987 resultados para Y20 - Introductions and Prefaces
Resumo:
Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
The structure of an ecological community is shaped by several temporally varying mechanisms. Such mechanisms depend in a large extent on species interactions, which are themselves manifestations of the community's own structure. Dynamics and structure are then mutually determined. The assembly models are mathematical or computational models which simulate the dynamics of ecological communities resulting from a historical balance among colonizations and local extinctions, by means of sequential species introductions and their interactions with resident species. They allow analyzing that double relationship between structure and dynamics, recognizing its temporal dependence. It is assumed two spatiotemporal scales: (i) a local scale, where species co-occur and have their dynamics explicitly simulated and (ii) a regional scale without dynamics, representing the external environment which the potential colonizers come from. The mathematical and computational models used to simulate the local dynamics are quite variable, being distinguished according to the complexity mode of population representation, including or not intra or interspecific differences. They determine the community state, in terms of abundances, interactions, and extinctions between two successive colonization attempts. The schedules of species introductions also follow diverse (although arbitrary) rules, which vary qualitatively with respect to species appearance mode, whether by speciation or by immigration, and quantitatively with respect to their rates of introduction into the community. Combining these criteria arises a great range of approaches for assembly models, each with its own limitations and questions, but contributing in a complementary way to elucidate the mechanisms structuring natural communities. To present such approaches, still incipient as research fields in Brazil, to describe some methods of analysis and to discuss the implications of their assumptions for the understanding of ecological patterns are the objectives of the present review.
Resumo:
The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium cf. rosenbergii, is one of the most cultivated freshwater prawns in the world and has been introduced into more than 40 countries. In some countries, this prawn is considered an invasive species that requires close monitoring. Recent changes in the taxonomy of this species (separation of M. rosenbergii and M. dacqueti) require a re-evaluation of introduced taxa. In this work, molecular analyses were used to determine which of these two species was introduced into Brazil and to establish the geographic origin of the introduced populations that have invaded Amazonian coastal waters. The species introduced into Brazil was M. dacqueti through two introduction events involving prawns originating from Vietnam and either Bangladesh or Thailand. These origins differ from historical reports of the introductions and underline the need to confirm the origin of other exotic populations around the world. The invading populations in Amazonia require monitoring not only because the biodiversity of this region may be affected by the introduction, but also because admixture of different native haplotypes can increase the genetic variability and the likelihood of persistence of the invading species in new habitats.
Resumo:
The purpose of this historiographical work is to make a comparison between editorial translation projects of narratives about Brazil written by foreign travelers published in two collections: Brasiliana, by Companhia Editora Nacional (1940s), and Reconquista do Brasil, by Itatiaia jointly with EDUSP (1970s). Both have similar goals, that is, to publish works describing Brazil and Brazilians, but, whereas, the former mostly offers texts written by domestic authors, the latter makes greater room for translations. The most apparent difference among the collections is that, while Brasiliana makes allowances for translators to reveal, in their prefaces and notes, their views on the author, the work, as well as their translation projects, Reconquista publishes few notes and prefaces by translators. The comparisons between the editions explore the difference between the focus given to the works by different institutional guidelines.
Resumo:
Questa tesi di dottorato di ricerca ha come oggetto la nozione di fatto urbano elaborata e presentata da Aldo Rossi nel libro Larchitettura della citt edito nel 1966. Ne Larchitettura della citt sono molteplici le definizioni e le forme con cui enunciata la nozione di fatto urbano. Nel corso della tesi si indagato come la costruzione nel tempo di questo concetto stata preceduta da diversi studi giovanili intrapresi dal 1953, poi riorganizzati e sintetizzati a partire dal 1963 in un quaderno manoscritto dal titolo Manuale di urbanistica, in diversi appunti e in due quaderni manoscritti. Il lavoro di ricerca ha ricostruito la formulazione della nozione di fatto urbano attraverso gli scritti di Rossi. In questa direzione la rilevazione della partecipazione di Rossi a dibattiti, seminari, riviste, corsi universitari o ricerche accademiche apparsa di fondamentale importanza, per comprendere la complessit di un lavoro non riconducibile a dei concetti disciplinari, ma alla formazione di una teoria trasmissibile. Il tentativo di comprendere e spiegare la nozione di fatto urbano ha condotto ad esaminare laccezione con cui Rossi compone Larchitettura della citt, che egli stesso assimila ad un trattato. Lanalisi ha identificato come la composizione del libro non direttamente riferibile ad un uso classico della stesura editoriale del trattato, la quale ha tra i riferimenti pi noti nel passato la promozione di una pratica corretta come nel caso vitruviano o unimpalcatura instauratrice di una nuova categoria come nel caso dellAlberti. La mancanza di un sistema globale e prescrittivo a differenza dei due libri fondativi e il rimando non immediato alla stesura di un trattato classico evidente ne Larchitettura della citt. Tuttavia la possibilit di condurre la ricerca su una serie di documenti inediti ha permesso di rilevare come negli scritti a partire dal 1953, sia maturata una trattazione delle questioni centrali alla nozione di fatto urbano ricca di intuizioni, che aspirano ad unautonomia, sintetizzate, seppure in modo non sistematico, nella stesura del celebre libro. Si cos cercato di mettere in luce la precisazione nel tempo della nozione di fatto urbano e della sua elaborazione nei molteplici scritti antecedenti la pubblicazione de Larchitettura della citt, precisando come Rossi, pur costruendo su basi teoriche la nozione di fatto urbano, ne indichi una visione progressiva, ossia un uso operativo sulla citt. La ricerca si proposta come obiettivo di comprendere le radici culturali della nozione di fatto urbano sia tramite unesplorazione degli interessi di Rossi nel suo percorso formativo sia rispetto alla definizione della struttura materiale del fatto urbano che Rossi individua nelle permanenze e che alimenta nella sua definizione con differenti apporti derivanti da altre discipline. Compito di questa ricerca stato rileggere criticamente il percorso formativo compiuto da Rossi, a partire dal 1953, sottolinearne gli ambiti innovativi e precisarne i limiti descrittivi che non vedranno mai la determinazione di una nozione esatta, ma piuttosto la strutturazione di una sintesi complessa e ricca di riferimenti ad altri studi. In sintesi la tesi si compone di tre parti: 1. la prima parte, dal titolo La teoria dei fatti urbani ne Larchitettura della citt, analizza il concetto di fatto urbano inserendolo allinterno del pi generale contesto teorico contenuto nel libro Larchitettura della citt. Questo avviene tramite la scomposizione del libro, la concatenazione delle sue argomentazioni e la molteplicit delle fonti esplicitamente citate da Rossi. In questo ambito si precisa la struttura del libro attraverso la rilettura dei riferimenti serviti a Rossi per comporre il suo progetto teorico. Inoltre si ripercorre la sua vita attraverso le varie edizioni, le ristampe, le introduzioni e le illustrazioni. Infine si analizza il ruolo del concetto di fatto urbano nel libro rilevando come sia posto in un rapporto paritetico con il titolo del libro, conseguendone unaccezione di fatto da osservare assimilabile alluso proposto dalla geografia urbana francese dei primi del Novecento. 2. la seconda parte, dal titolo La formazione della nozione di fatto urbano 1953-66, dedicata alla presentazione dellelaborazione teorica negli scritti di Rossi prima de Larchitettura della citt, ossia dal 1953 al 1966. Questa parte cerca di descrivere le radici culturali di Rossi, le sue collaborazioni e i suoi interessi ripercorrendo la progressiva definizione della concezione di citt nel tempo. Si analizzato il percorso maturato da Rossi e i documenti scritti fin dagli anni in cui era studente alla Facolt di Architettura Politecnico di Milano. Emerge un quadro complesso in cui i primi saggi, gli articoli e gli appunti testimoniano una ricerca intellettuale tesa alla costruzione di un sapere sullo sfondo del realismo degli anni Cinquanta. Rossi matura infatti un impegno culturale che lo porta dopo la laurea ad affrontare discorsi pi generali sulla citt. In particolare la sua importante collaborazione con la rivista Casabella-continuit, con il suo direttore Ernesto Nathan Rogers e tutto il gruppo redazionale segnano il periodo successivo in cui compare linteresse per la letteratura urbanistica, larte, la sociologia, la geografia, leconomia e la filosofia. Seguono poi dal 1963 gli anni di lavoro insieme al gruppo diretto da Carlo Aymonino allIstituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia, e in particolare le ricerche sulla tipologia edilizia e la morfologia urbana, che portano Rossi a compiere una sintesi analitica per la fondazione di una teoria della citt. Dallindagine si rileva infatti come gli scritti antecedenti Larchitettura della citt sviluppano lo studio dei fatti urbani fino ad andare a costituire il nucleo teorico di diversi capitoli del libro. Si racconta cos la genesi del libro, la cui scrittura si svolta nellarco di due anni, e le aspirazioni che hanno portato quello che era stato concepito come un manuale durbanistica a divenire quello che Rossi definir labbozzo di un trattato per la formulazione di una scienza urbana. 3. la terza parte, dal titolo La struttura materiale dei fatti urbani: la teoria della permanenza, indaga monograficamente lo studio della citt come un fatto materiale, un manufatto, la cui costruzione avvenuta nel tempo e del tempo mantiene le tracce. Sul tema della teoria della permanenza stato importante impostare un confronto con il dibattito vivo negli anni della ricostruzione dopo la guerra intorno ai temi delle preesistenze ambientali nella ricostruzione negli ambienti storici. Sono emersi fin da subito importanti la relazione con Ernesto Nathan Rogers, le discussioni sulle pagine di Casabella-Continuit, la partecipazione ad alcuni dibatti e ricerche. Si inoltre Rilevato luso di diversi termini mutuati dalle tesi filosofiche di alcune personalit come Antonio Banfi e Enzo Paci, poi elaborati dal nucleo redazionale di Casabella-Continuit, di cui faceva parte anche Rossi. Sono cos emersi alcuni spostamenti di senso e la formulazione di un vocabolario di termini allinterno della complessa vicenda della cultura architettonica degli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta. 1. Si poi affrontato questo tema analizzando le forme con cui Rossi presenta la definizione della teoria della permanenza e i contributi desunti da alcuni autori per la costruzione scientifica di una teoria dellarchitettura, il cui fine quello di essere trasmissibile e di offrire strumenti di indagine concreti. Questa ricerca ha permesso di ipotizzare come il lavoro dei geografi francesi della prima met del XX secolo, e in particolare il contributo pi rilevante di Marcel Pote e di Pierre Lavedan, costituiscono le fonti principali e il campo dindagine maggiormente esplorato da Rossi per definire la teoria della permanenza e i monumenti. Le permanenze non sono dunque presentate ne Larchitettura della citt come il tutto, ma emergono da un metodo che sceglie di isolare i fatti urbani permanenti, consentendo cos di compiere unipotesi su ci che resta dopo le trasformazioni continue che operano nella citt. Le fonti su cui ho lavorato sono state quelle annunciate da Rossi ne Larchitettura della citt, e pi precisamente i testi nelle edizioni da lui consultate. Anche questo lavoro ha permesso un confronto dei testi che ha fatto emergere ne Larchitettura della citt luso di termini mutuati da linguaggi appartenenti ad altre discipline e quale sia luso di concetti estrapolati nella loro interezza. Presupposti metodologici Della formulazione della nozione di fatto urbano si sono indagate loriginalit dellespressione, le connessioni presunte o contenute negli studi di Rossi sulla citt attraverso la raccolta di fonti dirette e indirette che sono andate a formare un notevole corpus di scritti. Le fonti dirette pi rilevanti sono state trovare nelle collezioni speciali del Getty Research Institute di Los Angeles in cui sono conservati gli Aldo Rossi Papers, questo archivio comprende materiali inediti dal 1954 al 1988. La natura dei materiali si presenta sotto forma di manoscritti, dattiloscritti, quaderni, documenti ciclostilati, appunti sparsi e una notevole quantit di corrispondenza. Negli Aldo Rossi Papers si trovano anche 32 dei 47 Quaderni Azzurri, le bozze de Larchitettura della citt e dell Autobiografia Scientifica. Per quanto riguarda in particolare Larchitettura della citt negli Aldo Rossi Papers sono conservati: un quaderno con il titolo Manuale durbanistica, giugno 1963, chiara prima bozza del libro, degli Appunti per libro urbanistica estate/inverno 1963, un quaderno con la copertina rossa datato 20 settembre 1964-8 agosto 1965 e un quaderno con la copertina blu datato 30 agosto 1965-15 dicembre 1965. La possibilit di accedere a questo archivio ha permesso di incrementare la bibliografia relativa agli studi giovanili consentendo di rileggere il percorso culturale in cui Rossi si formato. E cos apparsa fondamentale la rivalutazione di alcune questioni relative al realismo socialista che hanno portato a formare un pi preciso quadro dei primi scritti di Rossi sullo sfondo di un complesso scenario intellettuale. A questi testi si affiancata la raccolta delle ricerche universitarie, degli articoli pubblicati su riviste specializzate e degli interventi a dibattiti e seminari. A proposito de Larchitettura della citt si raccolta unampia letteratura critica riferita sia al testo in specifico che ad una sua collocazione nella storia dellarchitettura, mettendo in discussione alcune osservazioni che pongono Larchitettura della citt come un libro risolutivo e definitivo. Per quanto riguarda il capitolo sulla teoria della permanenza lanalisi stata svolta a partire dai testi che Rossi stesso indicava ne Larchitettura della citt rivelando i diversi apporti della letteratura urbanistica francese, e permettendo alla ricerca di precisare le relazioni con alcuni scritti centrali e al contempo colti da Rossi come opportunit per intraprendere lelaborazione dellidea di tipo. Per questultima parte si pu precisare come Rossi formuli la sua idea di tipo in un contesto culturale dove linteresse per questo tema era fondamentale. Dunque le fonti che hanno assunto maggior rilievo in questultima fase emergono da un ricco panorama in cui Rossi compie diverse ricerche sia con il gruppo redazionale di Casabella-continuit, sia allinterno della scuola veneziana negli anni Sessanta, ma anche negli studi per lILSES e per lIstituto Nazionale dUrbanistica. RESEARCH ON THE NOTION OF URBAN ARTIFACT IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CITY BY ALDO ROSSI. Doctoral candidate: Letizia Biondi Tutor: Valter Balducci The present doctoral dissertation deals with the notion of urban artifact that was formulated and presented by Aldo Rossi in his book The Architecture of the City, published in 1966. In The Architecture of the City, the notion of urban artifact is enunciated through a wide range of definitions and forms. In this thesis, a research was done on how the construction of this concept over time was preceded by various studies started in 1953 during the authors youth, then re-organized and synthesized since 1963 in a manuscript titled Manual of urban planning and in two more manuscripts later on. The work of research re-constructed the formulation of the notion of urban artifact through Rossis writings. In this sense, the examination of Rossis participation in debates, seminars, reviews, university courses or academic researches was of fundamental importance to understand the complexity of a work which is not to be attributed to disciplinary concepts, but to the formulation of a communicable theory. The effort to understand and to explain the notion of urban artifact led to an examination of the meaning used by Rossi to compose The Architecture of the City, which he defines as similar to a treatise. Through this analysis, it emerged that the composition of the book is not directly ascribable to the classical use of editorial writing of a treatise, whose most famous references in the past are the promotion of a correct practice as in the case of Vitruvios treatise, or the use of a structure that introduces a new category as in the Alberti case. Contrary to the two founding books, the lack of a global and prescriptive system and the not immediate reference to the writing of a classical treatise are evident in The Architecture of the City. However, the possibility of researching on some unpublished documents allowed to discover that in the writings starting from 1953 the analysis of the questions that are at the core of the notion of urban artifact is rich of intuitions, that aim to autonomy and that would be synthesized, even though not in a systematic way, in his famous book. The attempt was that of highlighting the specification over time of the notion of urban artifact and its elaboration in the various writings preceding the publication of The Architecture of the City. It was also specified that, despite building on theoretical grounds, Rossi indicates a progressive version of the notion of urban artifact, that is a performing use in the city. The present research aims to understand the cultural roots of the notion of urban artifact in two main directions: analyzing, firstly, Rossis interests along his formation path and, secondly, the definition of material structure of an urban artifact identified by Rossi in the permanences and enriched by various contributions from other disciplines. The purpose of the present research is to revise the formation path made by Rossi in a critical way, starting by 1953, underlining its innovative aspects and identifying its describing limits, which will never lead to the formulation of an exact notion, but rather to the elaboration of a complex synthesis, enriched by references to other studies. In brief, the thesis is composed of three parts: 1. The first part, titled The Theory of urban artifacts in The Architecture of the City, analyzes the concept of urban artifact in the more general theoretical context of the book The Architecture of the City. Such analysis is done by disassembling the book, and by linking together the argumentations and the multiplicity of the sources which are explicitly quoted by Rossi. In this context, the books structure is defined more precisely through the revision of the references used by Rossi to compose his theoretical project. Moreover, the authors life is traced back through the various editions, re-printings, introductions and illustrations. Finally, it is specified which role the concept of urban artifact has in the book, pointing out that it is placed in an equal relation with the books title; by so doing, the concept of urban artifact gets the new meaning of fact to be observed, similar to the use that was suggested by the French urban geography at the beginning of the 20th century. 2. The second part, titled The formation of the notion of urban artifact 1953-66, introduces the theoretical elaboration in Rossis writings before The Architecture of the City, that is from 1953 to 1966. This part tries to describe Rossis cultural roots, his collaborations and his interests, tracing back the progressive definition of his conception of city over time. The analysis focuses on the path followed by Rossi and on the documents that he wrote since the years as a student at the Department of Architecture at the Politecnico in Milan. This leads to a complex scenario of first essays, articles and notes that bear witness to the intellectual research aiming to the construction of a knowledge on the background of the Realism of the 1950s. Rossi develops, in fact, a cultural engagement that leads him after his studies to deal with more general issues about the city. In particular, his important collaboration with the architecture magazine Casabella-continuit, with the director Ernesto Nathan Rogers and with the whole redaction staff mark the following period when he starts getting interested in city planning literature, art, sociology, geography, economics and philosophy. Since 1963, Rossi has worked with the group directed by Carlo Aymonino at the Istituto Universitario di Architettura (University Institute of Architecture) in Venice, especially researching on building typologies and urban morphology. During these years, Rossi elaborates an analytical synthesis for the formulation of a theory about the city. From the present research, it is evident that the writings preceding The Architecture of the City develop the studies on urban artifacts, which will become theoretical core of different chapters of the book. In conclusion, the genesis of the book is described; written in two years, what was conceived to be an urban planning manual became a treatise draft for the formulation of an urban science, as Rossi defines it. 3. The third part is titled The material structure of urban artifacts: the theory of permanence. This research is made on the study of the city as a material fact, a manufacture, whose construction was made over time, bearing the traces of time. As far as the topic of permanence is concerned, it was also important to draw a comparison with the debate about the issues of environmental pre-existence of re-construction in historical areas, which was very lively during the years of the Reconstruction. Right from the beginning, of fundamental importance were the relationship with Ernesto Nathan Rogers, the discussions on the pages of Casabella-Continuit and the participation to some debates and researches. It is to note that various terms were taken by the philosophical thesis by some personalities such as Antonio Banfi and Enzo Paci, and then re-elaborated by the redaction staff at Casabella-Continuit, which Rossi took part in as well. Through this analysis, it emerged that there were some shifts in meaning and the formulation of a vocabulary of terms within the complex area of the architectonic culture in the 1950s and 1960s. Then, I examined the shapes in which Rossi introduces the definition of the theory of permanence and the references by some authors for the scientific construction of an architecture theory whose aim is being communicable and offering concrete research tools. Such analysis allowed making a hypothesis about the significance for Rossi of the French geographers of the first half of the 20th century: in particular, the work by Marcel Pote and by Pierre Lavedan is the main source and the research area which Rossi mostly explored to define the theory of permanence and monuments. Therefore, in The Architecture of the City, permanencies are not presented as the whole, but they emerge from a method which isolates permanent urban artifacts, in this way allowing making a hypothesis on what remains after the continuous transformations made in the city. The sources examined were quoted by Rossi in The Architecture of the City; in particular I analyzed them in the same edition which Rossi referred to. Through such an analysis, it was possible to make a comparison of the texts with one another, which let emerge the use of terms taken by languages belonging to other disciplines in The Architecture of the City and which the use of wholly extrapolated concepts is. Methodological premises As far as the formulation of the notion of urban artifact is concerned, the analysis focuses on the originality of the expression, the connections that are assumed or contained in Rossis writings about the city, by collecting direct and indirect sources which formed a significant corpus of writings. The most relevant direct sources were found in the special collections of the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles, where the Aldo Rossi Papers are conserved. This archive contains unpublished material from 1954 to 1988, such as manuscripts, typescripts, notebooks, cyclostyled documents, scraps and notes, and several letters. In the Aldo Rossi Papers there are also 32 out of the 47 Light Blue Notebooks (Quaderni Azzurri), the rough drafts of The Architecture of the City and of the A Scientific Autobiography. As regards The Architecture of the City in particular, the Aldo Rossi Papers preserve: a notebook by the title of Urban planning manual, June, 1963, which is an explicit first draft of the book; Notes for urban planning book summer/winter 1963; a notebook with a red cover dated September 20th, 1964 August 8th, 1965; and a notebook with a blue cover dated August 30th, 1965 December 15th, 1965. The possibility of accessing this archive allowed to increase the bibliography related to the youth studies, enabling a revision of the cultural path followed by Rossis education. To that end, it was fundamental to re-evaluate some issues linked to the socialist realism which led to a more precise picture of the first writings by Rossi against the background of the intellectual scenario where he formed. In addition to these texts, the collection of university researches, the articles published on specialized reviews and the speeches at debates and seminars were also examined. About The Architecture of the City, a wide-ranging critical literature was collected, related both to the text specifics and to its collocation in the story of architecture, questioning some observations which define The Architecture of the City as a conclusive and definite book. As far as the chapter on the permanence theory is concerned, the analysis started by the texts that Rossi indicated in The Architecture of the City, revealing the different contributions from the French literature on urban planning. This allowed to the present research a more specific definition of the connections to some central writings which, at the same time, were seen by Rossi as an opportunity to start up the elaboration of the idea of type. For this last part, it can be specified that Rossi formulates his idea of type in a cultural context where the interest in this topic was fundamental. Therefore, the sources which played a central role in this final phase emerge from an extensive panorama in which Rossi researched not only with the redaction staff at Casablanca-continuit and within the School of Venice in the 1960s, but also in his studies for the ILSES (Institute of the Region Lombardia for Economics and Social Studies) and for the National Institute of Urban Planning.
Resumo:
Until recently the role of the public drinking house has been approached from elitist, folkloric and anecdotal perspectives. The work of a new generation of social historians, however, has raised the taverns profile in the academic consciousness and confirmed its position within the mainstream of social and cultural history. It is now recognized that an understanding of the centrality of public drinking to the development of both elite and popular culture is vital to studies of social behaviour. The study of taverns has also been at the forefront of emerging interest in the history of consumption and material culture, and has contributed to a richer understanding of economic history. Constructions of gender and identity are also visible through research into the patterns of behaviour and discourse in and around the public house. This four-volume reset edition presents a wide-ranging collection of primary sources which uncover the language and behaviour of local and state authorities, of peasants and town-dwellers, and of drinking companions and irate wives. The documents are translated and set in their social and historical context, providing a multidisciplinary collection that will be of great importance to scholars of all areas of social and cultural history of the early modern period. The vast majority of this material is published here for the first time, ensuring that the collection will open up new avenues of research. Volume 1 draws heavily from the Parisian police archives and includes inspectors reports, complaints by the general public and details of court cases to build a picture of drinking in early modern France. Volumes 2 and 3 address public drinking in the Holy Roman Empire through a variety of chronicles, civic ordinances, court records, travel reports and surveys of public houses. Volume 4 locates taverns within a broader analysis of Americas public houses, drawing on visual material as well as journal entries, business reports and newspaper articles. Each volume is accompanied by editorial introductions and is annotated to provide readers with a high-quality resource of scholarly material.
Resumo:
Oedipus, Antigone and Electra are translated by Robert Whitelaw, Medea and Hippolytus by Arthur S. Way. The name of the translator of Prometheus bound is not given.
Resumo:
Compiled by Henry D. Gilpin from Scot's introductions and notes to the editions of "his own works" published between 1827 and 1831. cf. Brit. Mus. Catalogue.
Resumo:
Marsand's text and prefaces, with Biagioli's commentary (v.2).
Resumo:
Edited from the manuscript in the Premonstratensian abbet in Tepla by F. Klimes under the direction of the publisher.
Resumo:
With introductions and commentaries.
Resumo:
This study examines the invention, innovation, introduction and use of a new drug therapy for coronary heart disease and hypertension; beta-blockade. The relationships between drug introductions and changes in medical perceptions of disease are analysed, and the development and effects of our perception of heart disease through drug treatments and diagnostic technology is described. The first section looks at the evolution of hypertension from its origin as a kidney disorder, Bright's disease, to the introduction and use of effective drugs for its treatment. It is shown that this has been greatly influenced by the introduction of new medical technologies. A medical controversy over its nature is shown both to be strongly influenced by the use of new drugs, and to influence their subsequent use. The second section reviews the literature analysing drug innovation, and examines the innovation of the beta-blocking drugs, making extensive use of participant accounts. The way in which the development of receptor theory, the theoretical basis of the innovation,was influenced by the innovation and use of drugs is discussed, then the innovation at ICI, the introduction into clinical use, and the production of similar drugs by other manufacturers are described. A study of the effects of these drugs is then undertaken, concentrating on therapeutic costs and benefits, and changes in medical perceptions of disease. The third section analyses the effects of other drugs on heart disease, looking at changes in mortality statistics and in medical opinions. The study concludes that linking work on drug innovation with that on drug effects is fruitful, that new drugs and diagnostic technology have greatly influenced medical perceptions of the nature and extent of heart disease, and that in hypertension, the improvement in drug treatment will soon result in much of the population being defined as in need of it life-long.
Resumo:
The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium cf. rosenbergii, is one of the most cultivated freshwater prawns in the world and has been introduced into more than 40 countries. In some countries, this prawn is considered an invasive species that requires close monitoring. Recent changes in the taxonomy of this species (separation of M. rosenbergii and M. dacqueti) require a re-evaluation of introduced taxa. In this work, molecular analyses were used to determine which of these two species was introduced into Brazil and to establish the geographic origin of the introduced populations that have invaded Amazonian coastal waters. The species introduced into Brazil was M. dacqueti through two introduction events involving prawns originating from Vietnam and either Bangladesh or Thailand. These origins differ from historical reports of the introductions and underline the need to confirm the origin of other exotic populations around the world. The invading populations in Amazonia require monitoring not only because the biodiversity of this region may be affected by the introduction, but also because admixture of different native haplotypes can increase the genetic variability and the likelihood of persistence of the invading species in new habitats.
Resumo:
There have been considerable changes in fish species composition in Lakes victoria, Kyoga and Nabugabo since the Nile perch were introduced. Populations of most of the native species have declined and many species may have become extinct. The original decline in the fish stocks was due to overfishing but the recent and more drastic decline has been attributed to predation by the Nile perch. Nile perch feeds on invertebrates changing to a piscivorous diet with size. Haplochromine cichlids, which were the most abundant fish in Lakes Victoria just before the Nile perch populations started increasing rapidly have been depleted. As more suitable types of prey were depleted in the new habi tats, Nile perch switched to other prey types to the extent of feeding even on its own young. There are, fears that the Nile perch will overshoot its food supply, resulting in a reduction of its own population and subsequently a collapse in the fishery (FAD 1985).
