Solução rápida das ambigüidades GPS para aplicações no posicionamento relativo de linhas de base curtas

Pós-graduação em Ciências Cartográficas - FCT

Posicionamento relativo na região equatorial em diversas condições ionosféricas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Nivelamento através do GPS: avaliação e proposição de estratégias

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Restricted stimulus control in stimulus control shaping with a capuchin monkey

Teaching the first instances of arbitrary matching-to-sample to nonhumans can prove difficult and time consuming. Stimulus control relations may develop that differ from those intended by the experimentereven when stimulus control shaping procedures are used. We present, in this study, efforts to identify sources of shaping program failure with a capuchin monkey. Procedures began with a baseline of identity matching. During subsequent shaping trials, compound comparison stimuli had two componentsone identical to and another different from the sample. The identical component was eliminated gradually by removing portions across trials (i.e., subtracting stimulus elements). The monkey performed accurately throughout shaping. At a late stage in the program, probe tests were conducted: (1) arbitrary matching trials that had all elements of the identical comparison removed and (2) other trials that included residual elements. During the test, the monkey performed at low levels on the former trials and higher levels on the latter. These results suggested that higher accuracy was due merely to continued control by the residual elements: the target arbitrary matching relations had not been learned. Thus, it appears that procedures that gradually transform identity matching baselines into arbitrary matching can fail by inadvertently shaping restricted control by residual elements. Subsequent probes at the end of the shaping series showed a successful transfer of stimulus control from identity to arbitrary matching after further programming steps apparently overcame the restricted stimulus control.

Análise dos efeitos de um treino parental sobre comportamentos de crianças com TDAH: comparação entre setting terapêutico e ambiente domiciliar

Esse estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de contribuir com a avaliação dos efeitos de uma intervenção comportamental direcionada a pais/responsáveis de crianças com Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade-TDAH, investigando os efeitos desse modelo de treino parental em duas condições, setting terapêutico (Condição 1) e ambiente domiciliar (Condição 2), sobre a ocorrência de comportamentos de hiperatividade versus autocontrole. Os participantes foram pais de quatro crianças, na faixa etária entre cinco e nove anos. Utilizaram-se como instrumentos: Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido-TCLE, Inventário de Estilos Parentais-IEP, Lista de Verificação Comportamental para Crianças e Adolescentes-CBCL/TRF, Escala do TDAH versão para professor, Roteiro de Entrevista Inicial, Roteiro de Entrevista de Avaliação, Roteiro de Entrevista Final, Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil-CCEB. O procedimento de pesquisa consistiu em: (a) contato com neuropediatra; (b) triagem e convite aos participantes; (c) distribuição de dois participantes para cada condição de intervenção; (d) avaliação inicial, incluindo entrevista com os responsáveis, aplicações do TCLE, IEP e CBCL; (e) visita à escola e aplicações do TCLE, da Escala do TDAH e do TRF, versões para professor; (f) realização de cinco sessões de intervenção, gravadas em áudio e vídeo, duas de linha de base, uma de habituação às regras e duas de manutenção das regras e instalação de comportamento de auto-observação, que envolveram situações de interação em jogos de regras, com participação da terapeuta-pesquisadora, da mãe e da criança; (g) realização de entrevista de avaliação da primeira fase; (h) reversão de contextos para os participantes e (i) avaliação final, realizada por meio de entrevista com os responsáveis e re-aplicação dos instrumentais padronizados com pais e professores, utilizados anteriormente, mais o CCEB. Os dados obtidos por meio dos instrumentos padronizados receberam o tratamento indicado nos manuais. Dois sistemas de categorias de análise do comportamento foram utilizados, um para descrever os comportamentos das mães e outro para comportamentos observados nas crianças. Os principais resultados sugerem que as crianças em ambiente de consultório tiveram maior ocorrência de emissão de comportamentos de autocontrole do que as em ambiente de domicílio, as quais, por sua vez, tiveram prevalência de comportamentos de hiperatividade/impulsividade. Do mesmo modo, as mães em ambiente de consultório obtiveram maiores escores em práticas educativas positivas e menos em negativas, comparadas às mães do grupo de domicílio. Houve aumento de práticas educativas positivas para a maioria das mães. Discute-se o contexto de consultório enquanto um ambiente eficaz de intervenção, embora se reconheça que as dificuldades de controle de comportamentos inadequados são maiores para os pais em ambiente domiciliar, por isso, intervenções em ambiente natural devem ser consideradas no processo terapêutico. Por outro lado, o treino parental demonstrou ser efetivo na aquisição, fortalecimento e manutenção de práticas educativas positivas em todas as mães, o que pode influenciar beneficamente os comportamentos das crianças com TDAH.

Aquisição de relações condicionais simétricas e não simétricas e formação de classes por Cebus apella

A dificuldade em documentar a formação de classes em não-humanos pode ser devida ao uso de procedimentos de treino e teste desenvolvidos no contexto da pesquisa com participantes humanos. Diferenças entre as situações de treino e de teste podem produzir a deterioração do desempenho nos testes. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar, em macacos-prego (Cebus spp.), a curva de aquisição de relações condicionais simétricas com a curva de aquisição de relações condicionais não simétricas, a partir de linhas de base condicionais diferentes para cada tipo de treino. Essa comparação pode fornecer indícios de formação de classes sem a necessidade de testes formais previstos no modelo descritivo de equivalência de estímulos. Foram utilizados, como participantes, dois macacos prego machos Cebus spp. um jovem-adulto (M09) e um adulto (M12), ambos com história de treino de discriminações simples e condicionais. Foram utilizados seis pares de estímulos bidimensionais (A1-B1, A2-B2, A3-B3, A4-B4, A5-B5 e A6-B6). O procedimento foi composto por três fases: Fase 1, “preparatória”, de treino das discriminações condicionais A1-B1 e A2-B2 utilizando o procedimento de emparelhamento ao modelo arbitrário com atraso zero; Fase 2, “consistente” ou “simétrica”, de treino da discriminação condicional A3-B3 e A4-B4 seguida do treino da discriminação condicional consistente com o padrão de resposta bidirecional (B3-A3 e B4-A4); Fase 3, “inconsistente” ou “assimétrica”, de treino da discriminação condicional A5-B5 e A6-B6 seguido do treino da discriminação condicional inconsistente com o padrão bidirecional (B5-A6 e B6-A5). O Sujeito M12 concluiu todas as etapas do experimento. A análise comparativa das curvas de desempenho do sujeito M12 indica uma aquisição mais rápida quando as relações treinadas são simétricas, sugerindo que os eventos arbitrariamente relacionados compõem uma mesma classe. Tal resultado sugere que a análise comparativa entre as curvas de desempenho é um procedimento promissor para avaliar formação de classes em sujeitos não-humanos. O sujeito M09 foi retirado do experimento na Subfase 3.1, pois seu desempenho não alcançou o critério de aquisição. Os dados do sujeito M09 sugerem a necessidade de uma análise detalhada das relações de controle durante a tarefa de MTS possibilitando assim o refinamento do procedimento de treino de emparelhamento ao modelo arbitrário.

Efeitos hemodinâmicos do cloridrato de dexmedetomidina administrado por infusão intravenosa contínua em cães anestesiados com propofol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influence of distance, geometry and number of control stations on quality of local geodetic networks for the purpose of georeferencing of rural properties

The implementation of local geodetic networks for georeferencing of rural properties has become a requirement after publication of the Georeferencing Technical Standard by INCRA. According to this standard, the maximum distance of baselines to GNSS L1 receivers is of 20 km. Besides the length of the baseline, the geometry and the number of geodetic control stations are other factors to be considered in the implementation of geodetic networks. Thus, this research aimed to examine the influence of baseline lengths higher than the regulated limit of 20 km, the geometry and the number of control stations on quality of local geodetic networks for georeferencing, and also to demonstrate the importance of using specific tests to evaluate the solution of ambiguities and on the quality of the adjustment. The results indicated that the increasing number of control stations has improved the quality of the network, the geometry has not influenced on the quality and the baseline length has influenced on the quality; however, lengths higher than 20 km has not interrupted the implementation, with GPS L1 receiver, of the local geodetic network for the purpose of georeferencing. Also, the use of different statistical tests, both for the evaluation of the resolution of ambiguities and for the adjustment, have enabled greater clearness in analyzing the results, which allow that unsuitable observations may be eliminated.

Rank Aggregation for Pattern Classifier Selection in Remote Sensing Images

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Determinação das coordenadas dos vértices limítrofes de imóveis rurais utilizando-se do posicionamento GPS

Aiming to evaluate the methodologies of surveys related with the specifications of Geo-referencing Rural Parcels in Brazil, established by INCRA (National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform), in attendance to the Law 10.267/01, and considering aspects of precision and accuracy, a test area was set up in the Assentamento Florestan Fernandes, in the county of Presidente Bernardes, SP. This area was subdivided in three sub-areas in order to simulate the existence of three contiguous rural parcels. The first stage of work consisted in the implantation and determination of the control points coordinates in their respective areas. These control points were determined by the process of direct transport, using dual frequency (L1/L2) GPS receivers and through the process of traverse with baselines of up to 20 km, using single frequency receivers (L1). The coordinates of the points of the perimeter of the three sub-areas were determined using single frequency GPS receivers, from two survey methods, both using static relative positioning. The first one, so called traverse, each point that delimits the property was occupied successively, starting from the control point and closing at another. In other, denominated double irradiation, each point of the property was irradiated from two control points. These procedures were accomplished with the intention to define and to implement a mistake control strategy, to realize redundancy measurements and to use an adjustment method correctly, to obtain trustworthily values in the patterns demanded in each kind of survey. With the data collected and processed some analyses could be accomplished from the discrepancies between the coordinates obtained by different methodologies. The results show that this test area may be used to validate other methodologies and equipments. The results were satisfactory and attended the specifications of Geo-referencing Rural Parcel.

Influência do consumo crônico de diferentes concentrações de álcool nos tecidos periodontais e na evolução da periodontite experimental

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência do consumo crônico de diferentes concentrações de álcool nos tecidos periodontais e na evolução da periodontite experimental

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton growth and aggregation

Since the industrial revolution, the ocean has absorbed around one third of the anthropogenic CO2, which induced a profound alteration of the carbonate system commonly known as ocean acidification. Since the preindustrial times, the average ocean surface water pH has fallen by 0.1 units, from approximately 8.2 to 8.1 and a further decrease of 0.4 pH units is expected for the end of the century. Despite their microscopic size, marine diatoms are bio-geo-chemically a very important group, responsible for the export of massive amount of carbon to deep waters and sediments. The knowledge of the potential effects of ocean acidification on the phytoplankton growth and on biological pump is still at its infancy. This study wants to investigate the effect of ocean acidification on the growth of the diatom Skeletonema marinoi and on its aggregation, using a mechanistic approach. The experiment consisted of two treatments (Present and Future) representing different pCO2 conditions and two sequential experimental phases. During the cell growth phase a culture of S. marinoi was inoculated into transparent bags and the effect of ocean acidification was studied on various growth parameters, including DOC and TEP production. The aggregation phase consisted in the incubation of the cultures into rolling tanks where the sinking of particles through the water column was simulated and aggregation promoted. Since few studies investigated the effect of pH on the growth of S. marinoi and none used pH ranges that are compatible with the OA scenarios, there were no baselines. I have shown here, that OA does not affect the cell growth of S. marinoi, suggesting that the physiology of this species is robust in respect to the changes in the carbonate chemistry expected for the end of the century. Furthermore, according to my results, OA does not affect the aggregation of S. marinoi in a consistent manner, suggesting that this process has a high natural variability but is not influenced by OA in a predictable way. The effect of OA was tested over a variety of factors including the number of aggregates produced, their size and sinking velocity, the algal, bacterial and TEP content. Many of these variables showed significant treatment effects but none of these were consistent between the two experiments.

Deforestation and forest degradation monitoring and assessment of biomass and carbon stock of lowland rainforest in the Analanjirofo region, Madagascar

Madagascar is currently developing a policy and strategies to enhance the sustainable management of its natural resources, encouraged by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and REDD. To set up a sustainable financing scheme methodologies have to be provided that estimate, prevent and mitigate leakage, develop national and regional baselines, and estimate carbon benefits. With this research study this challenge was tried to be addressed by analysing a lowland rainforest in the Analanjirofo region in the district of Soanierana Ivongo, North East of Madagascar. For two distinguished forest degradation stages: “low degraded forest” and “degraded forest” aboveground biomass and carbon stock was assessed. The corresponding rates of carbon within those two classes were calculated and linked to a multi-temporal set of SPOT satellite data acquired in 1991, 2004 and 2009. Deforestation and particularly degradation and the related carbon stock developments were analysed. With the assessed data for the 3 years 1991, 2004 and 2009 it was possible to model a baseline and to develop a forest prediction for 2020 for Analanjirofo region in the district of Soanierana Ivongo. These results, developed applying robust methods, may provide important spatial information regarding the priorities in planning and implementation of future REDD+ activities in the area.

Differential GPS as a monitoring tool on Volcano Santa Ana (Illamatepec) and the Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador

We used differential GPS measurements from a 13 station GPS network spanning the Santa Ana Volcano and Coatepeque Caldera to characterize the inter-eruptive activity and tectonic movements near these two active and potentially hazardous features. Caldera-forming events occurred from 70-40 ka and at Santa Ana/Izalco volcanoes eruptive activity occurred as recently as 2005. Twelve differential stations were surveyed for 1 to 2 hours on a monthly basis from February through September 2009 and tied to a centrally located continuous GPS station, which serves as the reference site for this volcanic network. Repeatabilities of the averages from 20-minute sessions taken over 20 hours or longer range from 2-11 mm in the horizontal (north and east) components of the inter-station baselines, suggesting a lower detection limit for the horizontal components of any short-term tectonic or volcanic deformation. Repeatabilities of the vertical baseline component range from 12-34 mm. Analysis of the precipitable water vapor in the troposphere suggests that tropospheric decorrelation as a function of baseline lengths and variable site elevations are the most likely sources of vertical error. Differential motions of the 12 sites relative to the continuous reference site reveal inflation from February through July at several sites surrounding the caldera with vertical displacements that range from 61 mm to 139 mm followed by a lower magnitude deflation event on 1.8-7.4 km-long baselines. Uplift rates for the inflationary period reach 300 mm/yr with 1σ uncertainties of +/- 26 – 119 mm. Only one other station outside the caldera exhibits a similar deformation trend, suggesting a localized source. The results suggest that the use of differential GPS measurements from short duration occupations over short baselines can be a useful monitoring tool at sub-tropical volcanoes and calderas.