Crescimento retardado de seringueira plantada como toco alto em faixas abertas em capoeira alta, com enxertia de copa no local de plantio.

Por ser especie heliofila, a seringueira e' plantada em pleno sol. Por esse motivo, foi testado o comportamento de plantio, em trilhas abertas na capoeira, de toco alto que, por medir de 2,10m a 2,40m de altura e possuir maior quantidade de reservas do que as mudas tradicionais, traria as vantagens de reducao do custo de preparo da area, evitando a derruba e queima, com preservacao da materia organica do solo, alem da incorporacao gradual da biomassa da capoeira. As copas de Hevea pauciflora apresentam derrama natural tardia, sugerindo que seu ponto de compensacao luminosa e' mais baixo do que o de H. brasiliensis. Desse modo, copas enxertadas com H. pauciflora poderiam tolerar melhor a fase de crescimento a sombra parcial da capoeira. O tratamento com copa propria apresentou o menor perimetro de caule, com valores tambem baixos nos blocos em pleno sol. Os incrementos anuais em perimetro de caule, apos a decapitacao dos enxerto de copa, permaneceram muito baixos na capoeira, nos tres anos consecutivos, e atingiram valores sucessivamente mais altos em pleno sol, exceto com a copa propria. Os resultados com as copas enxertadas de H. pauciflora demostram, portanto, ser inviavel o plantio em capoeira, nas condicoes descritas neste trabalho.

Crescimento de Stryphnodendron adstringens no bioma Cerrado, Formosa, GO.

2015

Crescimento de Eucalyptus benthamii submetido à aplicação de lama de cal e cinza de madeira.

2015

Supressão do crescimento de plantas voluntárias de soja na cultura do girassol.

RESUMO: A necessidade de controle adequado de plantas voluntárias de soja (Glycine max) tem se intensificado nos últimos anos em função da incidência de doenças da soja, principalmente a ferrugem asiática ( Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Além disso, a competição imposta por essas plantas pode causar perdas de produtividade em culturas implantadas na entressafra. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em condições de campo no município de Rio Verde, Goiás, a fim de avaliar o controle de plantas voluntárias de soja infestantes da cultura do girassol (Helianthus annuus), semeado na época de safrinha. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos aplicados no experimento 1 foram a testemunha capinada, a testemunha sem capina, sulfentrazone 25 g i.a. ha-1, sulfentrazone 50 g i.a. ha -1, sulfentrazone 100 g i.a. ha-1 e sulfentrazone 150 g i.a. ha-1. No experimento 2, foram aplicados os mesmos tratamentos mencionados e acrescentadas as doses de 200 g i.a. ha-1 e 250 g i.a. ha-1 do mesmo herbicida. O sulfentrazone não proporciona morte completa das plantas voluntárias de soja. No entanto, há uma interrupção temporária do crescimento da soja permitindo o arranque inicial da cultura de girassol. As doses de sulfentrazone que variaram de 114,2 a 158,8 g i.a. ha-1 proporcionaram os maiores rendimentos de girassol, evitando a competição das plantas voluntárias de soja com essa cultura. ABSTRACT: The control of volunteer soybean plants (Glycine max ) has intensified in recent years in function of the increasing incidence of soybean diseases mainly the Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Moreover, the competition of volunteer soybean plants can cause yield losses in successive crops. Two experiments were conducted under field conditions in Rio Verde, Goiás State, Brazil, in order to evaluate the control of volunteer soybean plants in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four replications. Treatments applied on experiment 1 were: hoed check; unhoed check, sulfentrazone 25 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 50 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 100 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 150 g ai ha-1. The treatments applied on experiment 2 were the same doses described on experiment 1 plus sulfentrazone 200 g ai ha-1 and 250 g ai ha-1. The sulfentrazone is unable to completely kill the volunteer soybean plants. However, there is a temporary stoppage of soybean growth enabling the initial startup of the sunflower plants. Doses ranging from 114.2 to 158.8 g ai ha-1 provided the highest sunflower yield, avoiding the competition of the volunteer soybean plants.

Inibição temporária do crescimento de plantas voluntárias de soja na cultura do girassol.

RESUMO: O controle de plantas voluntárias de soja (Glycine max ) é uma exigência estabelecida em lei. A criação do vazio sanitário determina o período na entressafra no qual não deve haver a presença no campo de plantas emergidas de soja. Essa deliberação visa reduzir o inóculo do fungo causador da ferrugem asiática da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Além disso, a competição imposta por essas plantas pode reduzir a produtividade das culturas em sucessão. O experimento foi conduzido a fim de avaliar o controle de plantas voluntárias de soja em cultivos de girassol (Helianthus annuus). Os tratamentos aplicados foram: testemunha capinada, testemunha sem capina, amônio glufosinato 40 g i.a. ha-1, amônio glufosinato 100 g i.a. ha-1, sulfentrazone 75 g i.a. ha-1, sulfentrazone 100 g i.a. ha-1, tembotrione 21 g i.a. ha-1, carfentrazone 4 g i.a. ha-1, saflufenacil 1,75 g i.a. ha-1, saflufenacil 3,5 g i.a. ha-1, triclopyr 120 g i.a. ha-1 e MSMA 197,5 g i.a. ha-1. O herbicida sulfentrazone nas doses de 75 e 100 g i.a. ha -1 causa fitotoxicidade ao girassol logo após a aplicação, porém há recuperação das plantas, sem prejuízo a produtividade da cultura. Esses mesmos tratamentos não causam morte total das plantas voluntárias de soja, mas paralisam temporariamente seu crescimento, evitando a competição com a cultura do girassol. O amônio glufosinato é eficaz no controle de plantas voluntárias de soja. No entanto, os sintomas de fitotoxicidade na cultura do girassol são elevados, refletindo em perda de rendimento da cultura. Os outros tratamentos não proporcionam controle satisfatório das plantas voluntárias de soja, além de causar redução na produtividade do girassol. ABSTRACT: The control of volunteer soybean (Glycine max) is regulated by law due to the host-free period which determines the interval that is not allowed the presence of soybean plants in fields. The decision aims to reduce the inoculum of the fungus that causes the Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Furthermore, the competition imposed by volunteer soybean plants can reduce crop yields. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the control of volunteer soybean plants in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The treatments were as follows: hoed check, check without hoeing, glufosinate ammonium 40 g ai ha-1, glufosinate ammonium 100 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 75 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 100 g ai ha-1, tembotrione 21 g ai ha-1, carfentrazone 4g ai ha-1, saflufenacil 1.75 g ai ha-1, saflufenacil 3.5 g ai ha -1, triclopyr 120 g ai ha-1 and MSMA 197.5 g ai ha-1. Sulfentrazone (75 and 100 g ai ha-1) caused phytotoxicity on sunflower plants, however there is recovery of plants and no yield losses. The same treatments do not cause the total death of volunteer soybean plants, however temporarily paralyze its growth and avoid competition with the sunflower crop. The glufosinate ammonium is effective in controlling volunteer soybean plants. However, symptoms of phytotoxicity in the sunflower crop are high, reflecting in yield losses. The other treatments do not provide satisfactory control of volunteer soybean plants and even cause reduction in sunflower productivity.

Aflatoxin exposure in utero causes growth faltering in Gambian infants

Background Growth faltering in West African children has previously been associated with dietary exposure to aflatoxins, particularly upon weaning. However, in animal studies in utero exposure to low levels of aflatoxin also results in growth faltering.

Objective This study investigated the effect of in utero aflatoxin exposure on infant growth in the first year of life in The Gambia.

Methods Height and weight were measured for 138 infants at birth and at regular monthly intervals for one year. Aflatoxin-albumin (AF-alb) adduct level was measured in maternal blood during pregnancy, in cord blood and in infants at age 16 weeks.

Results The geometric mean AF-alb levels were 40.4pg/mg (range 4.82-60.8pg/mg), 10.1pg/mg (range 5.01-89.6pg/mg) and 8.7pg/mg (range 5.0-30.2pg/mg) in maternal, cord and infant blood, respectively. AF-alb in maternal blood was a strong predictor of both weight (P = 0.012) and height (P = 0.044) gain, with lower gain in those with higher exposure. A reduction of maternal AF-alb from 110pg/mg to 10pg/mg would lead to a 0.8kg increase in weight and 2cm increase in height within the first year of life.

Conclusions This study shows a strong effect of maternal aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy on growth in the first year of life and thus extends earlier observations of an association between aflatoxin exposure during infancy and growth faltering. The findings imply value in targeting intervention strategies at early life exposures.

Internalizing behaviors in 4-year-old children exposed in utero to psychotropic medications

Internalizing behaviors in children between 4 and 5 years of age who had been prenatally exposed to psychotropic medications were investigated. The authors had previously reported the effects of prenatal medication exposure in this same cohort when they were newborns and infants at 3 and 8 months of age.

In utero exposure to cigarette chemicals induces sex-specific disruption of one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation in the human fetal liver

Background: Maternal smoking is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for low birthweight, which is strongly associated with increased cardiometabolic disease risk in adulthood. Maternal smoking reduces the levels of the methyl donor vitamin B12 and is associated with altered DNA methylation at birth. Altered DNA methylation may be an important mechanism underlying increased disease susceptibility; however, the extent to which this can be induced in the developing fetus is unknown.

Methods: In this retrospective study, we measured concentrations of cobalt, vitamin B12, and mRNA transcripts encoding key enzymes in the 1-carbon cycle in 55 fetal human livers obtained from 11 to 21 weeks of gestation elective terminations and matched for gestation and maternal smoking. DNA methylation was measured at critical regions known to be susceptible to the in utero environment. Homocysteine concentrations were analyzed in plasma from 60 fetuses.

Results: In addition to identifying baseline sex differences, we found that maternal smoking was associated with sex-specific alterations of fetal liver vitamin B12, plasma homocysteine and expression of enzymes in the 1-carbon cycle in fetal liver. In the majority of the measured parameters which showed a sex difference, maternal smoking reduced the magnitude of that difference. Maternal smoking also altered DNA methylation at the imprinted gene IGF2 and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR/NR3C1).

Conclusions: Our unique data strengthen studies linking in utero exposures to altered DNA methylation by showing, for the first time, that such changes are present in fetal life and in a key metabolic target tissue, human fetal liver. Furthermore, these data propose a novel mechanism by which such changes are induced, namely through alterations in methyl donor availability and changes in 1-carbon metabolism.

Exposure to aflatoxin B1 in utero is associated with DNA methylation in white blood cells of infants in The Gambia

BACKGROUND: Exposure to environmental toxins during embryonic development may lead to epigenetic changes that influence disease risk in later life. Aflatoxin is a contaminant of staple foods in sub-Saharan Africa, is a known human liver carcinogen and has been associated with stunting in infants.

METHODS: We have measured aflatoxin exposure in 115 pregnant women in The Gambia and examined the DNA methylation status of white blood cells from their infants at 2-8 months old (mean 3.6 ± 0.9). Aflatoxin exposure in women was assessed using an ELISA method to measure aflatoxin albumin (AF-alb) adducts in plasma taken at 1-16 weeks of pregnancy. Genome-wide DNA methylation of infant white blood cells was measured using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450beadchip.

RESULTS: AF-alb levels ranged from 3.9 to 458.4 pg/mg albumin. We found that aflatoxin exposure in the mothers was associated to DNA methylation in their infants for 71 CpG sites (false discovery rate < 0.05), with an average effect size of 1.7% change in methylation. Aflatoxin-associated differential methylation was observed in growth factor genes such as FGF12 and IGF1, and immune-related genes such as CCL28, TLR2 and TGFBI. Moreover, one aflatoxin-associated methylation region (corresponding to the miR-4520b locus) was identified.

CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that maternal exposure to aflatoxin during the early stages of pregnancy is associated with differential DNA methylation patterns of infants, including in genes related to growth and immune function. This reinforces the need for interventions to reduce aflatoxin exposure, especially during critical periods of fetal and infant development.

Factores que influenciam o peso e crescimento de cabritos da raça Murciana-granadina, em aleitamento artificial

A exploração caprina de leite tem evoluído no sentido de alguma intensificação, com recurso a raças de elevado potencial produtivo, de que é exemplo a raça Murciana- Granadina. O leite constitui a principal fonte de receita destas explorações. Complementarmente, vendem animais para carne e, as de melhor nível genético, animais para reprodutores. Analisaram-se os pesos de 241 cabritos da raça Murciana-Granadina, numa exploração comercial, com o objectivo de quantificar os pesos e crescimento de cabritos, e identificar os factores que os influenciam. Os cabritos foram aleitados artificialmente, em regime ad libitum, com leite de substituição comercial, dispondo ainda de concentrado comercial, feno de luzerna e palha. Os cabritos foram pesados ao nascimento e, posteriormente, semanalmente, até aos 60 dias de idade. Calcularam-se os respetivos pesos ajustados, bem como os ganhos médios diários, a diferentes idades padrão. Procedeu-se a uma análise de variância com um modelo linear que incluiu os efeitos da época de parto, tipo de parto, sexo e idade da cabra. Foram registados pesos superiores nos partos simples e duplos, relativamente aos triplos, e nos machos, relativamente às fêmeas. Os ganhos médios diários, a partir do mês de idade, registaram valores inferiores na época inverno-primavera, comparativamente com a época primavera-verão. Dairy goat farming has evolved towards intensification, with increased use of high milk-yielding breeds, including the Murciano-Granadina breed. Milk is the main source of farm income. Secondary income sources are the sale of animals for meat and, in genetically superior herds, the sale of breeding animals. The weights of 241 commercial farms artificially reared Murciano-Granadina kids were analyzed with the objective of quantifying weight and growth and identifying variation factors. Kids were artificially reared to weaning, on ad libitum commercial milk replacer, commercial concentrate, lucerne hay and straw. Kids were weighed at birth and at weekly intervals until 60 days of age. Age adjusted weights and growth-rates were calculated. A variance analysis was performed with a model including the effects of season of birth, number of kids per kidding, sex and age of dam. Single and twin-born kids had higher weights than triplets, and males had higher weights than females. Average daily gain after one month of age was lower for kids born in winter-spring than for those born in spring-summer

Ensaios sobre o crescimento económico regional e a dinâmica do processo de convergência

The research is centred on economic growth and it adopts a regional view focused on European regions (NUTS 2). Under analysis is the undergoing convergence process in Europe to evaluate if there is an increase in regional economic growth and a simultaneous decrease in regional disparities. The empirical evidence shows signs of transience on the regional convergence process, along with the formation of several clusters of regions. Considering this evidence it is of interest to assess the profiles of such clusters, and evaluate the homogeneousness of its regions and their spread across European space. As suggested in the literature, space is a relevant factor in the spread of clusters, according to the different variables (regions profiles, diversity measures and growth indicators). Regional disparities across Europe are, on average, large and persistent, with a high degree of stability among the relative rankings of European regions. Such results cast shadows about the impact of European structural funding in diminishing regional disparities. Such an approach is of interest due to the growing need to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of public policies implemented. The fact that there is an undergoing process of economic integration in Europe increases the usefulness of such an analysis, especially in a context in which European public funds are negotiated and granted.