Efeitos intergeracionais da obesidade materna sobre o pâncreas endócrino de camundongos C57BL/6

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da obesidade materna sobre a estrutura do pâncreas e metabolismo de carboidratos no início da vida adulta, com foco na prole da primeira geração (F1) e segunda geração (F2) de progenitoras F0 alimentadas com dieta rica em gordura nos períodos pré-gestacional, durante a gestação e lactação. Métodos: Camundongos C57BL/6 do gênero feminino (F0) foram alimentadas com dieta padrão (SC) ou dieta rica em gordura (HF) durante as oito semanas que antecederam o acasalamento, durante a gestação e lactação para gerar a F1 (F1-SC e F1-HF). As proles geradas receberam dieta SC até o terceiro mês de vida. Aos três meses de idade, fêmeas F1 foram acasaladas para gerar a F2 (F2-SC e F2-HF). Apenas os machos das geração F1 e F2 foram avaliados aos 3 meses de idade. As características metabólicas foram avaliadas pela massa corporal (MC), glicemia de jejum, área sob a curva no teste oral de tolerância a glicose; análise plasmática de insulina, leptina e adiponectina; distribuição e análise morfológica do pâncreas através da imunohistoquímica e imunofluorescência. Resultados: A prole F1-HF teve aumento significativo na massa corporal e glicemia quando comparado à F1-SC. Por outro lado, as proles F2-HF e F2-SC tiveram massas corporais semelhantes. A prole F1-HF e F2-HF mostrou aumento da ingestão de energia, intolerância à glicose, hiperinsulinemia, hiperleptinemia, hipoadiponectinemia, resistência à insulina, aumento da massa pancreática, o aumento da densidade de volume de ilhotas com elevada massa de células alfa e beta, ilhotas hipertrofiadas caracterizadas por uma distribuição alterada de células alfa e beta, e fraca imunoreatividade do pâncreas homeobox duodeno-1 (PDx1). Conclusões: Uma dieta HF materna consumida durante o período pré-concepção e durante toda a gestação e lactação em camundongos promoveu programação metabólica do pâncreas endócrino com pré-disposição ao diabetes mellitus tipo 2 precoce nas proles F1 e F2 do gênero masculino, sugerindo que essas mudanças são intergeracionais.

Fenofibrato (agonista PPAR-alfa) induz a formação de células beges no tecido adiposo branco subcutâneo em camundongos obesos induzidos por dieta

O atual quadro de obesidade instalado no mundo estimula o estudo em busca de seu tratamento. O fenofibrato, um agonista PPAR-α, é usado atualmente para tratar a dislipidemia. No entanto, efeitos pleiotrópicos sobre a perda de massa corporal (MC) e redução nos depósitos de gordura necessitam de maiores estudos. O objetivo do trabalho foi examinar os efeitos do agonista PPAR-α fenofibrato sobre o gasto energético, MC, metabolismo de carboidratos, perfil secretor de adipocinas, plasticidade e termogênese do tecido adiposo branco subcutâneo (TABs) em camundongos com obesidade induzida por dieta. Este experimento foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para Experimentação Animal local sob o protocolo CEUA/032/2013. Camundongos machos C57BL/6 de 3 meses foram divididos em dois grupos: dieta padrão (SC, 10% lipídios) e dieta hiperlipídica (HF, 50% de lipídios), as quais foram administradas durante 10 semanas para induzir o sobrepeso. Em seguida, foi iniciado o tratamento com fenofibrato (100 mg/kg MC, adicionado à dieta), formando quatro grupos: SC, SC-F, HF, HF-F. O tratamento teve duração de cinco semanas, com o total de 15 semanas de experimento. A análise estatística utilizou teste t de student no pré-tratamento e one way ANOVA seguida pelo pós-teste de Holm-Sidak durante o tratamento. O two way ANOVA foi utilizado para testar possíveis interações entre dieta e tratamento. O nível de significância P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O grupo HF apresentou sobrepeso, resistência à insulina, além de remodelamento do tecido adiposo branco subcutâneo (TABs). O fenofibrato atenuou significativamente estes parâmetros (P<0,05). Os grupos tratados apresentaram formação de células beges no TABs, confirmado através de maior expressão gênica do PPAR-α, PPAR-β, PGC1-α, BMP8, UCP-1, PRDM16 e FNDC5/Irisina nos grupos tratados do que em suas contrapartes (P<0,05). O tratamento com fenofibrato também foi capaz de aumentar os niveis plasmáticos de FNDC5/Irisina em ambos os grupos tratados (P<0,005). Os grupos SC-F e HF-F apresentaram aumento do gasto energético, a produção de CO2 e consumo de O2 após o tratamento com fenofibrato (P<0,05). A ativação do PPAR-α parece ser fundamental para provocar browning através da indução da irisina e da transcrição de UCP-1. O fenofibrato restaurou a MC, a sensibilidade à insulina e a morfometria do TABs. Relevantemente, o fenofibrato aumentou a expressão de genes tipicamente expressos no tecido adiposo marrom no TABs, evidenciando a plasticidade do TABs em células beges com capacidade termogênica, caracterizando o browning.

UV-B-induced Oxidative Damage and Protective Role of Exopolysaccharides in Desert Cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus

UV-B-induced oxidative damage and the protective effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in Microcoleus vaginatus, a cyanobacterium isolated from desert crust, were investigated. After being irradiated with UV-B radiation, photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm), cellular total carbohydrates, EPS and sucrose production of irradiated cells decreased, while reducing sugars, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) production and DNA strand breaks increased significantly. However, when pretreated with 100 mg/L exogenous EPS, EPS production in the culture medium of UV-B stressed cells decreased significantly; Fv/Fm, cellular total carbohydrates, reducing sugars and sucrose synthase (SS) activity of irradiated cells increased significantly, while ROS generation, MDA production and DNA strand breaks of irradiated cells decreased significantly. The results suggested that EPS exhibited a significant protective effect on DNA strand breaks and lipid peroxidation by effectively eliminating ROS induced by UV-B radiation in M. vaginatus.

Salt tolerance of Microcoleus vaginatus Gom., a cyanobacterium isolated from desert algal crust, was enhanced by exogenous carbohydrates

Microcoleus vaginatus isolated from a desert algal crust of Shapotou was cultured in BG-11 medium containing 0.2mol l(-1) NaCl or 0.2mol l(-1) NaCl plus 100mg l(-1) sucrose, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) or hot water-soluble polysaccharides (HWP), respectively. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates, photosystem 11 activity (Fv/Fm) and dark respiration of NaCl-stressed cells were enhanced significantly by the added sucrose or EPS under salt stress conditions (0.2mol l(-1) NaCl). Compared with cells treated with salt alone, sodium contents in cells reduced significantly; the content of cellular total carbohydrate did not change, and intracellular sucrose, water-soluble sugar increased significantly following the addition of exogenous carbohydrates. Sucrose synthase (SS) activity of NaCl-stressed cells increased following the addition of sucrose, and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of NaCl-stressed cells increased following the addition of exogenous sucrose, EPS or HWP compared with cells stressed with NaCl only. The results suggested that the extruded EPS might be re-absorbed by cells of M. vaginatus as carbon source, they could increase salt tolerance of M. vaginatus through the changes of carbohydrate metabolism and the selective uptake of sodium ions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Defining metabolically healthy obesity: role of dietary and lifestyle factors

Background: There is a current lack of consensus on defining metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). Limited data on dietary and lifestyle factors and MHO exist. The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence, dietary factors and lifestyle behaviours of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese and non-obese subjects according to different metabolic health criteria. Method: Cross-sectional sample of 1,008 men and 1,039 women aged 45-74 years participated in the study. Participants were classified as obese (BMI ≥30kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI <30kg/m2). Metabolic health status was defined using five existing MH definitions based on a range of cardiometabolic abnormalities. Dietary composition and quality, food pyramid servings, physical activity, alcohol and smoking behaviours were examined. Results: The prevalence of MHO varied considerably between definitions (2.2% to 11.9%), was higher among females and generally increased with age. Agreement between MHO classifications was poor. Among the obese, prevalence of MH was 6.8% to 36.6%. Among the non-obese, prevalence of metabolically unhealthy subjects was 21.8% to 87%. Calorie intake, dietary macronutrient composition, physical activity, alcohol and smoking behaviours were similar between the metabolically healthy and unhealthy regardless of BMI. Greater compliance with food pyramid recommendations and higher dietary quality were positively associated with metabolic health in obese (OR 1.45-1.53 unadjusted model) and non-obese subjects (OR 1.37-1.39 unadjusted model), respectively. Physical activity was associated with MHO defined by insulin resistance (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.19-2.92, p = 0.006).

Levels of glucose and triglycerides in seminal plasma and spermatic motility in guinea pig fed with 10% more in digestible energy

The objective the study was to determine the levels of glucose and triglycerides in seminal plasma of 10 guinea pigs, which were fed for a period of 2 months with a diet containing 10% more ED. The level of glucose found in seminal plasma was 11.59 ± 0.5 mg/dL and triglyceride value was 55.95 ± 3.2 mg/dL, while the motility was 97% on average. We conclude that in guinea pigs the levels both glucose and triglycerides were increased by major level of ED in feed, but the spermatic motility was not.

Identificação de indicadores moleculares de bem-estar durante o cultivo de dourada (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus 1758), utilizando técnicas de proteómica

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Especialização em Biotecnologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Insulin secretion is regulated by the glucose-dependent production of islet beta cell macrophage migration inhibitory factor.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), originally identified as a cytokine secreted by T lymphocytes, was found recently to be both a pituitary hormone and a mediator released by immune cells in response to glucocorticoid stimulation. We report here that the insulin-secreting beta cell of the islets of Langerhans expresses MIF and that its production is regulated by glucose in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. MIF and insulin colocalize by immunocytochemistry within the secretory granules of the pancreatic islet beta cells, and once released, MIF appears to regulate insulin release in an autocrine fashion. In perifusion studies performed with isolated rat islets, immunoneutralization of MIF reduced the first and second phase of the glucose-induced insulin secretion response by 39% and 31%, respectively. Conversely, exogenously added recombinant MIF was found to potentiate insulin release. Constitutive expression of MIF antisense RNA in the insulin-secreting INS-1 cell line inhibited MIF protein synthesis and decreased significantly glucose-induced insulin release. MIF is therefore a glucose-dependent, islet cell product that regulates insulin secretion in a positive manner and may play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.

The effects of R(+)-lipoic acid supplementation on regulation of human skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase

This thesis investigated whole body glucose disposal and the adaptive changes in skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism following 28 d of supplementation with 1000 mg R(+)-lipoic acid in young sedentary males (age, 22.1 ± 0.67 yr, body mass, 78.7 ± 10.3 kg, n=9). In certain individuals, lipoic acid decreased the 180-min area under the glucose concentration and insulin concentration curve during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (n=4). In the same individuals, lipoic acid supplementation decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity (PDK) (0.09 ± 0.024 min"^ vs. 0.137 ± 0.023 min'\ n=4). The fasting levels of the activated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) were decreased following lipoic acid (0.42 ± 0.13 mmol-min'kg'^ vs. 0.82 ± 0.32 mmolrnin'^kg"\ n=4), yet increased to a greater extent during the OGTT (1.21 ± 0.34 mmol-min'kg"' vs. 0.81 ±0.13 mmolmin"'kg'\ n=4) following hpoic acid supplementation. No changes were demonstrated in the remaining subjects (n=5). It was concluded that improved glucose clearance during an OGTT following lipoic acid supplementation is assisted by increased muscle glucose oxidation through increased PDHa activation and decreased PDK activity in certain individuals.

A biochemical predictor of performance during mesophilic anaerobic fermentation of starch wastewater

The aim of this study was to determine the potential of biochemical parameters, such as enzyme activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, as monitors of process performance in the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor utilizing a starch wastewater. The acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the ATP content of the UASB sludge were measured in response to changes in flow rate and nutrient loading. Conventional parameters of process performance, such as gas production, acetic acid production, COD, phosphorus, nitrogen and suspended solids loadings and % COD removal were also monitored. The response of both biochemical and conventional parameters to changing process conditions was then compared. Alkaline phosphatase activity exhibited the highest activity over the entire study perioda A high suspended solids loading was observed to upset the system in terms of gas production, acetic acid production and % COD removala The initial rate of increase in alkaline phosphatase activity following an increase in loading was four times as great during process upset than under conditions of good performance. The change in enzyme actiVity was also more sensitive to process upset than changes in acetic acid production. The change in ATP content of the sludge with time suggested that enzyme actiVity was changing independently of the actual viable biomass present. The bacterial composition of the anaerobic sludge granules was similar to that of other sludge bed systems, at the light and scanning electron microscope level. Isolated serum bottle cultures produced several acids involved in anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism. The overall performance of the UASB system indicated that higher loadings of soluble nutrients could have been tolerated by the system.

Étude sur le biofilm et les mécanismes de résistance à la bacitracine chez Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens est ubiquitaire dans l’environnement. Ce microorganisme peut être retrouvé dans la flore normale du tractus gastro-intestinal des mammifères et peut également causer une variété d’infections intestinales. Le phénotype de résistance à la bacitracine a déjà été rapporté chez C. perfringens mais les gènes associés n’ont pas été caractérisés. Dans cette étude, 24 des 99 isolats de C. perfringens aviaires testés ont démontré une résistance à la bacitracine. Les analyses ont révélé la présence d’un transporteur ABC ainsi que d’une undécaprénol kinase surproduite. Ces deux mécanismes semblent être codés par l’opéron bcrABDR. En amont et en aval des gènes bcr, un élément IS1216-like a été identifié, celui-ci pouvant jouer un rôle dans la dissémination de la résistance à la bacitracine. Des analyses d’hybridation sur ADN ont révélé que les gènes bcrABDR étaient localisés sur le chromosome. De plus, il a été démontré que les gènes bcr étaient exprimés en présence de bacitracine. Plusieurs études ont associé la tolérance aux antibiotiques et aux désinfectants à la formation de biofilm. Dans la littérature, peu d’informations sont disponibles sur le biofilm de C. perfringens. La majorité des isolats testés dans cette étude ont démontré la formation d’un biofilm. L’analyse de la matrice a démontré que celle-ci contenait des protéines, de l’ADN extracellulaire ainsi que des polysaccharides liés en bêta-1,4. Une meilleure survie des cellules en biofilm a été observée suite à une exposition à de fortes concentrations d’antibiotiques. Une exposition à de faibles doses de certains antibiotiques semblait diminuer le biofilm formé alors que pour d’autres, le biofilm semblait augmenter. Dans la présente étude, la susceptibilité des biofilms de C. perfringens à la désinfection a été également analysée. Les résultats ont démontré que la formation de biofilm protégeait les cellules de l’action du monopersulfate de potassium, des ammoniums quaternaires, du peroxyde d’hydrogène et du glutéraldéhyde. Toutefois, l’hypochlorite de sodium a été démontré comme étant efficace contre le biofilm de C. perfringens. Il a été démontré que les biofilms mixtes de C. perfringens cultivés en présence de Staphylococcus aureus ou d’Escherichia coli étaient plus résistants à la désinfection en comparaison aux biofilms simples de S. aureus ou d’E. coli. Toutefois, le biofilm simple de C. perfringens était plus résistant à la désinfection que les biofilms mixtes. Finalement, les profils de transcription entre les populations planctoniques et en biofilm ont été analysés par séquençage d’ARN. L’analyse transcriptomique du biofilm a identifié 238 gènes différentiellement exprimés entre les deux conditions. Les gènes négativement régulés sont impliqués dans la virulence, la production d’énergie, le métabolisme des sucres ainsi que dans la biosynthèse des acides gras et des acides aminés alors que les gènes induits sont impliqués dans la réponse au stress et au stress oxydatif, dans la biosynthèse d’acides gras et de phospholipides ainsi que dans la virulence. Cette étude décrit pour la première fois la découverte des gènes associés à la résistance à la bacitracine chez C. perfringens. Elle rapporte également de nouvelles données sur la matrice du biofilm, la tolérance aux antibiotiques et aux désinfectants ainsi que sur le transcriptome du biofilm de C. perfringens.

AFLATOXICOSIS AND ITS AMELIORATION IN BLACK TIGER SHRIMP,PENAEUS MONODON FABRICIUS

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the nutritional and pathological changes associated with aflatoxin B1 toxicity in Penaeus monodon and to determine the efficacy of vitamins E and K, and Amrita Bindu, herbal mixture in ameliorating the toxicity of AFB1. The main objectives the study is to document the pathological and immunological changes in P.monodon fed with AFB1 incorporated diets and to delineate the histological and ultrastructural changes and determine the presence of AFB1 residue in the shrimp body, to evaluate the growth performance of feed efficiency in P. monodon post larvae fed AFB1 added diets, to assess the interactive effect of heavy metals like copper and cadmium at sub-lethal levels in P. monodon postlarve fed AFB1 added diets, to decipher the ameliorative action of Vitamins E & K and a spicy herbal mixture, Amrita Bindu on AFB1 in P.monodon sub-adults. The study has revealed that Aflatoxin B1 significantly affects protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the shrimp penaeus monodon. The remarkable effect was observed in the immune system, as AFB1 has elevatod the immune response during initial days of exposure and prolonged exposure to the toxin leads to weakening of the animal’s immunity. Aflatoxin B1 level above 50 ppb severely affected the growth and feed utilization which in turn reflects the damage caused to the hepatopancreas as evident from the histological and ultrastructural observations.

Dopamine Receptor Gene Expression In Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats And Its Role In Insulin Secretion

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with insulin deficiency, which not.only affects the carbohydrate metabolism but also is associated with various central and peripheral complications. Chronic hyperglycemia during diabetes mellitus is a major initiator of diabetic microvascular complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, The central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters play an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. These neurotransmitters mediate rapid intracellular communications not only within the central nervous system but also in the peripheral tissues. They exert their function through receptors present in both neuronal and non neuronal cell surface that trigger second messenger signaling pathways. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in various central neuronal degenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease and behavioral diseases like Schizophrenia. Dopamine is synthesised from tyrosine, stored in vesicles in axon terminals and released when the neuron is depolarised. Dopamine interacts with specific membrane receptors to produce its effect. Dopamine plays an important role both centrally and peripherally. The recent identification of five dopamine receptor subtypes provides a basis for understanding dopamine's central and peripheral actions . Dopamine receptors are classified into two major groups : DA D1 like and DA D2 like. Dopamine D1 like receptors consists of DA D1 and DA D5 receptors . Dopamine D2 like receptors consists of DA D2, DA D3 and DA D4 receptors. Stimulation of the DA D1 receptor gives rise to increased production of cAMP. Dopamine D2 receptors inhibit cAMP production, but activate the inositol phosphate second messenger system . Impairment of central dopamine neurotransmission causes muscle rigidity, hormonal regulation , thought disorder and cocaine addiction. Peripheral dopamine receptors mediate changes in blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion and catecholamine release. The dopamine D2 receptors increased in the corpus striatum and cerebral cortex but decreased in the hypothalamus and brain stem indicating their involvement in regulating insulin secretion. Dopamine D2 receptor which has a stimulatory effecton insulin secretion decreased in the pancreatic islets during diabetes. Our in vitro studies confirmed the stimulatory role of dopamine D2 receptors in stimulation of glucose induced insulin secretion. A detailed study at the molecular level on the mechanisms involved in the role of dopamine in insulin secretion, its functional modification could lead to therapeutic interventions that will have immense clinical importance.

A comparative study of Glycogen phosphorylase from selected cepbalopods

A comparative study of Glycogen phosphorylase from selected Cephalopods is reported in this thesis. A detailed investigation of an important glycolytic enzyme, phosphorylase, from a selected species, is undertaken. Loligo vulgaris, commonly known as squid, is selected as the source for the study. Phosphorylase is the key enzyme in the mobilization of chemical energy from glycogen and its role in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is well established. Although a good deal of information is available about phosphorylase from terrestrial animals, not much is known about the enzyme from aquatic fauna. In order to bridge this gap and also to compare the results with the findings from other sources, phosphorylase a was isolated from this marine mollusc and its properties studied in detail in this study

Bioactive Metabolites and Biomarkers from Rhizophoraceae mangroves- A Chemotaxonomic Approach

Mangroves are specialised ecosystems developed along estuarine sea coasts and river mouths in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, mainly in the intertidal zone. Hence, the ecosystem and its biological components is under the influence of both marine and freshwater conditions and has developed a set of physiological adaptations to overcome problems of anoxia, salinity and frequent tidal inundations. This has led to the assemblage of a wide variety of plant and animal species of special adaptations suited to the ecosystem. The path of photosynthesis in mangroves is different from other glycophytes. There are modifications or alterations in other physiological processes such as carbohydrate metabolism or polyphenol synthesis. As they survive under extreme conditions of salinity, temperature, tides and anoxic soil conditions they may have chemical compounds, which protect them from these destructive elements. Mangroves are necessarily tolerant of high salt levels and have mechanisms to take up water despite strong osmotic potentials. Some also take up salts, but excrete them through specialised glands in the leaves. Others transfer salts into senescent leaves or store them in the bark or the wood. Still others simply become increasingly conservative in their water use as water salinity increases. A usual transportation or biosynthetic path as other plants cannot be expected in mangrove plants. In India, the states like West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra, and Gujarat occupy vast area of mangroves. Kerala has only 6 km2 total mangrove area with Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia apetala and Kandelia candal, as the important species present, most of which belong to the family Rhizophoraceae.Rhizophoraceae mangroves are ranked as “major elements of mangroves” as they give the real shape of this unique and interesting ecosystem and these mangrove species most productive and typical characteristic ecosystem of World renowned. It was found that the Rhizophoraceae mangrove extracts exhibit several bioactive properties. Various parts of these mangroves are used in ethnomedicinal practices. Even though extracts from these mangroves possess therapeutic activity against humans, animal and plant pathogens, the specific metabolites responsible for these bioactivities remains to be elucidated. Various parts of these mangroves are used in ethnomedicinal practices. There is a gap of information towards the chemistry of Rhizophoraceae mangroves from Kerala. Thorough phytochemical investigation can achieve the validity of ethnomedicines as well as apply the use of mangrove plants in the development of new drugs. Such studies can pave a firm base for their use in biomarker and chemotaxonomic studies as well as for the better management of the existing mangrove ecosystem. In this study, the various chemical parameters including minerals, biochemical components, bioactive and biomarker molecules were used to classify and assess the possible potentials of the mangrove plants of the true mangrove family Rhizophoraceae from Kochi.