Avaliação da silagem de milho das variedades granífera e forrageira no desempenho de bovinos das raças nelore e cachim em regime de confinamento

The experiment was carried out to evaluate corn grain and corn forage varieties productivity and nutritive value for silage comparing to the performance of Nellore and Canchim cattle in a feedlot. A completely randomized design was used with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement based on two breeds (Nellore and Canchim) and two corn varieties (grain and forage). Harvest was made after 120 days sowing, when plants showed more than 2/3 of dry. leaves and grains were in dough stage. The silage was stored in a 400 tons. The experimental diet consisted of grain and forage corn silage, 7,2 liters of liquid yeast (1,5 kg of dry yeast/ head/day) and 1,1 kg of ground corn (1,0 kg of dry matter/head/day). The experiment duration was 110 days, with a 20 days adaptation period and 90 days for data collection. Animals were regularly weighted every 28 days. It was concluded that corn grain was more appropriate for silage than corn forage, and in the same stage it showed a higher dry matter content and a 41.3% higher grain yield, promoting higher weight gain and better feed/gain ratio in the feedlot beef cattle.

Presença de microrganismos na silagem de grãos úmidos de milho ensilado com diferentes proporções de sabugo

This experiment was carried out in the Microbiology Laboratory of UNESP-Jaboticabal, to evaluate the different species of microorganisms in high-moisture corn grain silage. The treatments were five percentages of corn cob in the silage (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% DM) and four sampling periods after the opening of the silos (0, 2, 4 and 6 days), using a factorial arrangement in randomized block design with three replications. The growth of Lactobacillus was higher (P<0.01) in the silage prepared only with grains in relation to the other treatments. The presence of Clostridium differed (P<0.01) among the treatments, with values ranging from 1.30 and 3.32 log CFU/g of silage. It was concluded that the population of Lactobacillus was satisfactory to obtain a good fermentation of the silages, and the presence of corn cob facilitated the development of Clostridium and also of yeast and Enterobacteriaceae after the silos were opened.

Degradabilidade ruminal do amido de silagem de milho, farelo de soja e sorgo grão, em bovinos da raça Nelore

Four Bos indicus (Nellore) ruminally-fistulated animals, averaging 36 months of age and 520 kg, were used in a randomized block design to study the ruminal degradability of starch in corn silage, soybean meal, and sorghum grain. The experimental diets consisted of two levels of concentrate (18 and 39%) plus corn silage. The concentrate ingredients used were soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain, and sorghum grain. The degradation rate of sorghum grain increased 40.2% in diet 2 . The potential degradability of starch (PDS) was similar in the two diets. There was no difference between the two diets in the effective degradability of starch (EDS) in corn silage. There was a significant increase of 26.5% in the EDS of starch in sorghum grain with the increase of level of concentrate in the diet, and considering the lag time in the calculation. The starch level estimated in this study was lower than the values cited in the literature, probably due to different laboratory methods for determining the starch content in feedstuffs. Previous studies suggested using a minimum of 6 incubation intervals between 2 and 24 hours.

Degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca e da fração protéica da silagem de milho, do farelo de soja e do sorgo grão, em bovinos da raça nelore. Comparação com os dados obtidos pelo CNCPS

The nylon bag in situ degradation thecnique was employed to compare the data of the CNCPS to the ruminal degradability of the dry matter and crude protein in corn silage, soybean meal and sorghum grain, in four rumen fistulated Nellore steers, averaging 36 months of age and 520 kg of liveweight. A randomized complete block experimental design was used, where animals constituted the blocks. Two levels of concentrate, 18 and 39 %, were used in the diets. The forage used in the diets was corn silage and the concentrate ingredients were: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain and sorghum grain. There was a reduction in the potentially by degradable fraction (B) of the dry matter(DM) of the corn silage and sorghum grain with an increase in the concentrate level of the diet; however, the degradation rate(c) of the silage was similar for the two diets and the sorghum grain showed an increase of 28.4 %. The B fraction of the DM from the soybean meal was not affected by the diet, but its rate (c) was reduced by 18.1 %. The same effect was observed for the rate(c) of crude protein(CP) of the soybean meal, with a reduction of 38.1 %. The values for the effective degradability of the two fractions were not affected by the diet when the lag time was not considered. When lag time was considered, the degradability values of the studied feeds were superior in both fractions.

Degradabilidade ruminai da fibra em detergente neutro e do nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro da silagem de milho e do farelo de soja, em bovinos da raça nelore

The nylon bag in situ degradation thecnique was employed to study the ruminai degradability of the neutral detergent fiber and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen of the corn silage and soybean meal in four rumen fistulated Nellore steers, averaging 36 months of age and 520 kg of liveweight. A randomized completelcs block experimental design was used, where the animals constituted the blocks. It was used diets with two levels of concentrate: 20 and 40%.The forage used in the diets was corn silage, and the concentrate ingredients were: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain and sorghum grain. The NIDN degradation rate of the corn silage and the soybean meal showed a decrease of 32,1% and of 46,0 % as a function of the higher concentrate level of the diet, but the effective and potential degradability of this fraction were not affected. Concerning to the NDF, the soluble fraction, potentially degradable and undegrable , were not affected by the increase on the diet concentrate level, but for the corn silage, there were 21,8% of reduction on the effective degradability of NDF. The use of lag time promoted higher degradability values for the studied fraction. The obtained values for some evaluated parameters, different from that assumed by CNCPS, showed the necessity of more data about brazilian used feeds, for model adjustments.

Comparação de sistemas de avaliação de dietas para bovinos no modelo de produção intensiva de carne. Confinamento de tourinhos jovens

Thirty 3/4 Canchim + 1/4 Nelore young bulls with 417 kg of body weight and 15 months of age, were confined during 84 days. The animals were fed with diets composed with corn silage, corn grain, cottonseed meal, soybean meal, whole soybean and mineral mix, adjusted in agreement with the recommendations of the Metabolizable Protein System (MP), Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) and Intestine Digestible Protein System (PDI), for predicted body weight gain of 1.3 kg/head/day. The daily body weight gain did not differ among treatments CNCPS, MP and PDI, with 1.51; 1.48; and 1.13 kg/head, respectively. The economic analysis revealed net profit of R$116.25; R$148.30; and R$108.51/head for CNCPS, MP and PDI systems, respectively. The diets adjusted by CNCPS and MP systems provided superior animal performance than that expected, while the diet adjusted by PDI system did not allow the predicted body weight gain.

Desempenho e características da carcaça de tourinhos santa gertrudes confinados, recebendo dietas com alto concentrado e níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica peletizada

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Produção de Brachiaria brizantha e Panicum maximum com milho e adubação nitrogenada

In places characterized with high temperatures and rain occurrence in great intensity in the summer, but with dry winter, the major limitations for the sustainability of no tillage systems are low production of straw during fall-spring period and the fast decomposition during the rain season. To try to solve the problem, intercropped cultures of grains with forage species has presented reliable results; because offer vegetal covering to the next sowing, giving sustainability to the no tillage system. However, being a recent technology, its needed further studies in different areas involved for this system of production. Thus, this study had the objective 1) to evaluate the production of corn grain at different periods of intercropping with Brachiaria brizantha and Panicum maximum in no tillage system, and 2) aimed to evaluate the performance of forage at different periods of intercropping and the responses to nitrogen fertilization after the harvest of the corn, assessing mass productivity and quality. The experiment was carried out at the Lageado experimental farm, School of Agricultural Sciences, Botucatu campus belonged to São Paulo State University (UNESP) in structuralized Red Nitosol (Afisol). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were composed for four systems of no tillage involving corn: 1) single corn; 2) corn with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu intercropped in the sowing; 3) corn with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu intercropped with the fertilization of covering; 4) corn with Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça intercropped in the sowing and 5) corn with Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça intercropped with the fertilization of covering. After the harvest of the corn, it was applied, in equivalent quantities of nitrogen, ammonium nitrate in covering in doses of 0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1, determining the forage mass productivity and quality. The simultaneous tillage of corn with P. maximum cv. Mombaça in the sowing compromises the grain productivity. When sowed in intercropping, B. brizantha presents a fiber concentration reduction and greater TDN concentration during the fall-spring period. Regarding benefits of intercropped cultures seeking to use in systems of production like agriculture-pasture integration, the best intercropping to be utilized is corn sown simultaneously with B. brizantha cv. Marandu.

Características de carcaça de cordeiros alimentados com grãos e subprodutos da canola

The aim of this work was to evaluate the introduction of 8% grains and by-products (meal or cake) of canola in the diets of lambs. To evaluate quantitative carcass characteristics, 24 Santa Ines lambs were used in a completely randomized design. Diets with averages of 15.4% of CP in DM and 80.2% of TDN were composed for 40% Tifton hay and 60% concentrate based on corn grain, soybean meal, whole grain canola, canola meal, canola cake and mineral mixture. The use of whole grains and by-products of canola in the diet of lambs finished in feedlot did not influence (p > 0.05) quantitative carcass characteristics. For cut dressing in relation to the CCW, no effect was observed for the analyzed variables among treatments. It was concluded that the introduction of grains and by-products of canola allow for satisfactory results, and could be recommended in the formulations of lamb diets.

Rumen microbial diversity under influence of a polyclonal antibody preparation against lactate-producing and proteolytic bacteria in cows fed different energy sources

Nine ruminally cannulated cows fed different energy sources were used to evaluate an avianderived polyclonal antibody preparation against specific ruminal bacteria and monensin on microbial community diversity. The experimental design was three Latin squares 3 x 3 distinguished by the main energy source in the diet [dry-ground corn grain, high moisture corn silage or citrus pulp]. Inside each Latin square, animals received one of the feed additives per period [control, monensin or polyclonal antibody preparation]. Each period lasted 21 days where 20 were used for treatments adaptation and the last one for sampling collection. Microbial diversity was evaluated by protozoa counts and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Polyclonal antibodies plus citrus pulp (CiPu) addition in the diet resulted in an increase of relative counting of Isotricha protozoa that indicates a possible effect on this ruminal ciliate population. In general lines, in the present experiment, it was not possible to assign that there was a pattern in the structures of amplification of Bacteria and Archaea communities of the ruminal content. Oral passive immunization is a technology that arises as an effective alternative for feed additive production. Further research is still necessary to better understand its mechanisms of action.

Fezes equina como fonte de inóculo na obtenção de indicadores indigestíveis para estimar a digestibilidade em equinos

Four castrated horses were utilized in randomized blocks experimental design. The objective was to study the in vitro acquirement of indigestible fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) and acid detergent fiber (ADFi), using as inoculum source rumen fluid (RF) or horse feces (HF), to estimate the nutrient digestibility (ND) in horses. Treatments consisted of direct method by total feces collection (TC) and indirect method either by the use of NDFi or ADF by the use of LR or HF as inocula source. The first essay was done with horses fed coast-cross hay exclusively, while for the essay two, the horses were fed of 70% of coast-cross hay and 30% corn grain. For the essay 1, ADFi-HF presented the best marker recuperation rate (RR) (103.67%), being similar to control (TC), while NDFi-RF and ADFi-RF resulted in lower RR (P<0.05), 83.43 and 88.28%, respectively. The ND was adequately estimated by NDFi-HF and ADFi-HF. On the second essay there were no significant effects of the marker type, as well as for the indigestible marker acquirement method, for the marker RR (average value of 101%). The ND was adequately predicted by the ADFi obtained for both innocula source and NDFi obtained by the use of HF as inoculum, for horses fed a mixed diet. It can be concluded that horse feces may be used as inoculum source for the acquirement of NDFi and ADFi in vitro for digestibility determination on horses fed coastcross hay exclusively, as well as for horses fed a mixed diet.

Fontes energéticas associadas ao farelo de girassol ou à ureia em dietas para novilhos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and carcass traits of steers fed corn or citrus pulp associated with sunflower meal or urea. Diets were composed of two energy sources (corn grain and citrus pulp) associated with two protein sources (soybean meal and urea), resulting in four treatments in forage:concentrate ratio of 40:60. It were used 24 steers, 1/2 Angus × 1/2 Nellore (18 months old and 329 kg BW) distributed in a completely randomized design which were finished in feedlot for 80 days. It were evaluated the intake, average daily gain and carcass traits of the animals. Intake of dry matter (DMI), crude protein (CPI) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) were affected (p<0.05) by diets. The diet with citrus pulp and urea (PU) showed the lowest (p<0.05) DMI (8.30 kg), CPI (1.03 kg) and NDFI (3.31 kg). The average daily weight gain (ADG) followed the behavior of DMI, NDFI and CPI and the lowest value (p<0.05) was observed for animals fed diet PU. Regarding carcass traits, diets containing corn associated with urea (MU) or sunflower meal (MFG) and citrus pulp associated with sunflower meal (PFG), provided the highest (p<0.05) carcass cold weights (238.37, 247.26 and 237.14 kg, respectively). However, the lowest cold carcass dressing percentage (p<0.05) was obtained in diet MU (50.57%). The association of citrus pulp with urea should not be performed when citrus pulp partially or totally replace corn as energy source in diets, because possibly this association promote an energy deficit resulting in lower performance and worse carcass traits of animals finished in feedlot.

Glicerina bruta na dieta de bovinos de corte confinados: Efeito sobre o hemograma

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemogram in cattle fed crude glycerin. 30 Nellore steers, were used for blood sampling, which were done each 28 days. The animals were confined for 103 days and were fed with five diets containing 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30% crude glycerin based on dry matter, formulated in a forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70. Corn silage was used as forage and the concentrate was composed by corn grain, soybean hulls, sunflower meal, glycerin, limestone, dicalcium phosphate and salt. The experimental design was a randomized block with five treatments. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear, quadratic, cubic effects and gliceryn treatments × the control one. There was no treatment effect (P>0,05) on blood concentrations of erythrocytes, hematocrit, basophils, eosinophils, band neutrophils and lymphocytes, but were linearly effect on the concentrations of platelets, hemoglobin and monocytes (P=0.009, P=0.001 and P=0.043, respectivelly), and cubic effect on the concentrations of total leukocytes and segmented neutrophils (P=0.008 and P=0.004, respectivelly). Diets for beef cattle, with forage:concentrate ratio of 30:70 added with crude glycerin promote changes in the erytrhogram and leucogram of these animals.

Manejo do nitrogênio em cobertura na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) em solo arenoso baseado no índice relativo de clorofila

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Glicerina na alimentação de cordeiros 1/2 Dorper 1/2 Santa Inês: consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho, características quantitativas da carcaça e qualitativas da carne

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV