La violencia en el ??mbito escolar = La violence dans l'??cole = Violence in School

Percepciones y preocupaciones del profesorado con respecto a la violencia en la Educaci??n Secundaria y a las posibilidades de la educaci??n para elaborar estrategias y alternativas v??lidas para educar en favor de la paz, la justicia y el desarrollo. 42 profesores de Educaci??n Secundaria, seleccionados en funci??n de: cobertura geogr??fica, disponibilidad y criterios de tipo pr??ctico. La investigaci??n se distribuy?? en cuatro fases, la primera de car??cter exploratorio y de inmersi??n en la comunidad, en la segunda se realiz?? una din??mica con un grupo de discusi??n formado por educadores con circunstancias personales, profesionales y acad??micas distintas, en la tercera la realizaci??n de entrevistas pretest y selecci??n de la muestra y en la cuarta la interpretaci??n y categorizaci??n de la informaci??n obtenida de las entrevistas. Investigaci??n cualitativa de car??cter cuasi-etnogr??fico. No se puede afirmar que se disponga de un paradigma conceptual capaz de interpretar la naturaleza del problema de la violencia escolar en todas sus dimensiones. Su estudio requiere de una reflexi??n profunda sobre el alcance del problema que ponga las bases para comprender su naturaleza y gu??e el camino de la intervenci??n educativa para prevenirla; para ello es necesario multiplicar los procesos de investigaci??n y de intervenci??n que permitan acceder, de forma democr??tica y no traum??tica a su comprensi??n y erradicaci??n.

Gender and cultural effects on perception of psychological violence in the partner

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Predicting violence in schizophrenia: a prospective study

Background: People with schizophrenia are more violent than the general population, but this increased risk is attributable to the actions of a small subgroup. Identifying those at risk has become an essential part of clinical practice. Aims: To estimate the risk factors for assault in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Two hundred seventy-one patients with schizophrenia were interviewed using an extensive battery of instruments. Assault was measured from multiple data sources over the next 2 years and criminal records were obtained. Multiple sociodemographic and clinical variables measured at baseline were examined as possible predictors of assault during follow-up. Results: Sixty-nine (25%) patients committed assault during the 2-year followup. The model that best predicted assault included a history of recent assault (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.17-4.61), a previous violent conviction (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.04-3.87), having received special education (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.22-6.26) and alcohol abuse (OR 3.55, 95% CI 1.24-10.2). Conclusions: Previously established risk factors including a history of violence and alcohol abuse are replicated in this study. Although low premorbid IQ did not predict violence, a need for special education did. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Uncertainty in the relationship between climate forcing and hydrological response in UK catchments

This paper assesses the relationship between amount of climate forcing – as indexed by global mean temperature change – and hydrological response in a sample of UK catchments. It constructs climate scenarios representing different changes in global mean temperature from an ensemble of 21 climate models assessed in the IPCC AR4. The results show a considerable range in impact between the 21 climate models, with – for example - change in summer runoff at a 2oC increase in global mean temperature varying between -40% and +20%. There is evidence of clustering in the results, particularly in projected changes in summer runoff and indicators of low flows, implying that the ensemble mean is not an appropriate generalised indicator of impact, and that the standard deviation of responses does not adequately characterise uncertainty. The uncertainty in hydrological impact is therefore best characterised by considering the shape of the distribution of responses across multiple climate scenarios. For some climate model patterns, and some catchments, there is also evidence that linear climate change forcings produce non-linear hydrological impacts. For most variables and catchments, the effects of climate change are apparent above the effects of natural multi-decadal variability with an increase in global mean temperature above 1oC, but there are differences between catchments. Based on the scenarios represented in the ensemble, the effect of climate change in northern upland catchments will be seen soonest in indicators of high flows, but in southern catchments effects will be apparent soonest in measures of summer and low flows. The uncertainty in response between different climate model patterns is considerably greater than the range due to uncertainty in hydrological model parameterisation.

Simulated changes in the relationship between tropical ocean temperatures and the western African monsoon during the mid-Holocene

Results from nine coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations have been used to investigate changes in the relationship between the variability of monsoon precipitation over western Africa and tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) between the mid-Holocene and the present day. Although the influence of tropical SSTs on the African monsoon is generally overestimated in the control simulations, the models reproduce aspects of the observed modes of variability. Thus, most models reproduce the observed negative correlation between western Sahelian precipitation and SST anomalies in the eastern tropical Pacific, and many of them capture the positive correlation between SST anomalies in the eastern tropical Atlantic and precipitation over the Guinea coastal region. Although the response of individual model to the change in orbital forcing between 6 ka and present differs somewhat, eight of the models show that the strength of the teleconnection between SSTs in the eastern tropical Pacific and Sahelian precipitation is weaker in the mid-Holocene. Some of the models imply that this weakening was associated with a shift towards longer time periods (from 3–5 years in the control simulations toward 4–10 years in the mid-Holocene simulations). The simulated reduction in the teleconnection between eastern tropical Pacific SSTs and Sahelian precipitation appears to be primarily related to a reduction in the atmospheric circulation bridge between the Pacific and West Africa but, depending on the model, other mechanisms such as increased importance of other modes of tropical ocean variability or increased local recycling of monsoonal precipitation can also play a role.