Active du/dt Filtering for Variable-Speed AC Drives

An oscillating overvoltage has become a common phenomenon at the motor terminal in inverter-fed variable-speed drives. The problem has emerged since modern insulated gate bipolar transistors have become the standard choice as the power switch component in lowvoltage frequency converter drives. Theovervoltage phenomenon is a consequence of the pulse shape of inverter output voltage and impedance mismatches between the inverter, motor cable, and motor. The overvoltages are harmful to the electric motor, and may cause, for instance, insulation failure in the motor. Several methods have been developed to mitigate the problem. However, most of them are based on filtering with lossy passive components, the drawbacks of which are typically their cost and size. In this doctoral dissertation, application of a new active du/dt filtering method based on a low-loss LC circuit and active control to eliminate the motor overvoltages is discussed. The main benefits of the method are the controllability of the output voltage du/dt within certain limits, considerably smaller inductances in the filter circuit resulting in a smaller physical component size, and excellent filtering performance when compared with typical traditional du/dt filtering solutions. Moreover, no additional components are required, since the active control of the filter circuit takes place in the process of the upper-level PWM modulation using the same power switches as the inverter output stage. Further, the active du/dt method will benefit from the development of semiconductor power switch modules, as new technologies and materials emerge, because the method requires additional switching in the output stage of the inverter and generation of narrow voltage pulses. Since additional switching is required in the output stage, additional losses are generated in the inverter as a result of the application of the method. Considerations on the application of the active du/dt filtering method in electric drives are presented together with experimental data in order to verify the potential of the method.

Multilevel converter modulation: implementation and analysis

Multilevel converters provide an attractive solution to bring the benefits of speed-controlled rotational movement to high-power applications. Therefore, multilevel inverters have attracted wide interest in both the academic community and in the industry for the past two decades. In this doctoral thesis, modulation methods suitable especially for series connected H-bridge multilevel inverters are discussed. A concept of duty cycle modulation is presented and its modification is proposed. These methods are compared with other well-known modulation schemes, such as space-vector pulse width modulation and carrier-based modulation schemes. The advantage of the modified duty-cycle modulation is its algorithmic simplicity. A similar mathematical formulation for the original duty cycle modulation is proposed. The modified duty cycle modulation is shown to produce well-formed phase-to-neutral voltages that have lower total harmonic distortion than the space-vector pulse width modulation and the duty cycle modulation. The space-vector-based solution and the duty cycle modulation, on the other hand, result in a better-quality line-to-line voltage and current waveform. The voltage of the DC links in the modules of the series-connected H-bridge inverter are shown to fluctuate while they are under load. The fluctuation causes inaccuracies in the voltage production, which may result in a failure of the flux estimator in the controller. An extension for upper-level modulation schemes, which changes the switching instants of the inverter so that the output voltage meets the reference voltage accurately regardless of the DC link voltages, is proposed. The method is shown to reduce the error to a very low level when a sufficient switching frequency is used. An appropriate way to organize the switching instants of the multilevel inverter is to make only one-level steps at a time. This causes restrictions on the dynamical features of the modulation schemes. The produced voltage vector cannot be rotated several tens of degrees in a single switching period without violating the above-mentioned one-level-step rule. The dynamical capabilities of multilevel inverters are analyzed in this doctoral thesis, and it is shown that the multilevel inverters are capable of operating even in dynamically demanding metal industry applications. In addition to the discussion on modulation schemes, an overvoltage in multilevel converter drives caused by cable reflection is addressed. The voltage reflection phenomenon in drives with long feeder cables causes premature insulation deterioration and also affects the commonmode voltage, which is one of the main reasons for bearing currents. Bearing currents, on the other hand, cause fluting in the bearings, which results in premature bearing failure. The reflection phenomenon is traditionally prevented by filtering, but in this thesis, a modulationbased filterless method to mitigate the overvoltage in multilevel drives is proposed. Moreover, the mitigation method can be implemented as an extension for upper-level modulation schemes. The method exploits the oscillations caused by two consecutive voltage edges so that the sum of the oscillations results in a mitigated peak of the overvoltage. The applicability of the method is verified by simulations together with experiments with a full-scale prototype.

In pursuit of an intercultural dimension in EFL-teaching : exploring cognitions among Finland-Swedish comprehensive school teachers

This thesis is about the educational purpose of foreign language teaching (FLT) in an increasingly internationalised world.The past 20-30 years have witnessed a fundamental rethinking of the aims of FLT, entailing a shift in emphasis from linguistic competence over communicative competence to intercultural competence. The growing emphasis on cultural issues, called for by research and international curricular documents, places new demandson language teachers. The overall aim of this study is to deepen the knowledge about the attitudes of teachers at the upper level of the Finland-Swedish comprehensive school towards the treatment of culture in English foreign language (EFL) teaching. The questions in focus are: 1) How do teachers interpret the concept"culture" in EFL-teaching?, 2) How do they specify the cultural objectives of their teaching? and 3) What do they do to attain these objectives? The thesis strives to reveal whether or not language teaching today can be describedas intercultural, in the sense that culture is taught with the aim of promotingintercultural understanding, tolerance and empathy. This abductive and largely exploratory study is placed within a constructivist and sociocultural framework,and is inspired by both phenomenography and hermeneutics. It takes its starting-point in language didactics, and can also be regarded as a contribution to teacher cognition research. The empirical data consists of verbatim transcribed interviews with 13 Finland-Swedish teachers of English at grades 7-9. The findings are presented according to three orientations and reviewed with reference to the 2004 Finnish National Framework Curriculum. Within the cognitive orientation, "culture" is perceived as factual knowledge, and the teaching of cultureis defined in terms of the transmission of knowledge, especially about Britain and the USA (Pedagogy of Information). Within the action-related orientation, "culture" is seen as skills of a social and socio-linguistic nature, andthe teaching aims at preparing the students for contacts with people from the target language areas (Pedagogy of Preparation). Within the affective orientation, which takes a more holistic approach, "culture" is seen as a bi-directional perspective. Students are encouraged to look at their own familiar culture from another perspective, and learn to empathise with and show respect for otherness in general, not just concerning representatives of English-speaking countries (Pedagogy of Encounter). Very few of the interviewed teachers represent the third approach, which is the one that can be characterised as truly intercultural. The study indicates that many teachers feel unsure about how to teach culture in an appropriate and up-to-date manner. This is attributed to, among other things, lack of teacher insights as well as lack of time and adequate material. The thesis ends with a set of recommendations as to how EFL could be developed ina more intercultural direction.

Configuring Health Care Services - Service Control Improvement

The costs of health care are increasing, and at the same time, population is aging. This leads health care organizations to focus more on home based care services. This thesis focuses on the home care organization of the South Karelian District of Social and Health Services (Eksote), which was established in 2010; how its operation is organized and managed, and which problem types are faced in the daily operation of home care. This thesis examines home care services through an extensive interview study, process mapping and statistical data analysis. To be able to understand the nature of services and special environment theory models, such as service management and performance measurement, service processes and service design are introduced. This study is conducted from an external researcher‟s point of view and should be used as a discussion opener. The outcome of this thesis is an upper level development path for Eksote home care. The organization should evaluate and build a service offering, then productize home care services and modularize the products and identify similarities. Service processes should be mapped to generate efficiency for repeating tasks. Units should be reasonably sized and geographically located to facilitate management and operation. All this can be done by recognizing the different types of service products: runners repeaters and strangers. Furthermore, the organization should not hide behind medical issues and should understand the legislative, medical and operational frameworks in health care.

Alphie's Trough Entrance

View from the west of the upper level entrance south of Thistle.

Scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence : relations entre la morphologie pelvienne, l’attitude posturale et l’équilibre orthostatique selon différentes sévérités

Des anomalies dans la morphologie pelvienne, la posture du tronc et le contrôle de l’équilibre de jeunes filles atteintes de scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence (SIA) ont souvent été l’objet d’études. Rares sont celles ayant distingué ces troubles en fonction de la sévérité de la déformation vertébrale. De plus, aucune n’a évalué à l’intérieur d’une même étude l’orientation et la distorsion pelvienne, l’asymétrie posturale et l’instabilité en position debout de sujets SIA. Une telle étude permettrait de comprendre le développement de la maladie et de mettre en évidence des facteurs de risque aidant au pronostic. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’identifier des facteurs biomécaniques associés à la croissance osseuse, la posture et l’équilibre distinguant une SIA modérée d’une sévère. Les positions 3D de 14 repères prises sur 46 filles ayant une SIA droite (modérée et sévère) et 28 sujets témoins ont été captées pour quantifier la morphologie pelvienne et la posture. Un maintien en position debout de 64 s sur une plate-forme de force a aussi été enregistré afin d’évaluer leur équilibre. Les paramètres retenus sont les angles d’orientation pelvienne et du tronc; les distances entre la crête iliaque et S1 mesurant la distorsion pelvienne; la moyenne, l’amplitude et la vitesse du centre de pression (COP) en médiolatéral (ML) et antéropostérieur ainsi que la moyenne et l’amplitude du moment libre. Les différences entre les trois groupes (témoin, SIA modérée et SIA sévère) sont testées par des ANOVA et les relations entre l’angle de Cobb et les paramètres pelviens, posturaux ou d’équilibre, par des coefficients de corrélations. De plus, des régressions multiples exprimant l’angle de Cobb sont effectuées avec les paramètres pelviens, posturaux et d’équilibre afin de déterminer la classe de paramètres prédisant le mieux l’angle de Cobb. Aucune ANOVA n’est significative pour l’orientation pelvienne, bien que des différences de géométrie pelvienne soient notées entre les deux groupes de sujets SIA. Les SIA modérées ont un pelvis gauche moins profond que les SIA sévères et les sujets témoins, tandis que les SIA sévères ont un pelvis droit plus large d’environ 1,5 cm que celui des SIA modérées. Un coefficient de corrélation de -0,54 associe une rotation pelvienne droite à l’augmentation de la largeur de la crête iliaque. Au niveau postural, les SIA sévères démontrent des inclinaisons latérales et antérieures du tronc ainsi qu’une rotation axiale du haut du corps plus marquées que les SIA modérées. Les corrélations entre les paramètres posturaux, l’angle de Cobb et la morphologie pelvienne indiquent que l’attitude posturale est associée à la distorsion pelvienne dans tous les plans anatomiques, tandis qu’elle ne l’est que dans les plans sagittal et horizontal à l’angle de Cobb. Les différences retrouvées entre les deux groupes SIA concernant les troubles d’équilibre résultent en une augmentation de l’amplitude et de la vitesse du COPML. Une régression multiple de 0,896 est observée par l’emploi des paramètres pelviens, posturaux et d’équilibre, bien que ceux se rapportant à la distorsion pelvienne soient les mieux corrélés à l’angle de Cobb. Cette thèse permet de distinguer la morphologie pelvienne de sujets SIA sévères des modérées, soulignant la détection d’une anomalie de croissance avant que l’angle de Cobb ne soit élevé. Bien que les indices de croissance pelvienne soient davantage corrélés à ce dernier, c’est en considérant globalement la morphologie pelvienne, la posture et l’équilibre qu’une détermination précise de la sévérité d’une scoliose est réalisée. La mise en évidence de tels facteurs de prédiction de la SIA peut faciliter le pronostic d’une courbure.

Motivation scolaire et adaptation psychosociale d'élèves du secondaire scolarisés en classe de prolongation de cycle

Depuis la mise en place de la réforme, il y a plus de dix ans, les directions d’établissement sont tenues de trouver des solutions alternatives au redoublement, afin d’aider les élèves en difficulté à rattraper leur retard. C’est afin de répondre à cet impératif que la classe de prolongation de cycle a été mise en place dans les écoles secondaires. Des élèves en fin de 1er cycle, jugés incapables de poursuivre au cycle supérieur, y sont regroupés et pendant une année, ils bénéficient de mesures de soutien afin d’atteindre le niveau de compétence attendu (plus précisément en français en en mathématiques) pour pouvoir vivre un passage réussi au second cycle. Peu de résultats de recherches sont toutefois disponibles quant à l’efficacité de cette modalité. La présente étude vise donc à estimer l’incidence de deux modèles de prolongation de cycle (co-enseignement et avec enseignant unique), sur la motivation et l’adaptation psychosociale des élèves. Ainsi, les élèves qui expérimentent un modèle de co-enseignement demeurent en groupe fermé et sont accompagnés par trois enseignants titulaires qui se partagent la responsabilité de la quasi-totalité des composantes du programme de formation. Les élèves qui expérimentent un modèle avec enseignant unique demeurent eux aussi en groupe fermé, mais sont encadrés par une seule enseignante titulaire qui assume la responsabilité des enseignements en français et en mathématiques. Les autres matières sont enseignées par des spécialistes. Cent trente-quatre élèves au total, fréquentant trois écoles secondaires francophones montréalaises situées en milieu défavorisé, ont donc formé les groupes expérimentaux et témoins. En début et en fin d’année, les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire d’enquête mesurant l’évolution de leur motivation générale pour les apprentissages, de leur motivation spécifique aux disciplines, de leur adaptation psychosociale, de même que certaines facettes de leurs relations avec leurs pairs, leurs enseignants et leurs parents. Les résultats d’analyses de variance multivariées à mesures répétées (MANOVA) et des tests univariés subséquents permettent d’observer, chez les élèves qui ont expérimenté la prolongation de cycle en co-enseignement, une augmentation de leur sentiment de compétence général vis-à-vis l’école. De plus, leurs buts de performance-évitement et leur anxiété sociale ont diminué. Chez les élèves qui ont expérimenté la prolongation de cycle avec enseignant unique, ce même sentiment de compétence vis-à-vis l’école et celui spécifique au français ont augmenté. En revanche, ces derniers s’expriment plus négativement que leurs homologues en ce qui concerne leur intérêt général envers l’école, leur sentiment d’appartenance à leur école et leurs relations avec leurs pairs. Ces résultats indiquent donc que cette mesure a un effet mitigé sur la motivation et l’adaptation psychosociale des élèves. De plus, les quelques bénéfices perçus peuvent être la conséquence du fait de se retrouver dans un environnement scolaire moins compétitif. Cela dit, il apparaît important de préciser que les enseignants qui ont testé le modèle de co-enseignement en étaient à une première expérience. Leurs pratiques sont susceptibles de se bonifier, ce qui laisse croire que des résultats plus disparates pourraient éventuellement être observés entre ces deux modèles de prolongation. Par ailleurs, la pérennité des gains observés est inconnue. En conséquence, il conviendrait de poursuivre cette étude pour être en mesure de déterminer si ceux-ci sont durables dans le temps et afin de constater la pleine mesure de l’efficacité du modèle de prolongation de co-enseignement.

The counter-propagating Rossby-wave perspective on baroclinic instability. Part IV: Nonlinear life cycles

Pairs of counter-propagating Rossby waves (CRWs) can be used to describe baroclinic instability in linearized primitive-equation dynamics, employing simple propagation and interaction mechanisms at only two locations in the meridional plane—the CRW ‘home-bases’. Here, it is shown how some CRW properties are remarkably robust as a growing baroclinic wave develops nonlinearly. For example, the phase difference between upper-level and lower-level waves in potential-vorticity contours, defined initially at the home-bases of the CRWs, remains almost constant throughout baroclinic wave life cycles, despite the occurrence of frontogenesis and Rossby-wave breaking. As the lower wave saturates nonlinearly the whole baroclinic wave changes phase speed from that of the normal mode to that of the self-induced phase speed of the upper CRW. On zonal jets without surface meridional shear, this must always act to slow the baroclinic wave. The direction of wave breaking when a basic state has surface meridional shear can be anticipated because the displacement structures of CRWs tend to be coherent along surfaces of constant basic-state angular velocity, U. This results in up-gradient horizontal momentum fluxes for baroclinically growing disturbances. The momentum flux acts to shift the jet meridionally in the direction of the increasing surface U, so that the upper CRW breaks in the same direction as occurred at low levels

Simulation of the diurnal cycle in a climate model and its evaluation using data from Meteosat 7

The representation of the diurnal cycle in the Hadley Centre climate model is evaluated using simulations of the infrared radiances observed by Meteosat 7. In both the window and water vapour channels, the standard version of the model with 19 levels produces a good simulation of the geographical distributions of the mean radiances and of the amplitude of the diurnal cycle. Increasing the vertical resolution to 30 levels leads to further improvements in the mean fields. The timing of the maximum and minimum radiances reveals significant model errors, however, which are sensitive to the frequency with which the radiation scheme is called. In most regions, these errors are consistent with well documented errors in the timing of convective precipitation, which peaks before noon in the model, in contrast to the observed peak in the late afternoon or evening. When the radiation scheme is called every model time step (half an hour), as opposed to every three hours in the standard version, the timing of the minimum radiance is improved for convective regions over central Africa, due to the creation of upper-level layer-cloud by detrainment from the convection scheme, which persists well after the convection itself has dissipated. However, this produces a decoupling between the timing of the diurnal cycles of precipitation and window channel radiance. The possibility is raised that a similar decoupling may occur in reality and the implications of this for the retrieval of the diurnal cycle of precipitation from infrared radiances are discussed.

Chemical composition observed over the mid-Atlantic and the detection of pollution signatures far from source regions

The atmospheric composition of the central North Atlantic region has been sampled using the FAAM BAe146 instrumented aircraft during the Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors (ITOP) campaign, part of the wider International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT). This paper presents an overview of the ITOP campaign. Between late July and early August 2004, twelve flights comprising 72 hours of measurement were made in a region from approximately 20 to 40°W and 33 to 47°N centered on Faial Island, Azores, ranging in altitude from 50 to 9000 m. The vertical profiles of O3 and CO are consistent with previous observations made in this region during 1997 and our knowledge of the seasonal cycles within the region. A cluster analysis technique is used to partition the data set into air mass types with distinct chemical signatures. Six clusters provide a suitable balance between cluster generality and specificity. The clusters are labeled as biomass burning, low level outflow, upper level outflow, moist lower troposphere, marine and upper troposphere. During this summer, boreal forest fire emissions from Alaska and northern Canada were found to provide a major perturbation of tropospheric composition in CO, PAN, organic compounds and aerosol. Anthropogenic influenced air from the continental boundary layer of the USA was clearly observed running above the marine boundary layer right across the mid-Atlantic, retaining high pollution levels in VOCs and sulfate aerosol. Upper level outflow events were found to have far lower sulfate aerosol, resulting from washout on ascent, but much higher PAN associated with the colder temperatures. Lagrangian links with flights of other aircraft over the USA and Europe show that such signatures are maintained many days downwind of emission regions. Some other features of the data set are highlighted, including the strong perturbations to many VOCs and OVOCs in this remote region.

Stratosphere-troposphere transport in a numerical simulation of midlatitude convection

The transport of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere via convection is investigated numerically using the UK Met Office Unified Model. A convective system that formed on 27 June 2004 near southeast England, in the vicinity an upper level potential vorticity anomaly and a lowered tropopause, provides the basis for analysis. Transport is diagnosed using a stratospheric tracer that can either be passed through or withheld from the model’s convective parameterization scheme. Three simulations are performed at increasingly finer resolutions, with horizontal grid lengths of 12, 4, and 1 km. In the 12 and 4 km simulations, tracer is transported deeply into the troposphere by the parameterized convection. In the 1 km simulation, for which the convective parameterization is disengaged, deep transport is still accomplished but with a much smaller magnitude. However, the 1 km simulation resolves stirring along the tropopause that does not exist in the coarser simulations. In all three simulations, the concentration of the deeply transported tracer is small, three orders of magnitude less than that of the shallow transport near the tropopause, most likely because of the efficient dilution of parcels in the lower troposphere.

A new Rossby Wave-breaking interpretation of the North Atlantic Oscillation

This paper proposes the hypothesis that the low-frequency variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) arises as a result of variations in the occurrence of upper-level Rossby wave–breaking events over the North Atlantic. These events lead to synoptic situations similar to midlatitude blocking that are referred to as high-latitude blocking episodes. A positive NAO is envisaged as being a description of periods in which these episodes are infrequent and can be considered as a basic, unblocked situation. A negative NAO is a description of periods in which episodes occur frequently. A similar, but weaker, relationship exists between wave breaking over the Pacific and the west Pacific pattern. Evidence is given to support this hypothesis by using a two-dimensional potential-vorticity-based index to identify wave breaking at various latitudes. This is applied to Northern Hemisphere winter data from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), and the events identified are then related to the NAO. Certain dynamical precursors are identified that appear to increase the likelihood of wave breaking. These suggest mechanisms by which variability in the tropical Pacific, and in the stratosphere, could affect the NAO.

Large-scale context for the UK floods in summer 2007

This paper shows how the rainfall distribution over the UK, in the three major events on 13-15 June, 25 June and 20 July 2007, was related to troughs in the upper-level flow, and investigates the relationship of these features to a persistent large-scale flow pattern which extended around the northern hemisphere and its possible origins. Remote influences can be mediated by the propagation of large-scale atmospheric waves across the northern hemisphere and also by the origins of the air-masses that are wrapped into the developing weather systems delivering the rain to the UK. These dynamical influences are examined using analyses and forecasts produced by a range of atmospheric models.

Perturbation growth at the convective scale for CSIP IOP18

The Met Office Unified Model is run for a case observed during Intensive Observation Period 18 (IOP18) of the Convective Storms Initiation Project (CSIP). The aims are to identify the physical processes that lead to perturbation growth at the convective scale in response to model-state perturbations and to determine their sensitivity to the character of the perturbations. The case is strongly upper-level forced but with detailed mesoscale/convective-scale evolution that is dependent on smaller-scale processes. Potential temperature is perturbed within the boundary layer. The effects on perturbation growth of both the amplitude and typical scalelength of the perturbations are investigated and perturbations are applied either sequentially (every 30 min throughout the simulation) or at specific times. The direct effects (within one timestep) of the perturbations are to generate propagating Lamb and acoustic waves and produce generally small changes in cloud parameters and convective instability. In exceptional cases a perturbation at a specific gridpoint leads to switching of the diagnosed boundary-layer type or discontinuous changes in convective instability, through the generation or removal of a lid. The indirect effects (during the entire simulation) are changes in the intensity and location of precipitation and in the cloud size distribution. Qualitatively different behaviour is found for strong (1K amplitude) and weak (0.01K amplitude) perturbations, with faster growth after sunrise found only for the weaker perturbations. However, the overall perturbation growth (as measured by the root-mean-square error of accumulated precipitation) reaches similar values at saturation, regardless of the perturbation characterisation.

The impact of targeted observations made during the Greenland Flow Distortion Experiment

The impact of targeted sonde observations on the 1-3 day forecasts for northern Europe is evaluated using the Met Office four-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme and a 24 km gridlength limited-area version of the Unified Model (MetUM). The targeted observations were carried out during February and March 2007 as part of the Greenland Flow Distortion Experiment, using a research aircraft based in Iceland. Sensitive area predictions using either total energy singular vectors or an ensemble transform Kalman filter were used to predict where additional observations should be made to reduce errors in the initial conditions of forecasts for northern Europe. Targeted sonde data was assimilated operationally into the MetUM. Hindcasts show that the impact of the sondes was mixed. Only two out of the five cases showed clear forecast improvement; the maximum forecast improvement seen over the verifying region was approximately 5% of the forecast error 24 hours into the forecast. These two cases are presented in more detail: in the first the improvement propagates into the verification region with a developing polar low; and in the second the improvement is associated with an upper-level trough. The impact of cycling targeted data in the background of the forecast (including the memory of previous targeted observations) is investigated. This is shown to cause a greater forecast impact, but does not necessarily lead to a greater forecast improvement. Finally, the robustness of the results is assessed using a small ensemble of forecasts.