933 resultados para aba autism


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玉米幼苗经外源脱落酸(ABA)处理后,其生长与光合作用,如株高、干物质积累、净光合速率(Pn)、光合作用的量子效率(фC02)和羧化效率(CE),以及光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率(фPSII)等受到抑制,且该抑制程度与处理ABA的浓度呈相关性。PSII最大光化学活性(Fv/Fm)变化表明,以10和25μmol L-I ABA处理玉米幼苗7天,可明显提高其抗光抑制能力,而50μmol L-1ABA处理的玉米幼苗在相同条件下的抗光抑制能力下降。进一步以25μmol L-lABA处理玉米幼苗来研究,结果表明ABA处理可减缓强光下玉米叶片Pn、CE、фPS II和叶片吸收光能光化学猝灭(qP)的下降,同时增强叶片吸收光能的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)。另外,叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭的中间组分(qm)增强,光抑制后Fv/Fm的恢复能力提高,这表明ABA处理高提高了强光下玉米幼苗的光系统状态转换能力和Psn循环修复作用。除此之外,ABA处理后玉米幼苗的叶黄素循环类色素,如紫黄质(V)、环氧玉米黄质(A)和玉米黄质(Z)的含量增加,叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)增大,说明依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散在ABA处理玉米幼苗中得到加强。另外,ABA处理幼苗在强光下保持较高фPsII/Pn活性,以及叶片抗氧化酶活性提高,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR),抗氧化物含量增加,如抗坏血酸(AsA)、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSH),这说明ABA诱导Mehler-peroxidase反应的增强在提高玉米幼苗抗光抑制能力中也发挥重要作用。 玉米叶片光系统I和光系统II在相同强度(300μmolm-2 S-l)的红光(655nm)和远红光(700-770 nm)共同照射下,光系统I(PSI)和光系统II(PSII)吸收光能基本平衡,叶片光合作用处于状态1,此时Psn保持较高的光适应下最大荧光( Fml)。关闭远红光,使叶片只处在红光照射下,则会引起光下PSII最大荧光( Frri2)的降低。关闭远红光约20nun后,光下下降的Psn最大荧光基本达到稳定,叶片光合作用处于状态2。这种在状态l向状态2的转换过程中所发生的PSII最大荧光下降不受DTT(叶黄素循环抑制剂)的影响,且整个过程中PsII最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm)保持不变,而光下PSII初始荧光(F0')在前20min内迅速降低。另外,在PSII吸收的红光照射下,玉米叶片吸收光向PSII分配的量(B)不断减少,与此同时,吸收光能向PSI分配的量(a)不断增多。ABA预处理玉米幼苗7天,可进一步加强红光下PSII最大荧光(Fm2)的降低,使荧光参数Fm1/Fm2—1增大,而使β/α-1降低。另外,ABA处理较对照幼苗在红光下呈现更高的荧光非光化学猝灭中间组分(qm)。在引入叶绿体蛋白激酶抑制剂NEM的情况下,ABA处理与对照玉米叶片在红光下所表现的qm差异则消失。从状态1向状态2的转换过程中,ABA处理引起玉米叶片77K低温荧光F684/F732的下降幅度显著加大。以上结果说明ABA处理可提高玉米幼苗光合作用的状态转换能力。 用的25μmol L-l ABA对玉米幼苗进行长时间(根系浇灌7天,LT)和短时间(实验前一天晚上叶面喷施1次,ST)处理,研究叶片C02同化、PsII化学活性,以及叶黄素循环的变化。结果表明在非光抑制状态下,LT与ST对玉米叶片光化学活性( Fv/Fm)及叶片羧化效率(CE)没有明显影响,但二者都引起叶片净光合速率(Pn)与气孔导度(Gs)下降。LT处理增大玉米叶片叶黄素循环库,而ST处理对该库大小没有影响。1500μmol m-2 s-1强光可明显引起玉米幼苗叶片Fv/Fm降低,但与对照幼苗相比,LT处理能显著减缓Fv/Fm降低。经60min强光照射后,ST与对照在Fv/Fm、фPS II、Pn和CE等参数上没有明显差异,但这些参数在LT处理的玉米幼苗中仍保持较高水平。LT处理幼苗叶黄素循环类色素含量及非光化学荧光猝灭(NPQ)都显著高于对照,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量比对照低。而ST处理与对照在叶黄素循环类色素含量、NPQ和MDA含量等方面没有明显差异。以上结果说明ST处理对玉米幼苗光抑制没有明显影响,而LT处理可增强玉米幼苗抗光抑制能力,这可能与ABA处理使玉米幼苗在强光下维持较高的C02同化作用,以及其诱导叶片叶黄素循环增大有关。

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The dependence of the Raman spectrum on the excitation energy has been investigated for ABA-and ABC- stacked few-layer graphene in order to establish the fingerprint of the stacking order and the number of layers, which affect the transport and optical properties of few-layer graphene. Five different excitation sources with energies of 1.96, 2.33, 2.41, 2.54 and 2.81â €...eV were used. The position and the line shape of the Raman 2D, G*, N, M, and other combination modes show dependence on the excitation energy as well as the stacking order and the thickness. One can unambiguously determine the stacking order and the thickness by comparing the 2D band spectra measured with 2 different excitation energies or by carefully comparing weaker combination Raman modes such as N, M, or LOLA modes. The criteria for unambiguous determination of the stacking order and the number of layers up to 5 layers are established.

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本文试图用Solvay型的Ziegler-Natta催化剂合成PP-EPR,PP-EPR-PP嵌段共聚物,作为乙丙橡胶(EPT)和聚丙烯(PP)的增容剂,来提高聚丙烯的抗冲击强度,并从力学性能、动态力学谱和形态等方面研究增容剂的增容效果。Ziegler-Natta催化剂能否合成乙丙嵌段共聚物是一个有争议的问题。为此,我们利用改进型的Solvay δ-TiCl_3-Et_2AlCl在已烷中加压淤浆聚合丙烯,发现在120分钟之前,聚丙烯的分子量随时间迅速增加,超过120分钟则变缓慢,并趋向于平衡。这说明催化剂活性中心上的活性链最小有120分钟的时间,若在该时间内用聚合过程中换反应单体的办法,有可能合成嵌段共聚物。乙丙嵌段共聚物形成的直接证明是利用(PP-PE)_(50)。通过气相色谱检测发现,抽真空3分钟可以保证换反应气体的纯度,因而用气相聚合可以得到各段纯净的(PP-PE)_(50)多嵌段共聚物,该嵌段的~(13)c-NMR研究表明,在35.68ppm处存在以化学键相连的长乙烯和长丙烯链的特征共振峰。PGC的研究发现,其在热裂解中产生的G碎片比PP/P混物的多,GC-MS的研究表明G碎片由含7个碳的烃组成的混合物,组分之一具有嵌段共聚物的裂解特征。对PP-EPR系列产物和PP-EPR-PP(5-60-20)用扭摆法进和动态力学分析表明,这些嵌段共聚物只在-30℃左右有一个玻璃化转变。而相应的共混物则分别在-50℃和5℃出现两个玻璃化转变,且各T_g不随组成比和共混方法而变化。这是由于嵌段共聚物中各段间化学键的作用,使各段的T_g内移,从而使较靠近的两个T_g合二为一,在动态力学谱上只表现出一个T_g。粘弹谱仪测定的结果基本上同扭摆法的结果。尽管我们尚未准确地测定出乙丙嵌段共聚物中EPR段的分子量,但我们弄清了PP段的立体构型、等规度、分子量、结晶度和EPR段的乙丙比、无规乙丙共聚物的含量、含有长序列乙烯的结晶度等结构因素。用不同段长的PP-EPR作PP/EPT共混物的增容剂,发现降低PP-EPR中PP段的分子量,三元共混物的力学性能明显升高,而增加EPR段的分子量即聚合时间,其无缺口冲击强度先增加而后又降低,说明有一个EPR段最佳长度范围。根据该现象我们提出模型并进行了解释。结晶度的规律与冲击强度的规律相同,对冲击强度提高较大的增容剂,共混物中PP的结晶度降低,但抗张性能却升高,说明增容剂在两相界面起到主价的连接作用。扭摆法和粘弹谱仪测定的动态力学谱表明,增容剂的加入减小了聚丙烯结晶无序化转变,使PP的T_g突出出来。形态的研究说明,PP-EPR还起了“乳化剂”的作用,使EPT在PP连续相中均匀分散,且其微区大小适中。在PP/EPT(85/15)中加入4%的PP-EPR(5-30)嵌段共聚物,室温(20℃)的“冲击屈服强度”与PP/EPT的相同,-20℃的冲击强度为112kg·cm/cm~2,是PP/EPT的1.5倍,-40℃为72kg·cm/cm~2,是PP/EPT的1.9倍,在应力-应变实验中,三元共混物PP/EPT/PP-EPR(5-30)的σ_b*ε_b为2.97*10~5。比相应的PP/EPT(2.27*10~5)有所提高。说明PP-EPR(5-30)对PP/EPT有良好的增容效果,比文献中使用的PP-EPR(15-55)效果好。用PP-EPR-PP三嵌段共聚物作PP/EPT的增容剂,实验证明比PP-EPR二嵌段共聚物有更好的增容效果。例如,在PP/EPT(85/15)中加入4%的PP-EPR-PP(5-60-20),试样不但在20℃,而且在-20℃均未被冲断;在-20℃的“冲击屈服强度”是PP/EPT冲击强度的1.4倍,PP的9.0倍,-40℃的冲击强度是PP/EPT的2.2倍,PP的8.4倍;且其σ_b*ε_b(2.62*10~5)比PP/EPT(2.60*10~5)的有一定的提高,比PP的(2.45*10~5)也高。对PP/EPT/PP-EPR-PP(5-60-20)三元共混物的试样在-40℃冲断面的形态进行研究表明,加入增容剂的共混物断面凹凸不平,是韧性断裂的特征,且在断裂过程中EPT微区被牵拉出的EPT较多,说明PP和EPT的相界面的作用力较大,增容剂起到了主价键的连接作用。动态力学谱表明,增容剂的加入降低了PP结晶无序化转变。而液氮冷冻的脆断面的形态说明,PP-EPR-PP起到了“乳化剂”的作用,使EPT在PP连续相中大小均匀地分散开。

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随着世代的增加,水稻上三叶中叶绿素含量有降低趋势,倒三叶变化较明显。‘辽粳326’剑叶中ATPASE活性、ABA含量和净光合速率则随世代的增加而逐渐降低,但差异未达显著水平,群体光合速率降低较明显,N代与N+4代差异达显著水平。‘奥羽316’的剑叶中ATPASE活性、ABA含量和光合速率随世代增加变化不明显。

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不同浓度PEG 6000(水势分别为-0.2、-0.6-、1.2 MPa)处理两种杨树幼苗,结果表明:随着水势的降低,叶片内ABA和CaM含量都明显增加,说明它们在植物抵抗干旱胁迫的过程中发挥重要作用。

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研究了外源NO和脱落酸(ABA)对杨树气孔运动和SOD、POD活性的影响。结果表明 :NO和ABA均可诱导杨树叶片气孔关闭 ,且NO有加强ABA诱导气孔关闭的作用。NO清除剂(C -PTIO)能显著抑制NO和ABA对气孔关闭的诱导效应。不同浓度硝普钠(SNP)和ABA处理杨树离体叶片 ,SOD活性变化不明显 ,POD活性受到显著抑制。粗酶液的体外实验结果表明 ,不同浓度SNP对POD活性的抑制呈明显的浓度及时间效应 ;而ABA对POD活性则几乎没有影响。说明在ABA调控气孔运动的过程中需要NO的参与 ,由此推测ABA对杨树叶片气孔运动的调节与NO对POD的抑制有关。

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The phase behavior of symmetric ABA triblock copolymers containing a semiflexible midblock is studied by lattice Monte Carlo simulation. As the midblock evolves from a fully flexible state to a semiflexible state in terms of increase in its persistence length, different phase behaviors are observed while cooling the system from an infinite high temperature to a temperature below T-ODT (order-disorder transition temperature). Within the midblock flexibility range we studied (l(p)/N-c <= 0.105), a lamellar structure is formed at equilibrium state as the situation for fully flexible chains. The fraction of bridge chain is evaluated for the lamellar structures. We find that the increase in midblock rigidity indeed results in the increase in bridge chain fraction within the range from 44.9% to 51.8%.

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Self-assembled behavior of symmetric ABA rod-coil-rod triblock copolymer melts is studied by applying self-consistent-field lattice techniques in three-dimensional space. The phase diagram is constructed to understand the effects of the chain architecture on the self-assembled behavior. Four stable structures are observed for the ABA rod-coil-rod triblock, i.e., spherelike, lamellar, gyroidlike, and cylindrical structures. Different from AB rod-coil diblock and BAB coil-rod-coil triblock copolymers, the lamellar structure observed in ABA rod-coil-rod triblock copolymer melts is not stable for high volume fraction of the rod component (f(rod)=0.8), which is attributed to the intramolecular interactions between the two rod blocks of the polymer chain.

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We have studied the self-assembly of the ABA triblock copolymer (P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP) in dilute solution by using binary block-selective solvents, that is, water and methanol. The triblock copolymer was first dissolved in dioxane to form a homogeneous solution. Subsequently, a given volume of selective solvent was added slowly to the solution to induce self-assembly of the copolymer. It was found that the copolymer (P4VP(43)-b-PS366-b-P4VP(43)) tended to form spherical aggregate or bilayer structure when we used methanol or water as the single selective solvent, respectively.

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We have investigated the effect of Shear flow on the formation of rill.-shaped ABA triblock copolymer (P4VP(43)-b-PS260-b-P4VP(43)) micelles. The results reveal that Shear flow Plays an important role in the formation of the rings Both ring size and its, distribution are found to be dependent sensitively on the stirring rate. Sizable rings are more likely to be formed at moderate stirring rate, Interestingly, the ring formation mechanism is also dependent oil the Shear flow. Copolymers are likely to form rings via end-to-end cylinder connection at low stirring rates, whereas they tend to form rings via the pathway of the rod-sphere-vesicle-ring it high stirring rates.