Queijo gorgonzola fabricado com leite pasteurizado por ejetor de vapor e HTST: parâmetros físico-químicos e sensoriais

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de dois sistemas de pasteurização (High Temperature Short Time ¾ HTST¾ e ejetor de vapor) nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais do queijo tipo Gorgonzola. As coletas de amostras de queijo e análises foram realizadas aos 5, 25, 45, 65 e 85 dias de maturação. Durante o período de maturação ocorreu aumento gradual de pH, sal/umidade e índice de acidez nos dois tratamentos. Os queijos fabricados com leite pasteurizado pelo sistema HTST obtiveram valores médios de pH superiores aos dos queijos fabricados com leite pasteurizado pelo sistema ejetor de vapor; os queijos fabricados com leite pasteurizado pelo sistema ejetor de vapor, obtiveram teores de índice de acidez e metilcetonas superiores aos dos queijos fabricados com leite pasteurizado pelo sistema HTST, indicando maior atividade lipolítica nesses queijos. Pela análise sensorial realizada aos 65 dias de maturação, pode se observar que não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos em relação à aparência, cor, consistência, textura e sabor. Porém foi observada diferença significativa com relação ao desenvolvimento do mofo e aroma. Os queijos fabricados com leite pasteurizado pelo sistema ejetor de vapor apresentaram maior atividade lipolítica e massa mais macia e fechada.

De la industrialització de les comarques de Girona al vapor Burés

Aquest article vol mostrar que la industrialització de Catalunya també va ser important a les comarques properes a la ciutat de Girona, especialment a la vall d’Anglès, ja que en aquesta població es conserva el vapor Burés, una màquina de vapor del principi del segle XX en molt bon estat. L'article es presenta en un to divulgador amb ànim de provocar anàlisis mes rigoroses dels temes tractats. En aquest sentit, l'apartat de la descripció tècnica del vapor Burés pretén estimular el seu estudi amb mes profunditat. Finalment, es fan un seguit de propostes, des de ben simples fins a mes agosarades, que caldria tenir en compte per avançar en una bona proposta d'ús públic dels elements patrimonials relacionats amb el vapor Burés

Water vapor tightness of packages: methods and optimizing

Työn tarkoituksena oli testata jo tutkimuskeskuksella käytössä ollutta ja tutkimuskeskukselle tässä työssä kehitettyä pakkauksen vesihöyrytiiveyteen liittyvää mittausmenetelmää. Saatuja tuloksia verrattiin keskenään sekä materiaalista mitattuihin arvoihin. Elintarvikepakkauksia tutkittiin myös kosteussensoreiden, säilyvyyskokeen sekä kuljetussimuloinnin avulla. Optimoinnilla tutkittiin pakkauksen muodon vaikutusta vesihöyrytiiveyteen. Pakkauksen vesihöyrynläpäisyn mittaamiseen kehitetty menetelmä toimi hyvin ja sen toistettavuus oli hyvä. Verrattaessa sitä jo olemassa olleeseen menetelmään tulokseksi saatiin, että uusi menetelmä oli nopeampi ja vaati vähemmän työaikaa, mutta molemmat menetelmät antoivat hyviä arvoja rinnakkaisille näytteille. Kosteussensoreilla voitiin tutkia tyhjän pakkauksen sisällä olevan kosteuden muutoksia säilytyksen aikana. Säilyvyystesti tehtiin muroilla ja parhaan vesihöyrysuojan antoivat pakkaukset joissa oli alumiinilaminaatti- tai metalloitu OPP kerros. Kuljetustestauksen ensimmäisessä testissä pakkauksiin pakattiin muroja ja toisessa testissä nuudeleita. Kuljetussimuloinnilla ei ollutvaikutusta pakkausten sisäpintojen eheyteen eikä siten pakkausten vesihöyrytiiveyteen. Optimoinnilla vertailtiin eri muotoisten pakkausten tilavuus/pinta-ala suhdetta ja vesihöyrytiiveyden riippuvuutta pinta-alasta. Optimaalisimmaksi pakkaukseksi saatiin pallo, jonka pinta-ala oli pienin ja materiaalin sallima vesihöyrynläpäisy suurin ja vesihöyrybarrierin määrä pienin.

SiC-Based MIS gas sensor for high water vapor environments

In this work we will prove that SiC-based MIS capacitors can work in environments with extremely high concentrations of water vapor and still be sensitive to hydrogen, CO and hydrocarbons, making these devices suitable for monitoring the exhaust gases of hydrogen or hydrocarbons based fuel cells. Under the harshest conditions (45% of water vapor by volume ratio to nitrogen), Pt/TaOx/SiO2/SiC MIS capacitors are able to detect the presence of 1 ppm of hydrogen, 2 ppm of CO, 100 ppm of ethane or 20 ppm of ethene, concentrations that are far below the legal permissible exposure limits.

Spectroscopic ellipsometry study of the In1-x Gax Asy P1-y / InP Heterojunctions grown by metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition

The dielectric functions of InP, In0.53Ga0.47As, and In0.75Ga0.25As0.5P0.5 epitaxial layers have been measured using a polarization modulation spectroscopic ellipsometer in the 1.5 to 5.3 eV region. The oxide removal procedure has been carefully checked by comparing spectroscopic ellipsometry and x ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. These reference data have been used to investigate the structural nature of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition grown In0.53Ga0.47As/InP and In0.75Ga0.25As0.5P0.5/InP heterojunctions, currently used for photodiodes and laser diodes. The sharpness of the interfaces has been systematically compared for the two types of heterojunctions: In1 xGaxAsy/InP and InP/In1 xGaxAsyP1 y. The sharpest interface is obtained for InP growth on In0.75Ga0.25As0.5P0.5 where the interface region is estimated to be (10±10) Å thick. The importance of performing in situ SE measurements is emphasized.

A natureza das substâncias de referência na avaliação de massas molares de resinas PBLH por meio de cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho e osmometria de pressão de vapor

The SEC and VPO behaviour of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene resins was investigated using toluene as solvent and polybutadiene and polystyrene as standards. The results show that molar mass obtained depend on the nature of the standards used in the calibration, specialy in SEC analysis.

Preparo de óxido de nióbio suportado em alumina por deposição química em fase vapor: caracterização por espectroscopia vibracional e termogravimetria

Alumina supported niobium oxide was prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of NbCl5. The alumina was calcined and pretreated at differents temperatures in order to vary the density of OH groups on the surface which was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. A good correlation was found between the amount of anchored niobium and the total number of anionic sites (oxide and hydroxyl groups) on the surface of the alumina. The infrared spectra on the OH stretching region indicate that OH groups coordinated to at least one tetrahedral aluminum were more reactive towards NbCl5.

A geração química de vapor em espectrometria atômica

The historical development of atomic spectrometry techniques based on chemical vapor generation by both batch and flow injection sampling formats is presented. Detection via atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) , inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry (FANES) are considered. Hydride generation is separately considered in contrast to other methods of generation of volatile derivatives. Hg ¾ CVAAS (cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry) is not considered here. The current state-of-the-art, including extension, advantages and limitations of this approach is discussed.

Catalisadores Ni/Al2O3 promovidos com molibdênio para a reação de reforma a vapor de metano

Mo-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for the methane steam reforming reaction were studied in this work. The Ni/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by precipitation and molibdenum was added by impregnation up to 2%wt. The solids were tested using a micro-reactor under two H2Ov/C conditions and were characterized by ICP-OES, XRD, N2 adsoption, H2 chemisorption and TPR. NiO and NiAl2O4 phases were observed and the metallic area decreased with the increase of the Mo content. From the catalytic tests high stability was verified for H2Ov/C=4.0. On the other hand, only the catalyst containing 0,05% Mo stayed stable during 30 hours of the test at H2Ov/C=2.0.

Efeito do teor metálico em catalisadores Co/Al2O3 aplicados à reação de reforma a vapor de etanol

The development of cobalt catalysts to produce hydrogen from ethanol is the goal of this investigation. Co/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnation and characterized by atomic absorption, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction and carbon analysis. The catalysts contained Co3O4 oxide and Co3+ and Co2+ species interacting with alumina. The cobalt load affects the crystal size and the crystalline structure and higher Co loads influence the reaction mechanism, changing the selectivity of the catalysts, decreasing the amount of CO produced and avoiding the formation of products catalyzed by the support. The ethanol conversion was 50-70% with 10-<1% of CO in the hydrogen.

Desenvolvimento de um equipamento para avaliação do efeito do etanol na pressão de vapor e entalpia de vaporização em gasolinas automotivas

The quality of the gasoline utilized for fueling internal combustion engines with spark ignition is directly affected by the gasoline's properties. Thus, the fuel's properties must be in perfect equilibrium to allow the engine to perform optimally, not only insofar as fuel consumption is concerned, but also in order to reduce the emission of pollutants. Vapor pressure and vaporization enthalpy are important properties of a gasoline determining the fuel's behavior under different operating conditions in internal combustion engines. The study reported here involved the development of a device to determine the vapor pressure and the vaporization enthalpy of formulations containing volumes of 5, 15 and 25% of ethanol in four base gasolines (G1, G2, G3 and G4). The chemical composition of these gasolines was determined using a gas chromatographer equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID).

Um novo método para quantificar mercúrio orgânico (Hg orgânico) empregando a espectrometria de fluorescência atômica do vapor frio

In this work a simple and sensitive procedure to extract organic mercury from water and sediment samples, using methylene chloride in acidic media followed by CVAFS quantification has been developed. The method was evaluated for possible interferents, using different inorganic mercury species and humic acid, no effects being observed. The detection limit for organic mercury was 160 pg and 396 pg for water and sediment samples respectively. The accuracy of the method was evaluated using a certified reference material of methylmercury (BCR-580, estuarine sediment). Recovery tests using methylmercury as surrogate spiked with 1.0 up to 30.0 ng L-1 ranged from 90 up to 109% for water samples, whereas for sediments, recoveries ranged from 57 up to 97%.

Study of a vapor-compression air-conditioning system for jetliners

Most modern passenger aeroplanes use air cycle cooling. A high-speed air cycle is a reliable and light option, but not very efficient. This thesis presents research work done to design a novel vapour cooling cycle for aeroplanes. Due to advancements in high-speed permanent magnet motors, the vapour cycle is seen as a competitive option for the air cycle in aeroplanes. The aerospace industry places tighter demands on the weight, reliability and environmental effects of the machinery than those met by conventional chillers, and thus modifications to conventional design are needed. The thesis is divided into four parts: the initial screening of the working fluid, 1-D design and performance values of the compressor, 1-D off-design value predictions of the compressor and the 3-D design of the compressor. The R245fa was selected as the working fluid based the study. The off-design range of the compressor was predicted to be wide and suitable for the application. The air-conditioning system developed is considerably smaller than previous designs using centrifugal compressors.

Influência do sulfato de condroitina na formação de filmes isolados de polimetacrilato: avaliação do índice de intumescimento e permeabilidade ao vapor d'água

Natural or modified chondroitin sulfate was incorporated in to polymethacrylate to obtain isolated films. The addition of polysaccharide to synthetic polymers occurred at different rates. Isolated films were micro and macroscopically characterized and swelling index and water vapor transmission were determined. Results indicated changed transparency and flexibility, coupled to their dependence on increase in polysaccharide concentration. A similar occurrence was reported in the permeability to water vapor and swelling degree. Films composed of modified chondroitin sulfate, 90:10 concentration, showed hydration levels, permeability and morphological properties which allow them to be applied as excipients in the development of new drug delivery systems.

Produção de hidrogênio a partir da reforma a vapor de etanol utilizando catalisadores Cu/Ni/gama-Al2o3

Cu/Ni/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method with 2.5 or 5% wt of copper and 5 or 15% wt of nickel and applied in ethanol steam reforming. The catalysts were characterized by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen and nitrogen adsorption. The samples showed low crystallinity, with the presence of CuO and NiO, both as crystallites and in dispersed phase, as well as of NiO-Al2O3. The catalytic tests carried out at 400 ºC, with a 3:1 water/ethanol molar ratio, indicated the 5Cu/5Ni/Al2O3 catalyst as the most active for hydrogen production, with a hydrogen yield of 77% and ethanol conversion of 98%.