia retusa Hemsl). La plantación se encuentra establecida en la finca Eco forestal, San Juan del Sur, Rivas. Se inventariaron 62 parcelas de 20m x 20m (400 m²), estas parcelas tienen un área útil de 225m², las plantas están establecidas con un distanciamiento de 2.5m x 2.5m entre planta, cada parcela contiene 64 árboles y la parcela útil contiene 36 árboles, el inventario se aplicó a la parcela útil. Las variables evaluadas fueron diámetro, altura total y sobrevivencia. La sobrevivencia general de la plantación fue 76% (entre las edades de 5 a 11 años). La especie que presentó mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fue Caoba africana (Khaya enegalensis(Desr) con 87% y la especie que presentó menor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fue el Pochote (Pachira quinata (Jacq.)con 66.59%. El mayor incremento medio anual en diámetro lo obtuvo la especie Caoba africana (Khaya senegalensis (Desr)) con 1.6 cm/año, mientras que el Ñambar (Dalbergiaretus a Hemsl.) presentó el menor incremento medio anual en diámetro con 0.82 cm/año. Los valores en incremento medio en altura total por especie la Teca (Tectona grandis L.F.)presentó el mayor valor con 1.11 m/año, debido a que es una especie de rápido crecimiento y el espaciamiento fue ideal para dicho incremento, mientras que el Ñambar (Dalbergia retusa Hemsl.) presentó el menor incremento medio anual en altura con 0.64 m/año

Preservação ambiental, um discurso de todos da Eco 92 à Rio + 20

Coletânea de discursos e debates realizados no âmbito da Câmara dos Deputados sobre diferentes temas relacionados ao meio ambiente.