Promiscuous CTL recognition of viral epitopes on multiple human leukocyte antigens: Biological validation of the proposed HLA A24 supertype

Multiple HLA class I alleles can bind peptides with common sequence motifs due to structural similarities in the peptide binding cleft, and these groups of alleles have been classified into supertypes. Nine major HLA supertypes have been proposed, including an A24 supertype that includes A*2301, A*2402, and A*3001. Evidence for this A24 supertype is limited to HLA sequence homology and/or similarity in peptide binding motifs for the alleles. To investigate the immunological relevance of this proposed supertype, we have examined two viral epitopes (from EBV and CMV) initially defined as HLA-A*2301-binding peptides. The data clearly demonstrate that each peptide could be recognized by CTL clones in the context of A*2301 or A*2402; thus validating the inclusion of these three alleles within an A24 supertype. Furthermore, CTL responses to the EBV epitope were detectable in both A*2301(+) and A*2402(+) individuals who had been previously exposed to this virus. These data substantiate the biological relevance of the A24 supertype, and the identification of viral epitopes with the capacity to bind promiscuously across this supertype could aid efforts to develop CTL-based vaccines or immunotherapy. The degeneracy in HLA restriction displayed by some T cells in this study also suggests that the dogma of self-MHC restriction needs some refinement to accommodate foreign peptide recognition in the context of multiple supertype alleles.

Etiology of ovarian failure in blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome: FOXL2 is a conserved, early-acting gene in vertebrate ovarian development

Blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a human disorder caused by mutations in the forkhead transcription factor gene FOXL2 and is characterized by facial dysmorphology combined in some cases with ovarian failure. To better understand the role of FOXL2 in the etiology of ovarian failure in BPES, we examined its expression in embryonic ovaries of mice, chickens, and red-eared slider turtles, representatives of three phylogenetically distant vertebrate groups that have different mechanisms of sex determination. Expression of Foxl2 was detected in early ovaries of all three species around the time of sex determination and was associated with both somatic and germ cell populations in mice. Expression was sexually dimorphic in all cases. Sequence analysis of turtle and chicken FoxL2 orthologues indicated an unusually high degree of structural conservation during evolution. FoxL2 was found to be autosomal in chickens, and therefore unlikely to represent the dominant ovarian-determining gene that has been postulated to exist as a possible explanation for female heterogamety in birds. Our observations suggest that BPES may result from early abnormalities in regulating the development of the fetal ovary, rather than premature degeneration of the postnatal or adult ovary. Further, our results suggest that FOXL2 is a highly conserved early regulator of vertebrate ovarian development.

The value of idiosyncratic markers and changes to conserved tRNA sequences from the mitochondrial genome of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) for phylogenetic inference

Idiosyncratic markers are features of genes and genomes that are so unusual that it is unlikely that they evolved more than once in a lineage of organisms. Here we explore further the potential of idiosyncratic markers and changes to typically conserved tRNA sequences for phylogenetic inference. Hard ticks were chosen as the model group because their phylogeny has been studied extensively. Fifty-eight candidate markers from hard ticks ( family Ixodidae) and 22 markers from the subfamily Rhipicephalinae sensu lato were mapped onto phylogenies of these groups. Two of the most interesting markers, features of the secondary structure of two different tRNAs, gave strong support to the hypothesis that species of the Prostriata ( Ixodes spp.) are monophyletic. Previous analyses of genes and morphology did not strongly support this relationship, instead suggesting that the Prostriata is paraphyletic with respect to the Metastriata ( the rest of the hard ticks). Parallel or convergent evolution was not found in the arrangements of mitochondrial genes in ticks nor were there any reversals to the ancestral arthropod character state. Many of the markers identified were phylogenetically informative, whereas others should be informative with study of additional taxa. Idiosyncratic markers and changes to typically conserved nucleotides in tRNAs that are phylogenetically informative were common in this data set, and thus these types of markers might be found in other organisms.

Lytic antibodies elicited by Trypanosoma cruzi infection recognize epitopes present on both bloodstream trypomastigote and epimastigote forms of parasite

Sera of Chaga's disease patients containing anti-T. cruzi lytic antibodies were submitted to affinity chromatography using Sepharose 4B conjugated with antigen extracted from epimasiigote or trypomasiigote forms of the parasite. Epimastigotes were obtained from culture at the exponential growth phase and the trypomastigotes from blood of infected and immunosuppressed mice. Antigen of both parasite forms was obtained by sonication of the parasites followed by centrifugation. Both antigens were then conjugated to activated Sepharose 4B. Affinity chromatography was performed by passing sera from chagasic patients through an immunoadsorbent column containing either epimasiigote or trypomasiigote antigens. Antibodies bound to the column were eluted with cold 0,2 M glycine buffer pH 2,8. The eluted antibodies were analysed regarding their isotype and lytic activity. The results showed that anti-T. cruzi lytic antibodies present in sera from chagasic patients are mainly located in the IgG isotype and recognize epitopes present in both trypomasiigote and epimastigote forms. A brief report of this work has already been published12.

Analysis of Highly Conserved Regions of the 3'UTR of MECP2 Gene in Patients with Clinical Diagnosis of Rett Syndrome and Other Disorders Associated with Mental Retardation

In this work we explored the role of the 3'UTR of the MECP2 gene in patients with clinical diagnosis of RTT and mental retardation; focusing on regions of the 3'UTR with almost 100% conservation at the nucleotide level among mouse and human. By mutation scanning (DOVAM-S technique) the MECP2 3'UTR of a total of 66 affected females were studied. Five3'UTR variants in the MECP2 were found (c.1461+9G>A, c.1461+98insA, c.2595G>A, c.9961C>G and c.9964delC) in our group of patients. None of the variants found is located in putative protein-binding sites nor predicted to have a pathogenic role. Our data suggest that mutations in this region do not account for a large proportion of the RTT cases without a genetic explanation.

Polymerase chain reaction-based method for the identification of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in mucosal tissues conserved in paraffin

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: In the Americas, mucosal leishmaniasis is primarily associated with infection by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. However, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis is another important cause of this disease in the Brazilian Amazon. In this study, we aimed at detecting Leishmaniadeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within paraffin-embedded fragments of mucosal tissues, and characterizing the infecting parasite species.METHODS: We evaluated samples collected from 114 patients treated at a reference center in the Brazilian Amazon by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses.RESULTS: Direct examination of biopsy imprints detected parasites in 10 of the 114 samples, while evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides detected amastigotes in an additional 17 samples. Meanwhile, 31/114 samples (27.2%) were positive for Leishmania spp. kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid (kDNA) by PCR analysis. Of these, 17 (54.8%) yielded amplification of the mini-exon PCR target, thereby allowing for PCR-RFLP-based identification. Six of the samples were identified as L. (V.) braziliensis, while the remaining 11 were identified as L. (V.) guyanensis.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of applying molecular techniques for the diagnosis of human parasites within paraffin-embedded tissues. Moreover, our findings confirm that L. (V.) guyanensisis a relevant causative agent of mucosal leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Amazon.

Antígenos y epitopes del Trypanosoma cruzi asociados con la evolución de la infección con este protozoario

Este proyecto se propone realizar un estudio de antígenos y epitopes del Trypanosoma cruzi comprometidos en la evolución de la infección con este protozoario. Se aprovechará la información obtenida anteriormente sobre protección y/o patogénesis inducida en ratón con antígenos acídicos liberados por las formas infectivas del parásito (tripomastigotes) designados exoantígenos (Eas) u obtenidos del citosol de epimastigotes, designados FIII y FIV. A los fines de avanzar en la identificación de epitopes comprometidos en los fenómenos estudiados, se realizarán en paralelo estudios con los antígenos mencionados y antígenos químicamente definidos que demostraron reactividad cruzada con ellos, como cruzipaína y péptidos sintéticos. El esquema experimental comprende, Tema 1: El estudio de la presencia de células mononucleares capaces de ser estimuladas por los distintos antígenos mencionados en pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas pertenecientes a diferentes grupos clínicos. Tema 2: El análisis, en ratones inmunizados, de la capacidad de los antígenos seleccionados para inducir respuestas inmunes humorales y celulares con efectos protectores o patogénicos. Se estudiará la especificidad de los anticuerpos y células inducidas por la inmunización. Se caracterizarán las poblaciones celulares según sus marcadores de membranas y las citoquinas liberadas en cultivo. Estudios histológicos e inmunocitoquímicos permitirán evaluar el daño tisular y las células comprometidas. Tema 3: Investigar la presencia de Cruzipaína entre los exoantígenos liberados por el parásito. La información obtenida, además de brindar conocimientos básicos en el tema y contribuir a la formación de recursos humanos, informará sobre el rol de los antígenos ensayados en la inmunomodulación hacia una respuesta protectora o patogénica.

Estudio de epitopes de antígenos para interpretar su respuesta inmune. Modelo 1: Virus rubeola. Modelo 2: Bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis

El estudio de los epitopes de los antígenos permitirá no sólo la diferenciación de cepas sino también la interpretación correcta de la respuesta inmune. Modelo1: Rubeola es una enfermedad infecciosa caracterizada por una erupción localizada, fiebre y adenopatías, que por lo general se produce en niños de edad escolar o preescolar. El virus de la rubeola es el único miembro del género ribivirus en la familia de los Togavirus. Se sabe que es una partícula esférica que mide 60-90 nm y lleva la información genética en una sola cadena de RNA de polaridad positiva formando una cápside icosahédrica. Estructuralmente está compuesto por tres proteínas, una no glicosilada, asociada al RNA en la nucleocápside, llamada C, y dos glicoproteínas E1 y E2 que se encuentran en la envoltura del virus donde se presentan formando complejos por dímeros E1-E1 y E1-E2. Uno de los motivos por los que se realizan estudios comparativos entre diferentes cepas de virus rubeola radica en la observación de que la respuesta inmune frente a la infección con la cepa salvaje es más eficiente y duradera que la inducida por la cepa vacunal y que no se conocen fehacientemente si la capacidad teratogénica del virus depende de la cepa viral o del tipo de infección que se produce en la placenta y en el feto. La disminución o desaparición de la respuesta inmune específica puede posibilitar la reinfección de una persona vacunada, lo que adquiere particular importancia en el caso de las embarazadas. Es por ello que este estudio se centra en el análisis comparativo de las propiedades biológicas y estructurales de la cepa de virus rubeola de circulación local (cepa Córdoba y sus clones) frente a las cepas Glichrist (prototipo) y RA 27/3 (vacunal). Esta parte del trabajo contribuye al proyecto mundial de obtención de una vacuna sintética o infectiva para controlar la infección por el virus rubeola. Objetivos: 1. Estudiar la cinética de aparición de los epitopes en citoplasma y membrana celular con una técnica de inmunofuorescencia indirecta de células infectadas y bloquear a distintos pasos la vía de síntesis de proteínas en las células infectadas para producir el camino de síntesis del complejo E1-E1 hasta su aparición en membrana. 2. Realizar la técnica de mapeo peptídico para la proteína E2 en diferentes cepas. Modelo 2: Chlamydia trachomatis es una bacteria intracelular obligada de un ciclo de vida dimórfico, con una fase extracelular llamada Cuerpo Elemental (CE), que es la forma infectiva y metabólicamente inactiva y una fase intracelular llamada Cuerpo Reticular que es la forma replicada y metabólicamente activa de la bacteria. Es el agente etiológico de Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual (ETS) más comunmente aislado en poblaciones de riesgo, además de ser la primera causa de ceguera prevenible a nivel mundial. El resultado de la infección con C. trachomatis puede terminar en inmunidad o enfermedad dependiendo de la interacción del sistema inmune del huésped con los antígenos chlamydiales específicos. El estudio de los antígenos que generan la respuesta inmune humoral como los tipos e isotipos de inmunoglobulinas producidas en esta respuesta, en las poblaciones con diferentes manifestaciones de la infección por C. trachomatis , podrían asociarse a un tipo de perfil de respuesta de linfocitos TH y dar un valor pronóstico de la evolución de la infección. Objetivo: 1. Separar y estudiar algunos de los más importantes antígenos de la bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis .

Mutational analysis of the highly conserved arginine within the Glu/Asp-Arg-Tyr motif of the alpha(1b)-adrenergic receptor: effects on receptor isomerization and activation.

We have suggested previously that both the negatively and positively charged residues of the highly conserved Glu/Asp-Arg-Tyr (E/DRY) motif play an important role in the activation process of the alpha(1b)-adreneric receptor (AR). In this study, R143 of the E/DRY sequence in the alpha(1b)-AR was mutated into several amino acids (Lys, His, Glu, Asp, Ala, Asn, and Ile). The charge-conserving mutation of R143 into lysine not only preserved the maximal agonist-induced response of the alpha(1b)-AR, but it also conferred high degree of constitutive activity to the receptor. Both basal and agonist-induced phosphorylation levels were significantly increased for the R143K mutant compared with those of the wild-type receptor. Other substitutions of R143 resulted in receptor mutants with either a small increase in constitutive activity (R143H and R143D), impairment (R143H, R143D), or complete loss of receptor-mediated response (R143E, R143A, R143N, R143I). The R413E mutant displayed a small, but significant increase in basal phosphorylation despite being severely impaired in receptor-mediated response. Interestingly, all the arginine mutants displayed increased affinity for agonist binding compared with the wild-type alpha(1b)-AR. A correlation was found between the extent of the affinity shift and the intrinsic activity of the agonists. The analysis of the receptor mutants using the allosteric ternary complex model in conjunction with the results of molecular dynamics simulations on the receptor models support the hypothesis that mutations of R143 can drive the isomerization of the alpha(1b)-AR into different states, highlighting the crucial role of this residue in the activation process of the receptor.

Characterization of protective and non-protective surface membrane carbohydrate epitopes of Schistosoma mansoni

We have produced a number of monoclonal antibodies, protective and non-protective, which recognize a complex of schistosomula antigens, including the 38 kDa antigen. Eight different protective and non-protective monoclonal antibodies, varying in isotypes, were used in the binding assays. Lectin inhibition studies suggested that the monoclonal antibodies probably recognized carbohydrate epitopes on the antigen(s). Immunoprecipitation studies showed that at least two of the monoclonal antibodies recognized different epitopes on the same molecule. Additionally, we tested for monoclonal antibody binding after the antigens were treated with; 1) proteases, 2) periodate, 3) various exo- and endoglycosidases, 4) mild acid hydrolysis. We also tested for binding of the antibodies to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Using the 8 monoclonal antibodies as probes, we were able to define at least 4 different carbohydrate epitopes related to the protective monoclonal antibodies, and at least one epitope which is seen by the non-protective antibodies. The epitope seen by the non-protective antibodies was shown to be cross-reactive with epitopes on KLH. These results demonstrate the importance of epitope mapping studies for any defined vaccine.

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2: epitope mapping and biological activity analysis of specific antibodies

Background: Plasmodium falciparum(P. falciparum) merozoite surfaceprotein 2 (MSP-2) is one of bloodstage proteins that are associated withprotection from malaria. MSP-2 consistsof a highly polymorphic centralrepeat region flanked by a dimorphicregion that defines the two allelicfamilies, 3D7 and FC27; N- and Cterminalregions are conserved domains.Long synthetic peptides (LSP)representing the two allelic familiesof MSP-2 and constant regions arerecognized by sera from donors livingin endemic areas; and specific antibodies(Abs) are associated with protectionand active in antibody dependentcellular inhibition (ADCI) in vitro.However, the fine specificity ofAb response to the two allelic familiesof MSP-2 is unknown. Methods: Peptidesrepresenting dimorphic regionof 3D7 and FC27 families and theirC-terminal (common fragment to thetwo families) termed 3D7-D (88 aa),FC27-D (48 aa) and C (40 aa) respectivelywere synthesized. Overlapping20 mer peptides covering dimorphicand constant regions of two familieswere also synthesized for epitopemapping. Human sera were obtainedfrom donors living in malaria endemicareas. SpecificDand CregionsAbs were purified from single or poolhuman sera. Sera from mice were obtainedafter immunization with thetwo families LSP mixture in three differentadjuvants: alhydrogel (Alum),Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant-Stableoil-in-water Emulsion (GLA-SE)and Virosome. For ADCI, P. falciparum(strain 3D7) parasite wasmaintained in culture at 0.5% parasitemiaand 4% hematocrit in air tightbox at love oxygen (2%) and 37 ºC.Results: We identified several epitopesfrom the dimorphic and constantregions of both families of MSP-2, inmice and humans (adults and children).In human, most recognizedepitopes were the same in differentendemic regions for each domain ofthe two families of MSP-2. In mice,the differential recognition of epitopewas depending on the strain of mouseand interestingly on the adjuvantused. GLA-SE and alum as adjuvantswere more often associated with therecognition of multiple epitopes thanvirosomes. Epitope-specific Abs recognizednative merozoites of P.falciparum and were active in ADCIto block development of parasite.Conclusion: The delineation of a limitednumber of epitopes could be exploitedto develop MSP-2 vaccinesactive on both allelic families ofMSP-2.