426 resultados para Vihonen, Lasse


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Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää sekä teoreettisen että empiirisen tarkastelun kautta kilpailun analysointia ja kilpailijatiedon merkitystä projektivientiyrityksessä. Tutkimuksessa pyrittiin analysoimaan, kuinka yrityksessä tunnistetaan kilpailijat ja minkä tyyppistä kilpailijatietoa organisaatiossa tarvitaan. Lisäksi pyrittiin haastatteluin selvittämään tärkeimmät käyttökohteet kilpailijatiedolle sekä lähinnä yrityksen sisäiset tietolähteet.Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa osassa pyrittiin antamaan lukijalle käsitteellistä perustaa yrityksen kilpailustrategian muotoutumiselle, kilpailijatiedon merkitykselle sekä hallinnalle informaatiojärjestelmää apuna käyttäen. Näitä tietoja hyödyntäen saatiin kehitettyä empiirisessä osuudessa tietojärjestelmän runko case-yritykseen. Tutkimus toteutettiin lähinnä Pohjoismaisilla teräsrakentamisen markkinoilla toimivaan projektivientiyritykseen. Organisaation kilpailijatiedon hyväksikäytön kriittiseksi tekijäksi osoittautui tiedon tarpeen ja kysynnän määrittely sekä sen vertaaminen nykyisiin jo organisaatiossa oleviin tietoihin. Toisaalta tietoja oli suhteellisen paljon olemassa, mutta se oli aika pienen joukon käytössä. Yrityksessä ei ollut aiemmin tutkittu kilpailijatiedon käyttöä, joten tiedon tarvetta laajemmin ei oltu aiemmin tiedostettu. Koko ajan tulee kuitenkin muistaa, että aikaa kannattaa uhrata vain sellaiseen toimintaan, mikä edistää yrityksen liiketoimintaa. Tältä pohjalta halutaankin ottaa käyttöön paikasta ja ajasta riippumaton informaatiojärjestelmä.Tietojärjestelmästä haluttiin yksinkertainen, jotta sen käyttö ei olisi kellekään kynnyskysymys hyödyllisen tiedon käyttöön. Järjestelmällä halutaan turvata kilpailijatiedon tehokas välittyminen oikeille käyttäjille oikeaan aikaan. Toisaalta järjestelmältä halutaan tutkimuspohjaa esimerkiksi hävittyjen kauppojen analyyseihin, ja näin voidaankin sanoa, että järjestelmä oppii ja opettaa käyttäjiensä välityksellä.

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Streptavidin, a tetrameric protein secreted by Streptomyces avidinii, binds tightly to a small growth factor biotin. One of the numerous applications of this high-affinity system comprises the streptavidin-coated surfaces of bioanalytical assays which serve as universal binders for straightforward immobilization of any biotinylated molecule. Proteins can be immobilized with a lower risk of denaturation using streptavidin-biotin technology in contrast to direct passive adsorption. The purpose of this study was to characterize the properties and effects of streptavidin-coated binding surfaces on the performance of solid-phase immunoassays and to investigate the contributions of surface modifications. Various characterization tools and methods established in the study enabled the convenient monitoring and binding capacity determination of streptavidin-coated surfaces. The schematic modeling of the monolayer surface and the quantification of adsorbed streptavidin disclosed the possibilities and the limits of passive adsorption. The defined yield of 250 ng/cm2 represented approximately 65 % coverage compared with a modelled complete monolayer, which is consistent with theoretical surface models. Modifications such as polymerization and chemical activation of streptavidin resulted in a close to 10-fold increase in the biotin-binding densities of the surface compared with the regular streptavidin coating. In addition, the stability of the surface against leaching was improved by chemical modification. The increased binding densities and capacities enabled wider high-end dynamic ranges in the solid-phase immunoassays, especially when using the fragments of the capture antibodies instead of intact antibodies for the binding of the antigen. The binding capacity of the streptavidin surface was not, by definition, predictive of the low-end performance of the immunoassays nor the assay sensitivity. Other features such as non-specific binding, variation and leaching turned out to be more relevant. The immunoassays that use a direct surface readout measurement of time-resolved fluorescence from a washed surface are dependent on the density of the labeled antibodies in a defined area on the surface. The binding surface was condensed into a spot by coating streptavidin in liquid droplets into special microtiter wells holding a small circular indentation at the bottom. The condensed binding area enabled a denser packing of the labeled antibodies on the surface. This resulted in a 5 - 6-fold increase in the signal-to-background ratios and an equivalent improvement in the detection limits of the solid-phase immunoassays. This work proved that the properties of the streptavidin-coated surfaces can be modified and that the defined properties of the streptavidin-based immunocapture surfaces contribute to the performance of heterogeneous immunoassays.

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Health and inequalities in health among inhabitants of European cities are of major importance for European public health and there is great interest in how different health care systems in Europe perform in the reduction of health inequalities. However, evidence on the spatial distribution of cause-specific mortality across neighbourhoods of European cities is scarce. This study presents maps of avoidable mortality in European cities and analyses differences in avoidable mortality between neighbourhoods with different levels of deprivation. Methods: We determined the level of mortality from 14 avoidable causes of death for each neighbourhood of 15 large cities in different European regions. To address the problems associated with Standardised Mortality Ratios for small areas we smooth them using the Bayesian model proposed by Besag, York and Mollié. Ecological regression analysis was used to assess the association between social deprivation and mortality. Results: Mortality from avoidable causes of death is higher in deprived neighbourhoods and mortality rate ratios between areas with different levels of deprivation differ between gender and cities. In most cases rate ratios are lower among women. While Eastern and Southern European cities show higher levels of avoidable mortality, the association of mortality with social deprivation tends to be higher in Northern and lower in Southern Europe. Conclusions: There are marked differences in the level of avoidable mortality between neighbourhoods of European cities and the level of avoidable mortality is associated with social deprivation. There is no systematic difference in the magnitude of this association between European cities or regions. Spatial patterns of avoidable mortality across small city areas can point to possible local problems and specific strategies to reduce health inequality which is important for the development of urban areas and the well-being of their inhabitants