999 resultados para degradação do pergaminho
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar: (i) a relação entre a degradação de pastagens de colonião manejadas com queima, e as modificações nas propriedades físicas e morfológicas de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo da Amazônia; (ii) o crescimento radicular de pastagens com diferentes níveis de degradação; (iii) o potencial de recuperação de pastagens degradadas de colonião com a introdução de andropógon. Numa propriedade rural da Região de Marabá, PA, foram estudados quatro tipos de pastagem: pastagem produtiva de colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq.); pastagem de colonião em declínio produtivo; pastagem de colonião degradada (capoeira); pastagem de colonião degradada e recuperada com andropógon (Andropogon gayanus Kunth). Como referência das propriedades do solo antes do desmatamento, estudou-se, também, uma reserva de mata nativa. A queima das pastagens foi prática usual, e apesar disso, estas não foram adubadas. A degradação da pastagem diminuiu a cobertura do solo e o deixou exposto à chuva e ao pisoteio do gado, o que resultou em aumento da densidade do solo na camada superficial e diminuição do grau de floculação da argila e da porosidade total. A diminuição da produção da parte aérea na pastagem degradada foi acompanhada de diminuição do número de raízes no perfil do solo, e da concentração do sistema radicular próximo à superfície. O andropógon demonstrou bom potencial para recuperação das áreas de pastagens degradadas, na Região Amazônica.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a degradabilidade do regulador de crescimento vegetal paclobutrazol em solo. Os solos foram coletados em regiões representativas de plantios comerciais de manga para exportação, em Petrolina, PE e em Lins, SP. Culturas bacterianas mistas, isoladas destas amostras de solo foram avaliadas quanto à sua capacidade degradativa em meio de cultura líquido suplementado com paclobutrazol. A determinação dos resíduos do regulador de crescimento, realizada a partir do 15º dia de incubação e quantificada por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência demonstrou que o paclobutrazol é lentamente degradado e apresenta meia-vida de 95 dias.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar indicadores químicos, físicos e biológicos da degradação de pastagens em áreas contrastantes quanto à ocorrência de cupinzeiros. Foram avaliadas as áreas de pastagem com a cultivar Marandu de Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha), quanto à ausência (pasto 1) ou à presença (pasto 2) de cupinzeiros, e área com vegetação nativa de Cerrado. Foram avaliados: granulometria e fertilidade do solo; atividade microbiana do solo; nitrogênio potencialmente mineralizável; produção da gramínea em oferta; liteira existente e depositada no período de 28 dias; e fração leve da matéria orgânica do solo. No pasto 2, os cupinzeiros foram contados e 20 ninhos foram sorteados para coleta e identificação de cupins. Cornitermes cumulans foi a única espécie coletada, com média de 128 ninhos por hectare, tendo ocupado 0,1% da área útil. Entre os indicadores avaliados, apenas a oferta e a liteira diferiram entre as áreas de pastagens. A maior densidade de cupinzeiros não pode ser relacionada à acidez do solo ou aos outros parâmetros avaliados. A presença de cupinzeiros não é indicador de degradação química e biológica da pastagem e não está associada à alteração na dinâmica de resíduos da parte aérea de capim-marandu.
Resumo:
Instalou-se um experimento com manga 'Tommy Atkins' objetivando estudar a eficiência do índice de degradação de amido visando a sua utilização em nível de campo como mais uma alternativa para estimar a maturação dos frutos. A eficácia do método foi estabelecida pela sua correlação durante a maturação com o conteúdo de amido e com a coloração da casca, coloração da polpa, firmeza da polpa, pH, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais e açúcares redutores e não redutores. O ensaio foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por cinco tratamentos, com base na coloração da polpa e da casca. No caso da polpa: I - fruto verde; II - verde com traços de amarelo; III - mais verde que amarelo; IV - mais amarelo que verde; e V - traços de verde. Para a coloração da casca, adotou-se a mesma escala com variação de verde para vermelho. Utilizaram-se seis repetições por tratamento. Em geral, houve boa correlação entre o índice de degradação do amido e as outras variáveis estudadas, sendo que o índice de coloração da polpa apresentou melhor coeficiente de correlação. As análises de correlação indicam que o método pode ser utilizado pelo produtor.
Resumo:
Organic compounds responsible for the color of wastewaters are usually refractory to biological digestion. In this paper the photo-assisted electrolysis process is used for color removal from three of the most colored wastewaters, which are daily generated in large amounts: the E1 bleach Kraft mill effluent, a textile reactive dye effluent and a landfill leachate. Electrolysis was carried out at 26,5 mA cm-2 in a flow reactor in which the anode surface was illuminated by a 400 W high pressure Hg bulb. In all experiments 70-75% of color reduction was observed which was also followed by a net organic load oxidation.
Resumo:
The use of pesticides in agriculture presents some problems to ecosytems as a consequence of their remaining in the environment. Conventional methods for environmental decontamination sometimes just transfer these residues from one place to another. The use of gamma radiation from cobalt-60 to induce 2,4-D degradation in aqueous solution containing humic acid was studied. Results show that the herbicide is completely degraded after treatment with a 30 kGy dose. There were decreases in the degradation of the 2,4-D when humic acid was added at all doses. Some radiolytic products are proposed. The 2,4-D radiolytic yields (G) from 2,4-D were calculated.
Resumo:
The abatement of recalcitrant lignin macromolecules from effluents of pulp and paper industry was investigated by combined process. Flocculation and coagulation with aluminum sulfate and natural polyelectrolytes extracted from cactus Cereus peruvianus were used in the first step. After separation of solid residues by filtration, the photochemical methods using TiO2 as catalyst were employed for photocatalytic degradation of lignin compounds from solution. The abatement of lignin compounds after flocculation and coagulation was 46%, and after the overall process, the pollutants reduction observed were 66%. The remaining organic compounds may be removed by any biological treatment.
Resumo:
The parameters which affect the degradation and stabilization of diclofenac in suspensions of nanocapsules and of the corresponding spray-dried powders were investigated. Formulations were subjected to 14 months of storage at room temperature. In addition, a study of the degradation of diclofenac was carried out by exposing the formulations or mixtures (drug and adjuvants) to UVC wavelengths. The presence of Epikuron 170® in a concentration higher than 3.06 mg/mL stabilizes the drug, avoiding its reduction or degradation. The degradation products were isolated, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and identified as 2-(2',6'-dichlorophenyl)aminobenzyl alcohol and N-(2',6'-dichlorophenyl)anthranilylaldehyde.
Resumo:
In this study the efficiency of advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) were investigated toward the degradation of aqueous solutions containing benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX). The results indicated that BTX can be effectively oxidized by the UV-A-assisted photo-Fenton process. The treatment permits almost total degradation of BTX and removal of more than 80% of the phenolyc intermediates at reaction times of about 30 min. Preliminary investigations using solar light suggest a good potentiality of the process for the treatment of large volumes of aqueous samples containing these polluting species.
Resumo:
In this work the degradation of aqueous solutions of reactive azo-dyes is reported using a combined reductive/advanced oxidative process based in the H2O2/zero-valent iron system. At optimized experimental conditions (pH 7, H2O2 100 mg L-1, iron 7 g L-1) and using a continuous system containing commercial iron wool, the process afforded almost total discolorization of aqueous solutions of three reactive azo-dyes (reactive orange 16, reactive black 5 and brilliant yellow 3G-P) at a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 min. At these conditions the hydrogen peroxide is almost totally consumed while the released total soluble iron reaches a concentration compatible with the current Brazilian legislation (15 mg L-1).
Resumo:
This paper discusses the results obtained with homogeneous catalytic ozonation [Mn (II) and Cu (II)] in phenol degradation. The reduction of total phenols and total organic carbon (TOC) and the ozone consumption were evaluated. The efficiency in phenol degradation (total phenol removal) at pH 3, with the catalytic process (Mn (II)), increased from 37% to 55% while the TOC removal increased from 4 to 63% in a seven-minute treatment. The ozonation process efficiency at pH 10 was 43% and 39% for phenol and TOC removal, respectively. The presence of both metallic ions (Mn2+ and Cu+2) in the ozonation process resulted in a positive effect.
Resumo:
Dyes and pigments are additives used in polymers to improve mainly the aesthetic properties of the material. However, the incorporation of these additives can directly affect polymer stability. The colorants can drastically decrease the lifetime and the performance of the material or can act as a stabilizer, improving significantly the stability of the polymer against degradation. Interaction between colorants and polymers is the cause of the stability changes. Some mechanisms are proposed to explain the action of colorants on polymers. However it is difficult to foresee this action without experiments. This work reviews the main mechanisms involved in the degradation and stabilization of polymers containing colorants.
Resumo:
This paper presents the study of the oxidation of three textile dyes (Remazol black B, Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R and Remazol Golden Yellow RNL) using electrochemical and photoelectrochemical methods. In both methods, electrolysis experiments were performed at a current density of 50 mA cm-2 in an aqueous solution of each dye (30 mg L-1), using a photoelectrochemical flow-cell. For all the dyes studied, the photoelectrochemical method was demonstrated to be more efficient than the electrochemical one. Photoelectrochemical oxidation resulted in complete decoloration after 90 min of electrolysis and total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached up to 36%. It was observed that the dyes presenting chromophores at higher wavelengths are removed the quickest, which indicates that photosensitised (photoassisted) oxidation occurs. The level of color was reduced to levels below the standards presented in the literature, which indicates the viability of the photoelectrochemical process as part of the treatment of textile effluents.
Resumo:
Iron, copper and lead distribution was evaluated in sediment cores from a disturbed mangrove area in Guanabara Bay: a core from a seaward site where mangrove vegetation was removed ~20 yr before sampling (MD); a core from an intermediate site with dead vegetation, apparently due to insect attack (MP), and a core from a landward site with living vegetation (MV). Metal concentrations showed increasing values seaward while organic matter content showed an inverse trend, displaying a negative correlation with metals. This unusual correlation indicates opposite sources, since metals come from the bay and the main OM origin is probably degraded mangrove vegetation. Plant cover loss seems to be a critical factor affecting metal accumulation, particularly due to changes in OM input.
Resumo:
Destruction of Padron® (dye and picloram) was evaluated using a photoreactor and a solar reactor. Photolysis was observed using only a germicide lamp (GL). Black light (BL) and H2O2 (172 mmol L-1) promoted a conversion of 49% and 6% of dye and picloram, respectively. Photocatalytic processes were more efficient using TiO2/GL (96%-dye; 60%-picloram) than TiO2/BL (44%-dye; 40%-picloram). Photolysis using sunlight was not observed during PadronÒ recirculation in the reactor constructed with four borosilicate tubes. Meanwhile, adding H2O2 resulted in 12% conversion of dissolved organic compounds. Finally, the most efficient mineralization (60%) was obtained using the Fenton reaction ( H2O2-176 mmol L-1; FeSO4x6H2O-90 mmol L-1) and sunlight.