Endoscopic and surgical treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children. Comparative long-term follow-up.

PRINCIPLES: This retrospective study analyzes the long-term results of endoscopic and surgical treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children. METHODS: A cohort of 130 patients, 67 girls and 63 boys with a mean age of 30 months were treated either by endoscopic subureteral collagen injection (SCIN) in 92 and by Cohen reimplantation surgery in 123 refluxing ureteral units. Mean follow-up was 4.2 years varying from 1 to 8.7 years. Reflux recurrence, urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal function were evaluated. RESULTS: After SCIN reflux was absent in 64% at 6 months. 20% of the initially 92 refluxing ureters were injected twice. After one or two injections reflux was absent in 71%. In 21% recurrent reflux was of grade I or II, not requiring further treatment. UTI was observed in 27%. After Cohen ureteral reimplantation reflux was absent in 96% at 6 months. UTI was observed in 23%. Renal function at diagnosis and follow-up was compared in children with bilateral grade III reflux only. In patients treated with SCIN it was normal in 77% preoperatively and in 90% at follow-up. In patients treated by open surgery it was normal in 47% preoperatively and in 76% at follow-up. CONCLUSION: For high-grade vesico-ureteral reflux re-implantation surgery remains the gold standard. SCIN is indicated for low and medium grade reflux. Recurrent bacteriuria was observed more often after SCIN and pyelonephritis more often after open surgery. The renal function seems to be preserved with both techniques.

Características operativas de la ecografía de vías urinarias y la gamagrafía renal DMSA para el diagnóstico de reflujo vesicoureteral en niños con el primer episodio de infección del tracto urinario

La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es la enfermedad bacteriana de carácter no epidémico más frecuente en la infancia, entre el 3 – 5% de las niñas y entre 1 – 2% de los niños se verán afectados a lo largo de su infancia al menos un episodio1. Entre los factores que predisponen a la infección urinaria, el reflujo vesicoureteral es el más frecuente, con 25 – 50%, estando presente en el 18 – 50% de los pacientes con primer episodio de ITU2, sin embargo para algunos autores en ninguno de ellos se ha encontrado un reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) mayor que justifique intervención inmediata. Actualmente en los niños con primer episodio de infección urinaria se realizan pruebas como la ecografía renal y de vías urinarias, la gamagrafía renal DMSA (ácido dimercapto-succínico) y la cistouretrografía miccional (CUM) para evaluar las vías urinarias y descarta RVU. Existe controversia sobre la necesidad de realizar la CUM en todos los niños dado que la mayoría presentan RVU de grados menores en los que el manejo es médico, y solo en los RVU de grados mayores se consideran otras opciones de manejo. Es aconsejable entonces crear un algoritmo para optimizar el estudio de la ITU, disminuyendo costos y molestias innecesarias para el paciente y sin sacrificar el beneficio diagnóstico, para así iniciar en forma acertada un tratamiento definitivo.

Carcinogenesis of the upper gastrointestinal tract induced by N-methyl-N '-nitro-nitrosoguanidine and reflux of duodenal contents in the rat

Purpose: To investigate the combined effects of reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus and treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine ( MNNG) on the development of lesions in the glandular stomach, at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and in the forestomach of rats. Methods: Eighty Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: G1: MNNG + Reflux, G2: Reflux, G3: MNNG and G4: Gastrostomy. MNNG was given in the drinking water ( 100 mg/ml) for 12 weeks and then two groups ( G1 and G2) were submitted to a gastrojejunal anastomosis followed by section of the afferent loop and suture of both stumps to allow reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus. The animals were sacrificed 18 and 36 weeks after surgery. The lesions obtained in the antral mucosa, at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and in the forestomach were analysed histologically. Results: Duodenal reflux induced proliferative lesions at both glandular and squamous mucosa of the stomach. In the antrum, adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) was observed in 20% and 50% of the animals at the 18(th) and 36(th) weeks respectively. Aditionally 85% of the animals presented AH at the gastrojejunal anastomosis and 60% developed squamous hyperplasia at the squamous portion of the stomach. MNNG treatment plus duodenal reflux enhanced the development of malignant tumors at both glandular and squamous mucosa, since there were 30% of antral adenocarcinomas and 45% of squamous carcinomas at the 18th week and the frequency of these malignant tumors rose to 50% in the antrum and 65% in the squamous mucosa at the 36th week. Conclusion: The reflux of duodenal contents through the pylorus enhanced the development of proliferative lesions, benign and malignant, in the glandular stomach and in the forestomach of rats.