Use of Photovoltaic on an E-bike? : A Feasibility Study

In recent years the number of bicycles with e-motors has been increased steadily. Within the pedelec – bikes where an e-motor supports the pedaling – a special group of transportation bikes has developed. These bikes have storage boxes in addition to the basic parts of a bike. Due to the space available on top of those boxes it is possible to install a PV system to generate electricity which could be used to recharge the battery of the pedelec. Such a system would lead to grid independent charging of the battery and to the possibility of an increased range of motor support. The feasibility of such a PV system is investigated for a three wheeled pedelec delivered by the company BABBOE NORDIC.The measured data of the electricity generation of this mobile system is compared to the possible electricity generation of a stationary system.To measure the consumption of the pedelec different tracks are covered, and the energy which is necessary to recharge the bike battery is measured using an energy logger. This recharge energy is used as an indirect measure of the electricity consumption. A PV prototype system is installed on the bike. It is a simple PV stand alone system consisting of PV panel, charge controller with MPP tracker and a solar battery. This system has the task to generate as much electricity as possible. The produced PV current and voltage aremeasured and documented using a data logger. Afterwards the average PV power is calculated. To compare the produced electricity of the on-bike system to that of a stationary system, the irradiance on the latter is measured simultaneously. Due to partial shadings on the on-bike PV panel, which are caused by the driver and some other bike parts, the average power output during riding the bike is very low. It is too low to support the motor directly. In case of a similar installation as the PV prototype system and the intention always to park the bike on a sunny spot an on-bike system could generate electricity to at least partly recharge a bike battery during one day. The stationary PV system using the same PV panel could have produced between 1.25 and 8.1 times as much as the on-bike PV system. Even though the investigation is done for a very specific case it can be concluded that anon-bike PV system, using similar components as in the investigation, is not feasible to recharge the battery of a pedelec in an appropriate manner. The biggest barrier is that partial shadings on the PV panel, which can be hardly avoided during operation and parking, result in a significant reduction of generated electricity. Also the installation of the on-bike PV system would lead to increased weight of the whole bike and the need for space which is reducing the storage capacity. To use solar energy for recharging a bike battery an indirect way is giving better results. In this case a stationary PV stand alone system is used which is located in a sunny spot without shadings and adjusted to use the maximum available solar energy. The battery of the bike is charged using the corresponding charger and an inverter which provides AC power using the captured solar energy.

Analysis of the crown fractures and crown-root fractures due to dental trauma assisted by the Integrated Clinic from 1992 to 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze crown fractures and crown-root fractures due to dentoalveolar trauma, treated in the Integrated Clinic comprehensive dental care at Aracatuba School of Dentistry (UNESP), from January 1992 to July 2002. The data were obtained from files of trauma cases. on the analysis period, 293 patients had crown fractures or crown-root fractures, in 605 teeth. Sixty-nine percent were males and 31% were females. Adolescents between 11 and 18 years old were the most prevalent group (41.6%) and the maxillary arch was the most commonly traumatized (83%). The most commonly affected tooth was the maxillary central incisor (58.3%). The most frequent causes were falls from bicycles (30.8%). It was concluded that the reality of the local service is similar to the published data.

Acidentes do trabalho em Marília-SP

Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva - FMB

Análise da viabilidade técnica e ambiental de vias cicláveis na cidade de Presidente Epitácio-SP

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Planejamento do transporte urbano sustentável: uso de bicicletas no município de São Paulo-SP

From its foundation until nowadays, the city of São Paulo has undergone major transformation processes, one of the responsibles for these changes is the presence of efficient transportation ; From construction of roads and routes for the animal traction transportation, railroads, expansion and improvements to the introduction of the automobiles, highways, subway system, among others, all these changes are related to greater flow of people and goods. However nowadays has been reflected issues such as quality of life and development of society in a sustainable way, once we have the construction and reconstruction of space in benefit of capital, and therefore the valuation of individual motorized transport. The overuse of individual motor vehicles are generating an urban chaos, making it increasingly difficult to transit in big cities, the use of bicycles is presented as a viable modal alternative, allowing the flow, and enhancing the health of society and quality of the air

O tipo de trajetória não afeta o controle visual da freada em ciclistas

Braking visual control was studied in recreational cyclists through the manipulation of bicycle’s velocity at braking initiation (low, medium, and high) and approaching trajectory (straight and curved) with respect to a stationary obstacle. The hypothesis was that the type of trajectory, exclusively or interacting with initial velocity, would affect time to collision visual information (tau margin) and its fi rst derivative in time (tau-dot), respectively, in the onset and during braking. The results revealed that velocity affected signifi cantly tau margin while tau-dot remained unaltered independently of condition. The type of trajectory clearly did not affect the visual control of braking in cyclists.

Presença e distribuição de espécies exóticas na zona de influência de duas trilhas no Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó - MG

The presence of visitors in national parks is desirable and agrees with their management objectives. However, areas and paths under the influence of visitors are sites with a great possibility of change in the composition of vegetation due to the effects caused by the influence of walking, bicycles and horseback riding. In this work, two trails of the Serra do Cipo National Park were evaluated with the aim of studying and knowing the distribution of native and exotic species in their areas of influence. The theme of biological invasions in protected areas has been an important focus of studies since they represent a threat to biodiversity. The results show differences in the presence of exotic plants and conservation conditions between the two tracks studied.

New routes to enantioenriched substances through small organic molecules

In this thesis we will disclose the results obtained from the diastereoisomeric salt formation (n salt, p salt and p1,n1 salt) between non-racemic trans-chrysanthemic acid (trans-ChA) and pure enantiomers of threo-2-dimethylamino-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediol (DMPP). The occurrence of p1,n1 salt formation can have profound effects on enantiomer separation of scalemic (non-racemic) mixtures. This phenomenon when accompanied by substrate self-association impedes the complete recovery of the major enantiomer through formation of an inescapable racemate cage. A synthetic sequence for the asymmetric synthesis of bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanones and bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-en-6-ones through a cycloaddition strategy is reported. The fundamental step is a [2+2]-cycloaddition of an enantiopure amide derived from the reaction between a set of acids and an oxazolidinone as the chiral auxiliary. The inter- and intramolecular cycloaddition of in situ-generated keteniminium salts gives bicycles with a good enantioselection. A key intermediate of Iloprost, a chemically stable and biologically active mimic of prostacyclin PGI2 is synthesized following a ‘green approach’. An example of simple optical resolution of this racemic intermediate involving the diastereoisomeric salt formation is described.

E-bike injuries: experience from an urban emergency department-a retrospective study from Switzerland.

Background. Between 2005 and 2012, annual sales of E-bikes in Switzerland increased from 1,792 to 52,941. This continuous and rapid transition from human-powered bicycles to an electric bicycle technology may indicate the increasing demand for low-cost transportation technology in combination with a healthy lifestyle. Material and Methods. In the present study, from April 2012 to September 2013, we retrospectively analysed E-bike accidents treated in the Emergency Department of our hospital by focusing on the following parameters: age, gender, time, period, and cause of the accident, as well as injury and outcome. Results. Patients were predominantly male. The mean age of injured E-cyclists was 47.5 years. The main causes of injury were self-accident. Most injuries were to the head/neck. The mean ISS was 8.48. The outcome showed that 9 patients were treated as outpatients, 9 were inpatients, and 5 patients were kept in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Only six patients underwent surgery (S). Discussion. This is the first attempt to evaluate E-bike injuries in Switzerland in an acute hospital setting. Since there is increasing popular preference for E-bikes as means of transportation and injuries to the head or neck are prevalent among E-cyclists, the hazard should not to be underestimated.

Identifying and removing barriers to cycling as a viable means of transportation in Houston, Texas

The citizens of Houston, Texas, spend much time commuting. It has repeatedly been named among the “Fattest Cities” by Men’s Fitness Magazine (The fittest and fattest cities in America – Men’s Fitness. ). Obesity is one of its major public health problems as Houstonians often do not engage in enough physical activity to help them maintain their ideal weights. The use of bicycles provides a healthy and ecological alternative to commuting by driving. However, because urban cyclists must often share the roads with motorized vehicles, cyclists are often exposed to high levels of emissions. As vulnerable users of the roadways, urban cyclists also face the threat of injury. Nevertheless, there are some programs that encourage the use of bicycles. Laws and ordinances not only reveal public policy relating to bicycling but are a means to develop policy which can encourage bicycling. ^

A Physical and Social Study of Mountain Bike Use on Five Segments of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail in Colorado

This capstone reviews uses of the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail. Policies governing use of the trail appear to be ambiguous, especially regarding mountain bicycles. Mountain biking has grown since the trail was created, but is not fully addressed in existing or proposed policy. 382 people on five segments of the trail in Colorado were interviewed for this capstone. Mountain bikes, hiking, and motorized recreation were observed uses. User conflict, overcrowding, degraded recreation experiences, or user displacement was not reported. User satisfaction was high and most would return. Interviewees requested increased public involvement and recognition of user needs in setting policy. Trail degradation occurs, but is unassociated with any particular use. Recommendations for trail improvement and maintenance are presented.

Scene in front of Bus. Ad. Bldg. [Business Administration Building]

Lee Black & Kenneth Black, architects.

East Quadrangle

Built 1940. Part of the building of residence halls for men under the "Michigan House Plan." Morrison & Gabler, architects. Addition in 1946-1948. On verso: East Univ. entrance

East Quad [Quadrangle] S. Entrance

Built 1940. Part of the building of residence halls for men under the "Michigan House Plan." Morrison & Gabler, architects. Addition in 1946-1948