898 resultados para diurnal and nocturnal feeding


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Objective: Symptoms of maternal eating disorders have been linked with the use of maladaptive restrictive child feeding practices. However, how these symptoms impact upon restriction in child feeding is poorly understood. The aims of this research were to assess whether symptoms of obsessive compulsiveness, which are often comorbid with eating disorder symptoms, mediate the relationships between maternal eating disorder symptoms and the use of restrictive feeding practices. Method: A total of 128 mothers of children aged 2-6 years completed measures of their restrictive feeding practices, symptoms of eating disorders, and obsessive compulsiveness. Results: Maternal restriction was positively correlated with symptoms of drive for thinness, bulimia, and checking and cleaning obsessions and compulsions. Cleaning obsessions and compulsions mediated the relationships between maternal drive for thinness and feeding restriction. Conclusion: Cleaning obsessions and compulsions may help to explain the relationships between some symptoms of maternal eating disorders and the use of restrictive feeding practices. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Settlement rate may not reflect larval supply to coastal waters in different marine invertebrates and demersal fishes. The importance of near-shore oceanography and behaviour of late larval stages may be underestimated. The present study conducted neustonic sampling over station grids and along full-length transects at two embayments in south-eastern Brazil to (1) compare diurnal and nocturnal occurrence of most frequent decapod stages to assess their vertical movements, (2) describe the formation of larval patches and (3) measure competence of crab megalopae according to their distance to recruitment grounds. Several shrimp species apparently undergo a diel vertical migration, swimming crab megalopae showed no vertical movements and megalopae of the intertidal crab Pachygrapsus transversus revealed a reversed vertical migration. During the day, crab megalopae aggregated in convergence zones just below surface slicks. These larvae consisted of advanced, pre-moult stages, at both mid-bay and near-shore patches. Competence, measured as the time to metamorphosis in captivity, was similar between larval patches within each taxon. Yet, subtidal portunids moulted faster to juveniles than intertidal grapsids, possibly because they were closer to settlement grounds. Megalopae of Pachygrapsus from benthic collectors moulted faster than those from bay areas. These results suggest that alternative vertical migration patterns of late megalopae favour onshore transport, and actual competence takes place very close to suitable substrates, where larvae may remain for days before settlement. Lack of correlation between larval supply and settlement for Pachygrapsus suggests that biological processes, besides onshore transport, may play an important role in determining settlement success of coastal crabs.

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The complex three-dimensional (3-D) structure of tropical forests generates a diversity of light environments for canopy and understory trees. Understanding diurnal and seasonal changes in light availability is critical for interpreting measurements of net ecosystem exchange and improving ecosystem models. Here, we used the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model to simulate leaf absorption of photosynthetically active radiation (lAPAR) for an Amazon forest. The 3-D model scene was developed from airborne lidar data, and local measurements of leaf reflectance, aerosols, and PAR were used to model lAPAR under direct and diffuse illumination conditions. Simulated lAPAR under clear-sky and cloudy conditions was corrected for light saturation effects to estimate light utilization, the fraction of lAPAR available for photosynthesis. Although the fraction of incoming PAR absorbed by leaves was consistent throughout the year (0.80?0.82), light utilization varied seasonally (0.67?0.74), with minimum values during the Amazon dry season. Shadowing and light saturation effects moderated potential gains in forest productivity from increasing PAR during dry-season months when the diffuse fraction from clouds and aerosols was low. Comparisons between DART and other models highlighted the role of 3-D forest structure to account for seasonal changes in light utilization. Our findings highlight how directional illumination and forest 3-D structure combine to influence diurnal and seasonal variability in light utilization, independent of further changes in leaf area, leaf age, or environmental controls on canopy photosynthesis. Changing illumination geometry constitutes an alternative biophysical explanation for observed seasonality in Amazon forest productivity without changes in canopy phenology.

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Background: The survival rates of preterm infants has increased over the last years, but oral feeding difficulties are the most common problems encountered by them Objectives: This study aimed at comparing the effects of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) and pre-feeding oral stimulation on feeding skills, length of hospital stay and weight gain of 26-32 weeks gestational age preterm infants in NICU, to determine the more effective intervention. Patients and Methods: Thirty-two preterm infants were assigned randomly into three groups. One intervention group received pre-feeding oral stimulation program and the other received non-nutritive sucking stimulation, while the control group received a sham intervention. Gestational age of infants was calculated during 1, 4 and 8 oral feeding and discharge time from NICU. The infants’ weights were measured weekly from birth and at discharge time. Results: Mean gestational age on 8 time oral feeding per day, in 3 groups was not significant (P = 0.282). Although NNS and pre-feeding oral stimulation groups has fulfilled this criterion 7.55 and 6.07 days sooner than the control group, respectively (a result which is of great clinical and economic importance), but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Weight gaining at discharge time in NNS group was significantly higher than control and pre-feeding oral stimulation groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study revealed that pre-feeding oral stimulation and NNS programs both were effective on oral feeding skills and weight gaining of the immature newborns. Yet, it seems that NNS program was more effective than pre-feeding oral stimulation on weight gaining.

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Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Politécnico do Porto para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Gestão das Organizações, Ramo Gestão de Empresas Orientada por: Profª Doutora Maria Alexandra Pacheco Ribeiro da Costa Esta dissertação inclui as críticas e sugestões feitas pelo Júri.

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The system of mechanized harvesting can seek process improvements using quality tools that can assist in reducing losses, damaged ratoons and increase the longevity of sugarcane crop. Therefore, the objective this study was to detect the effective control of the variability of losses and damage to ratoon and identify whether they are within acceptable standards. Thus, 40 points were sampled in two periods of harvest, diurnal and nocturnal, in rectangular grids (55 x 45 m) for determining visible losses (whole and shattered billets, fixed and loose piece, stump and shrapnel), using frames of 10 m(2). Also, we measured the height of cut and degree of damage to ratoon (without damage, partial injury and fragmentation). The statistic used was descriptive variables for the loss of sugarcane during the diurnal (D) and nocturnal (N) periods, analysis of variance using the F test at 5% probability and the Tukey test for comparison of the mean, also using the statistical control through charts process. There was no difference to ratoon damage. In the process of harvest, losses of whole and shattered billets by grinding were considered under control, so as losses from the stump. on the other hand, the losses of fixed piece, shrapnel and whole-cane were not controlled. The cutting height and total losses were higher during the nocturnal harvest. The charts were shown to be effective for the evaluation of control process of diurnal and nocturnal harvests.

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This study aimed at evaluating the effect of collect time (day and night) on ant fauna attracted to baits in areas of Eucalyptus cloeziana (Myrtaceae) and cerrado. The ants were collected in Fazenda Boa Vista, Mannesmann Fi-El Florestal Ltda, Paineiras, Minas Gerais State. Eigthteen sample units were collected: 12 in E. cloezina and six in cerrado. Each sample unit consisted of three plots (25 x 35 m each). The plot consisted of 34 baits distributed in a grid pattern at 5 m intervals. The sampling was carried out in the diurnal and nocturnal period. The results obtained revealed that both type of vegetation (cerrado x Eucalyptus) and the collect time (day x night) had a significative influence on the epigaeic ant fauna. The ordination (DCA) indicated that collect time effect was more important to fauna structuration than the vegetation effect. Brachymyrmex sp.1, Brachymyrmex sp.2, Camponotus crassus Mayr, Camponotus rufipes (Fabricius), Cephalotes pusillus (Klug) and Ectatomma brunneum Smith were indicator species of nocturnal period, and Camponotus renggeri Emery, Camponotus atriceps (Smith), Camponotus melanoticus Emery and Paratrechina sp.1 were indicators of nocturnal period.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Este estudo apresenta os resultados de um ano de observações de campo para amostragens da fauna de serpentes em um mosaico de habitats, abrangendo matas de terra firme e inundável, plantações de eucalipto e áreas abertas, na Fazenda Santo Amaro, Município de Urbano Santos, Maranhão. A região é dominada por vegetação de Cerrado e possui clima tropical rnegatérmico, com total pluviométrico anual em torno de 1800-mm. O ano de estudo (2001) apresentou-se mais seco que a média anual, com 1197,5mm. As amostragens foram realizadas durante 24 excursões quinzenais, com duração de quatro dias cada, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2001. Estas amostragens totalizaram 768h/observador de procuras visuais diurnas e noturnas, onde os diferentes habitats foram amostrados por sorteios randomizados, nos diversos horários do dia, obtendo o mesmo número de horas de amostragem nas diferentes épocas do ano. Foram capturadas 114 serpentes, representadas por seis famílias, vinte e sete gêneros e trinta e duas espécies. Para cada espécie são apresentadas informações sobre o tamanho, período de atividade, classe etária, habitat e microhabitat. Das 32 espécies amostradas na área seis foram registradas pela primeira vez para o Maranhão como, Apostolepis cearensis, Helicops leopardinus, Oxyrhopus trigeminus, Psornophis joberti, Waglerophis merremii e Micrurus ibiboboca, Em geral, a maioria das espécies registradas tem distribuição Amazônica. Entre as espécies da área, 40,1% foram arborícolas, 25% fossóreas/criptozóicas, 21,9% terrícolas e 12,5% aquáticas, embora algumas espécies ocuparam mais de um microhabitat. A maioria das espécies ocorreu nos ambientes de mata de terra firme, mata inundável e área aberta. A similaridade entre os habitats da área, de modo geral, foi muito baixa, sendo que apenas a mata de terra firme e área aberta tiveram mais de 60% de espécies em comum. A menor complementariedade de fauna ocorreu entre os habitats "mata de terra firme" e "área aberta" e "mata inundável" e "área aberta". Em relação a outras áreas a maior similaridade entre as áreas ocorreu com as serras e maciços do Estado do Ceará. A riqueza estimada para a área, segundo os índices e estimadores utilizados nas análises, indicam que o número de espécies observadas está abaixo do estimado, que variou entre 38 (bootstrap) e 58 (Chao 2) espécies. Esses resultados representam uma primeira contribuição sobre a diversidade de serpentes na região e oferece subsídios para possíveis programas de monitoramento da fauna de serpentes e da situação dos habitats na área.

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Nesta dissertação, proponho uma discussão sobre o que denomino de cartografia movente, que é resultado de diversas articulações traçadas nos caminhos e recaminhos que estabeleci ao "mergulhar" na obra de Jesús Martín-Barbero em busca de marcas de sua trajetória de pesquisa-vida e da chamada "cartografia que se move". Ao longo desse enfrentamento, que se deu em diálogo com autores como Edgar Morin, observei que a cartografia movente se apresenta como postura de pesquisa-vida, em que o investigador se permite afetar pelo que estuda, revelando as diferentes faces de uma ciência diurna e noturna, a partir da qual se é pesquisador integralmente e aquilo que o constitui socioculturalmente integra a investigação e conduz seus caminhos. Como elemento central para as discussões sobre cartografia movente estão algumas situações chave que experienciei em cenários empíricos específicos do estado do Pará e que delinearam minha formação acadêmica antes mesmo do ingresso na Pós-Graduação. No exercício de ser pesquisadora e parte da pesquisa, comento os desafios e singularidades que delineiam os cenários empíricos da região, em especial a partir do conceito de cidadesflorestas observado por Pacheco (2006), um dos exemplos que percebo como realidades comunicacionais (logo, socioculturais), por entender, a partir de autores da área da comunicação, como Vera França e José Luiz Braga, que a comunicação se constitui como a força que dá liga ao social, aquilo que conecta as pessoas culturalmente. Assim, também demarco meu posicionamento frente à discussão epistemológica da área da Comunicação, que chama a atenção dos pesquisadores para a importância de estabelecer um “ângulo especial para olhar a sociedade”, o que, por sua vez, não inviabiliza a cartografia movente e sim delimita seu ângulo de entrada. Nesse sentido, o trabalho se aproxima da discussão do que seria investigar o objeto de estudo da comunicação e qual a contribuição da nossa área para a compreensão das realidades comunicacionais (logo, socioculturais) que observamos na paisagem movente da Amazônia.

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A grande importância dos recursos pesqueiros para a Amazônia, aliada à necessidade de ampliar os conhecimentos básicos sobre identificação das larvas de peixes (coletadas em ambiente natural), justifica o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, que tem como objetivo expandir as informações sobre o ictioplâncton, relacionando as com as tendências de variação diária e entre marés, do complexo estuarino do rio Amazonas – PA. As coletas foram realizadas durante o período diurno e noturno, no segundo semestre de 2007, pelo Projeto PIATAM mar II, sob ponto fixo na subárea 1 (estuário do rio Paracauari) e na subárea 2 (baía do Guajará) nas marés de sizígia e quadratura, em arrastos horizontais na sub-superfície da coluna d‟água com rede de plâncton cônico-cilíndrica e malha de 300μm. As amostras foram acondicionadas em recipientes contendo formalina a 4%. Os fatores hidrológicos foram obtidos in situ pelo Grupo de Oceanografia Química do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. As amostras foram triadas e identificadas por meio de características morfológicas, morfométricas e merísticas, baseando-se na técnica de sequência regressiva de desenvolvimento e em bibliografias especializadas. As principais estruturas e características das fases iniciais dos peixes foram descritas e ilustradas, facilitando assim futuros estudos ictioplanctônicos para região. A temperatura superficial da água, potencial hidrogeniônico e oxigênio dissolvido não apresentaram diferenças significativas nas áreas estudadas. Os valores de salinidade não apresentaram diferença significativa entre as estações de coleta e marés, registrando apenas variação horizontal com aumento gradativo em direção à foz com valores máximos (12) e mínimos (0) para as subárea 1 e subárea 2, respectivamente. As maiores densidades de ovos foram registradas na subárea 1, em relação à subárea 2, com as maiores densidades para o período diurno (163,29 ovos/100m³) na subárea 1 e noturno (19,70 ovos/100m³) na subárea 2. As larvas foram distribuídas em 22 taxa representados por 13 famílias e 21 espécies, sendo os taxa dominantes: P. flavipinnis (46,29%), R. amazonica (19,75%), Engraulidae (10,70%), P. squamosissimus (7,55%), A. lineatus (5,19%), O. saurus (3,30%) e Gobiosoma sp. (2,15%), com elevada participação relativa dos Clupeiformes (76,75%). Quanto aos estágios de desenvolvimento, foi observada maior abundância de larvas em pré-flexão nas subáreas 1 e 2, sendo o estágio larval vitelino e pós-flexão os menos representativos. O período noturno apresentou as maiores densidade de larvas e número de taxa, evidenciando uma possível migração nictemeral do ictioplâncton. Apenas M. furnieri apresentou abundância significativamente maior nas amostras diurnas. A grande maioria dos taxa não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as abundâncias diurnas e noturnas. Logo, a densidade de larvas e o número de taxa diferem entre o período diurno e noturno e entre maré. Portanto, as características morfológicas descritas no presente trabalho permitem uma adequada identificação das larvas, ampliando o conhecimento biológico das espécies estuarinas do litoral paraense, uma vez que as informações sobre larvas de peixes ainda são escassas, fazendo-se necessária uma intensificação nas pesquisas. Além disso, a compreensão da ecologia dos organismos, sobre tudo daqueles que apresentam seu ciclo de vida associado aos estuários, e as variações no transporte das larvas entre os períodos do dia e da noite e entre as marés são questões fundamentais para aprimorar o manejo e a conservação destes recursos renováveis.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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When direct observations are used to study animal behavior the presence of the observer may alter the animal and hence influence the data being collected, yet few studies have quantified this effect. We conducted direct observation studies in the glasshouse to assess the relative influence of observer presence on the behavior of Pacific damsel bugs, Nabis kinbergii, a potentially important predator of crop pests. Comparisons of predator activity, predator distribution, prey (Helicoverpa armigera) mortality and prey distribution between frequently observed and minimally observed treatments, during diurnal and nocturnal observation sessions showed that the frequency of observer presence had no apparent impact on Pacific damsel bug behavior. This is the first documented test of the impact of observer presence in an insect system. To place our results in context, we reviewed 15 papers on the influence of observer presence in a range of animals. We established that just over half of these papers found evidence for an effect. Nevertheless, direct observations should be useful in further studies of Pacific damsel bug behavior, and researchers using direct observations to study the behavior of other animals should be cognizant of observer effects during design and interpretation of their study.

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Increasing knowledge on the endocrine mechanisms that regulate feeding and growth in cultured fish can contribute to make improvement in fish holding conditions and feeding strategies, supporting the development of new techniques that could ameliorate feeding, food conversion efficiency and growth in aquaculture practice. The main objective of this study was to investigate how daily mRNA expression of three specific anorexigenic hormones, i.e. the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the paralogues α- and β- proopiomelanocortin (POMC), is modulated by different photoperiods, light spectra and feeding regimes, in both adult and larvae of Solea senegalensis. In addition, as Senegalese sole exhibits a shift from diurnal to nocturnal in locomotor activity and feeding habits during metamorphic process, we tried to elucidate if this shift is accompanied by relevant daily variations in the expression of these anorexigenic hormones before, during and after the completion of metamorphosis. In order to reach this main objective, three main experiments were developed. In a first experiment, adults were reared under LD (12 h light: 12h dark) cycle and fed at mid-light (ML), mid-dark (MD) and at random (RND). In a second experiment, adult specimens were reared in constant darkness (DD) and fed at subjective mid-light (sML) or at RND. Larvae of Senegalese sole were reared under LD cycle with white, blue or red light for 40 days. Our results show an independence of crh mRNA expression from the feeding time and suggest an endogenous control of crh expression in sole. Both pomc paralogues showed significant daily rhythms under LD conditions. The rhythms were maintained or were even more robust under DD conditions for pomc_a, but were completely abolished for pomc_b. Our results indicate an endogenous control of pomc_a expression by the molecular clock in telencephalon and diencephalon, but not in the pituitary gland. Our findings confirm for the first time the significant influence that ambient lighting has on larval growth and development in Senegalese sole, revealing an important effect of light spectra upon functional elements of this species. Our results also emphasize the importance of maintaining cycling light-dark conditions of the adequate wavelengths in aquaculture practices during early development of sole.