Sur l'ancienne copie de la Cène de Léonard de Vinci au Musée royal, comparée à celle des Chartreux de Pavie, et à la copie récente d'après laquelle s'exécute à Milan une mosaïque. Dissertation lue à la quatrième classe de l'Institut.

"Cette dissertation fait suite du livre [Le Cénacle de Léonard de Vinci]."-Avis. Call-no. FA 3876.20

Beauty illustrated by an analysis and classification of beauty in woman : with a critical view of the hypotheses of Hume, Hogarth, Burke, Knight, Alison, etc., and the hypotheses of beauty in sculpture and painting, by Leonardo da Vinci, Winckelmann, Mengs, Bossi, etc. /

The plates include one frontispiece, 22 plates numbered I-XXII and one addtional plate numbered XVIb.

Del Cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci;

Scrittori che fanno menzione del Cenacolo.--Descrizione.--Delle copie.--Del tempo impiegato da Leonardo nel Cenacolo. Come sia dipinto il Cenacolo. Vicende del Cenacolo. Opinioni di Leonardo intorno alle proporzioni del corpo umano. Delle ricerche di Leonardo intorno ai componimenti delle istorie. Della eccellenza di Leonardo.

Scuola di Lionardo da Vinci in Lombardia o sia raccolta di varie opere; eseguite dagli allievi e imitatori di quel gran maestro.

Mode of access: Internet.

Leonardo da Vinci, hans lefnadsöden, bildverk, personlighet och målarbok /

Dette arbete är tryckt i en numrerad upplaga af sjuhundrafemtio exemplar, af hvilka detta är no. 156.

Masters in art [odd numbers, i.e.] Andrea del Sarto [Raphael Sanzio, The frescoes of Raphael, Michelangelo as a sculptor, Michelangelo as a painter, Leonardo da Vinci].

Mode of access: Internet.

Monograph on Leonardo da Vinci's ʻMona Lisaʻ.

The Appendix contains selections from the authorities from whom the major portion of the text of each chapter has been drawn.

Leonardo da Vinci: Ingeniero

Leonardo comprendió y utilizó el auténtico método experimental un siglo antes de que Francis Bacon filosofase sobre él, y antes de que Galileo lo pusiese en práctica. Leonardo no escribió tratados metodológicos, pero en sus cuadernos de apuntes nos dejó esparcidas sus ideas. Decía que las matemáticas, la geometría y la aritmética, podían llegar a la certeza absoluta dentro de su propio ámbito, pues manejan conceptos mentales ideales de valor universal. En cambio, la verdadera ciencia (refiriéndose a las ciencias empíricas), se basa en la observación; si pudiera aplicarse a ella el razonamiento matemático podría lograrse mayor grado de certeza, siendo hoy en día, uno de los pasos fundamentales del método científico. "No hay certeza en la ciencia si no se puede aplicar una de las ciencias matemáticas". En sus apuntes, Leonardo dejó constancia de la importancia que concede al método en la investigación (adelantándose a autores de la Modernidad tales como Descartes) y los preceptos que establece en su método en nada difieren de las modernas definiciones que hoy utilizamos para hablar del método científico. Podemos ver en estos textos una clara definición de los procesos de inducción y deducción que hoy explicamos en nuestras clases de Física o Filosofía. Una de las cuestiones que aborda la presente tesis es por qué autores de reputado prestigio, historiadores de la ciencia y de la tecnología, no conceden a Leonardo su verdadero valor como Ingeniero. Por citar algunos ejemplos, gran parte del famoso libro de “Los ingenieros del Renacimiento” está dedicado a la vida de Leonardo da Vinci, su carrera de ingeniero, su lado técnico, y su "método", según Bertrand Gille, no existe. Como señala el autor, es inexistente porque Leonardo está dotado de una curiosidad inmensa que desgraciadamente lo lleva a dispersarse, lo cual le impide especializarse en ciertos sectores, y por ende, a erigir los pilares de una investigación metódica. Además, Bertrand Gille indica que, aun si Leonardo Da Vinci lega un número amplio de dibujos a la posteridad, su aporte a nivel de innovaciones técnicas fue mínimo, dado que no brindaba soluciones prácticas viables, pero quedaba de una manera u otra fijado en el espíritu de su tiempo orientado hacia el análisis y la reproducción literal de los dibujos anteriores. George Basalla, catedrático emérito de historia de la técnica en la Universidad de Delaware, publicó “La evolución de la tecnología”, en donde comentó expresamente: “La más famosa colección de máquinas visionarias del Renacimiento no se reveló al público hasta finales del siglo XIX. Estuvo oculta entre los cuaderno personales no publicados de Leonardo da Vinci […]. Muchos de estos artefactos son imposibles tal como se presentan, y pocos, si acaso alguno, influyeron en el ulterior desarrollo tecnológico; sin embargo permiten hacerse una inusual idea de la mente de un gran genio técnico y del tipo de exuberancia tecnológica que había de convertirse en uno de los rasgos distintivos de la civilización occidental”. Observamos cómo una vez más se cuestiona la figura de Leonardo como ingeniero o inventor poco más que de artefactos o artilugios imposibles. Pero que hay de verdad en tales afirmaciones. Precisamente la contestación a esta pregunta es una de las cuestiones que se abordan en la presente tesis. Gran parte de la presente tesis doctoral está dirigida a ordenar todos los temas de carácter ingenieril que Leonardo trató en sus manuscritos y de comprobar fehacientemente y documentalmente consultando las fuentes primarias (sus manuscritos) y los artículos y libros publicados de reconocidos y prestigiosos leonardistas que abordan la cuestión. Hasta qué punto se puede considerar que Leonardo fuera un ingeniero del Renacimiento. Como resumen de lo que se pretende en la presente Tesis Doctoral se enumeran los objetivos que se desean alcanzar. Objetivos: El principal y primer objetivo de la investigación sobre Leonardo es reivindicar su figura como uno de los grandes ingenieros de todas las Historia. “Ser o no ser…ingeniero…esa es la cuestión”. Identificar, analizar y ordenar los principales temas que Leonardo escribió y dibujó sobre Ingeniería Militar, Ingeniería Mecánica, Ingeniería Hidráulica, Ingeniería Civil e Ingeniería Aeronáutica, dispersos por sus manuscritos. Reflexionar sobre la figura del ingeniero hoy día. Investigar las diferentes interpretaciones que ha tenido a lo largo de la historia y elaborar un modelo tridimensional en 3D del famoso automóvil de Leonardo, folio 812 recto del Códice Atlántico.

La traducción de criptogramas y poemas El Código Da Vinci, de Dan Brown

Se desarrolla un análisis comparativo entre los criptogramas y poemas originales de la novela de Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code, y su correspondiente traducción al español, realizada por Juanjo Estrella. El trabajo de contraste analiza la traducción de cada uno de los casos y evalúa la labor del traductor, motivando a la vez a que los lectores sean más críticos en su práctica literaria.A comparative analysis is developed here between the original cryptograms and poems found in Dan Brown's novel, The Da Vinci Code, and its Spanish counterpart translated by Juanjo Estrella. This analysis focuses on the translation of each of the cases and the work done by the translator, thus encouraging readers to become more critical in their readings.

Patterns

In recent years there has been widespread interest in patterns, perhaps provoked by a realisation that they constitute a fundamental brain activity and underpin many artificial intelligence systems. Theorised concepts of spatial patterns including scale, proportion, and symmetry, as well as social and psychological understandings are being revived through digital/parametric means of visualisation and production. The effect of pattern as an ornamental device has also changed from applied styling to mediated dynamic effect. The interior has also seen patterned motifs applied to wall coverings, linen, furniture and artefacts with the effect of enhancing aesthetic appreciation, or in some cases causing psychological and/or perceptual distress (Rodemann 1999). ----- ----- While much of this work concerns a repeating array of surface treatment, Philip Ball’s The Self- Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature (1999) suggests a number of ways that patterns are present at the macro and micro level, both in their formation and disposition. Unlike the conventional notion of a pattern being the regular repetition of a motif (geometrical or pictorial) he suggests that in nature they are not necessarily restricted to a repeating array of identical units, but also include those that are similar rather than identical (Ball 1999, 9). From his observations Ball argues that they need not necessarily all be the same size, but do share similar features that we recognise as typical. Examples include self-organized patterns on a grand scale such as sand dunes, or fractal networks caused by rivers on hills and mountains, through to patterns of flow observed in both scientific experiments and the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci.

Experimental creative practices

From the earliest human creative expressions there has been a relationship between art, technology and science. In Western history this relationship is often seen as drawing from the advances in both art and science that occurred during the Renaissance, and as captured in the polymath figure of da Vinci. The 20th century development of computer technology, and the more recent emergence of creative practice-led research as a recognised methodology, has lead to a renewed appreciation of the relationship between art, science and technology. This chapter focuses on transdisciplinary practices that bring together arts, science and technology in imaginative ways. Showing how such combinations have led to changes in both practice and forms of creative expression for artists and their partners across disciplines. The aim of this chapter is to sketch an outline of the types of transdisiplinary creative research projects that currently signify best practice in the field, which is done in reference to key literature and exemplars drawn from the Australian context.

H2-O2 porous fuel injection in a radical farming scramjet

This paper reports on the experimental testing of oxygen compatible ceramic matrix composite porous injectors in a nominally two-dimensional hydrogen fuelled and oxygen enriched radical farming scramjet in the T4 shock tunnel facility. All experiments were performed at a dynamic pressure of 146 kPa, an equivalent flight Mach number of 9.7, a stagnation pressure and enthalpy of 40MPa and 4.3 MJ/kg respectively and at a fuelling condition that resulted in an average equivalence ratio of 0.472. Oxygen was pre-mixed with the fuel prior to injection to achieve enrichment percentages of approximately 13%, 15% and 17%. These levels ensured that the hydrogen-oxidiser mix injected into the engine always remained too fuel rich to sustain a flame without any additional mixing with the captured air. Addition of pre-mixed oxygen with the fuel was found to significantly alter the performance of the engine; enhancing both combustion and ignition and converting a previously observed limited combustion condition into one with sustained and noticeable combustion induced pressure rise. Increases in the enrichment percentage lead to further increases in combustion levels and acted to reduce ignition lengths within the engine. Suppressed combustion runs, where a nitrogen test gas was used, confirmed that the pressure rise observed in these experiments as attributed to the oxygen enrichment and not associated with the increased mass injected.

A detailed investigation of nominally 2-D radical-farming scramjet combustion

This paper reports on an investigation of the flow/chemistry coupling inside a nominally two-dimensional inlet-fuelled scramjet configuration. The experiments were conducted at a freestream Mach number of 7.3 and a total flow enthalpy of 4.3MJ/kg corresponding to a Mach 9.7 flight condition. The phenomenon of radical-farming has been studied in detail using two-dimensional OH* chemiluminescence imaging and emission spectroscopy. High signal levels of excited OH (OH*) were detected behind the first shock reflections inside the combustion chamber upstream of any measurable pressure rise from combustion, which occurred towards the rear of the combustor. The production of OH in the first hot pocket initiates the ignition process and then accelerates the combustion process in the next downstream hot pocket. This was confirmed by numerical simulations of premixed hydrogen/air flow through the scramjet. Chemical kinetics analyses reveal that the ignition process is governed by the interaction between various reaction groups leading to a chainbranching explosion for low mean temperature and pressure combustion flowfields.

The SCRAMSPACE I scramjet flight design and construction

The design activities of the development of the SCRAMSPACE I scramjet-powered free-flight experiment are described in this paper. The objectives of this flight are first described together with the definition of the primary, secondary and tertiary experiments. The Scramjet configuration studied is first discussed together with the rocket motor system selected for this flight. The different flight sequences are then explained, highlighting the SCRAMSPACE I free-flyer separation and re-orientation procedures. A design trade-off study is then described considering vehicle stability, packaging, thermo-structural analysis and trajectory, discussing the alignment of the predicted performance with the mission scientific requirements. The global system architecture and instrumentation of the vehicle are then explained. The conclusions of this design phase are that a vehicle design has been produced which is able to meet the mission scientific goals and the procurement & construction of the vehicle are ongoing.

Chemiluminescence imaging in supersonic combustors operating in radical-farming mode

Emission spectroscopy was used to investigate ignition and combustion characteristics of supersonic combustion ramjet engines. Two-dimensional scramjet models with inlet injection, fuelled with hydrogen gas, were used in the study. The scramjet engines were configured to operate in radical farming mode, where combustion radicals are formed behind shock waves reflected at the walls. The chemiluminescence emission signals were recorded in a two-dimensional, time-integrated fashion to give information on the location and distribution of the radical farms in the combustors. High signal levels were detected in localised regions immediately downstream of shock reflections, an indication of localised hydroxyl formation supporting the concept of radical farming. Results are presented for a symmetric as well as an asymmetric scramjet geometry. These data represent the first successful visualisation of radical farms in the hot pockets of a supersonic combustor. Spectrally resolved measurements have been obtained in the ultraviolet wavelength range between 300 and 400 nm. This data shows that the OH! chemiluminescence signal around 306nm is not the most dominant source of radiation observed in the radical farms.