921 resultados para Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
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Aucune instance spcifique nexiste sur le plan international pour les litiges civils impliquant la violation par les socits transnationales (ci aprs, STN) des normes de droits humains. Les tribunaux nationaux reprsentent linstance comptente afin dentendre ces causes de droit international priv. Cependant, les tribunaux originaires des STN manifestent leur rticence exercer leur comptence, alors que les tats o sont commises les violations souffrent parfois dun important dficit de gouvernance. Les victimes se retrouvent ainsi frquemment sans forum adquat o adresser leur requte pour les dommages subis. Lobjectif du mmoire est de rechercher puis dlaborer diffrents arguments afin de faire voluer linterprtation de la comptence des tribunaux qubcois actuellement prconise dans le cadre de deux jurisprudences phares en matire dactivit des STN ltranger, soit Association canadienne contre limpunit (ACCI) c. Anvil Mining Ltd., et Recherches Internationales Qubec c. Cambior Inc. Le premier chapitre porte sur les rgles fondant la comptence des autorits qubcoises et les principes les sous-tendant. Notre deuxime chapitre se consacrera la recherche darguments au sein de la jurisprudence trangre. Notre troisime chapitre prsentera les arguments de nature politique, sociale, thique et thorique rencontrs dans le domaine du droit global. Nous verrons alors plusieurs propositions thoriques afin de mieux apprhender les problmes lis au vide juridictionnel dont souffrent les victimes demanderesses. Cet clairage thorique contribuera justifier lapport du droit international priv dans le contrle du respect par les STN des normes de droits humains.
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Includes bibliography
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In the latest phase of globalization, transnational corporations based in the U.S. have worked closely with U.S. foreign policymakers to secure favorable foreign direct investment provisions within U.S. domestic legislation and within U.S. trade agreements. These interactions between transnational firms and the U.S. state have provided many of the preconditions for an expansion of foreign direct investment connected to capital liberalization and the growth of global supply chains from the 1980s to the present. This relationship is best conceptualized as representing a transnational interest bloc, whose policy objectives are incorporated within investment provisions in US-backed trade and investment agreements.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing debate on governance, accountability, transparency and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the mining sector of a developing country context. It examines the reporting practices of the two largest transnational gold-mining companies in Tanzania in order to draw attention to the role played by local government regulations and advocacy and campaigning by nationally organised non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with respect to promoting corporate social reporting practices. Design/methodology/approach The paper takes a political economy perspective to consider the serious implications of the neo-liberal ideologies of the global capitalist economy, as manifested in Tanzanias regulatory framework and in NGO activism, for the corporate disclosure, accountability and responsibility of transnational companies (TNCs). A qualitative field case study methodology is adopted to locate the largely unfamiliar issues of CSR in the Tanzanian mining sector within a more familiar literature on social accounting. Data for the case study were obtained from interviews and from analysis of documents such as annual reports, social responsibility reports, newspapers, NGO reports and other publicly available documents. Findings Analysis of interviews, press clips and NGO reports draws attention to social and environmental problems in the Tanzanian mining sector, which are arguably linked to the manifestation of the broader crisis of neo-liberal agendas. While these issues have serious impacts on local populations in the mining areas, they often remain invisible in mining companies social disclosures. Increasing evidence of social and environmental ills raises serious questions about the effectiveness of the regulatory frameworks, as well as the roles played by NGOs and other pressure groups in Tanzania. Practical implications By empowering local NGOs through educational, capacity building, technological and other support, NGOs advocacy, campaigning and networking with other civil society groups can play a pivotal role in encouraging corporations, especially TNCs, to adopt more socially and environmentally responsible business practices and to adhere to international and local standards, which in turn may help to improve the lives of many poor people living in developing countries in general, and Tanzania in particular. Originality/value This paper contributes insights from gold-mining activities in Tanzania to the existing literature on CSR in the mining sector. It also contributes to political economy theory by locating CSR reporting within the socio-political and regulatory context in which mining operations take place in Tanzania. It is argued that, for CSR reporting to be effective, robust regulations and enforcement and stronger political pressure must be put in place.
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The global automobile industry is made up of very large corporations and their various subsidiaries containing different functions that create complex locational structures. The networks formed by the 19 largest automobile transnational corporations constitute an automobile "oligopoly" representing more than 90% (OICA, 2012) of the world's production. Since the mid-1990s, Central and Eastern European cities have become attractive for transnational corporations and particularly for the production functions in the automobile sector. This leads to a crucial question. Are strategic functions (such as R&D) within these networks also located in Central and Eastern Europe, or is the region still manufacturing-oriented in the automobile industry? This paper focuses on the patterns and the main factors influencing the role of some of these new central and Eastern European cities that have become integrated in the global value chain of the automobile industry. By analysing the various locations of the specialized functions within the corporations, this study aims to extend the research on global value chains (Gereffi and Korzeniewicz; 1994, Sturgeon, 2000; Krtke, 2014). The spatial patterns of the various functions and the ownerships networks of the automobile industry are constructed in order to identify the cities supporting it. In particular, the way that national metropolises bring their national territories into the globalization of the automobile industry is addressed. For example, are there some specific advantages of capital cities compared to cities that have less integration in globalization terms?
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On March 15 2012, we lost Professor Alice Amsden, a great intellectual power in development economics. Her work was systematically marked by creativity, originality, relevance and her fearless commitment to always speak truth to power both in academic as well as in policy-making arenas. This In Memoriam concentrates on just one part of her great intellectual legacy: her impact to better understanding Latin America's development challenges, obstacles and policy options. Our paper focuses on three broad areas of her main influence in the region: the role of transnational corporations, the importance of manufactured exports for development, and industrial policy. As we here argue, in all of them, her work is and continues to be a substantial contribution to knowledge that policy makers will be well advised to take into account if the region is to finally enter a path of structural transformation and sustained economic and social development.
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This paper analyses reasons of the instability of the world monetary system. The author considers this problem from historical and contemporary perspectives. According to presented point of view banknotes and electronic money which replaced gold and silver coins in popular circulation are the most important reason of the instability. There are also proven positive and negative consequences of money instability. Reforms of the world monetary system need agreement within the global collective hegemony of state-powers and transnational corporations.
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La presente contribution examine les fondements normatifs ainsi que les implications ethiques du droit a leau, tel quil fut reconnu en 2002 par le comite onusien des droits economiques, sociaux et culturels. Il sera defendu que le droit a leau potable peut etre justifie en tant que droit moral fondamental, de par son caractere indispensable en vue de la garantie des conditions basiques de survie. Cet etat de fait, cependant, savere moins evident au vue dun droit a leau dusage non-domestique. Ici, la discussion se rapproche des debats accompagnant le concept beaucoup plus complexe des droits sociaux et economiques. Par rapport a ce groupe de droits, la question de lallocation est des plus controversees: a qui incombe-t-il de garantir leur respect? Dans le but deviter cette problematique dallocation, le present essai soulevera la question de savoir, si la limitation de lacces a leau peut etre concue comme une violation dautres droits moraux: bien quil y ait des cas ou des entreprises transnationales deploient des activites nuisibles a legard des populations pauvres en polluant sciemment leurs ressources en eau ou en initiant et en executant des strategies de privatisation les privant de leurs droits, la crise globale de leau ne saura etre rattachee uniquement aux effets de la mondialisation. Plutot, lon reconnaitra la necessite defforts positifs et soutenus de la part des pays developpes en vue de la realisation dun approvisionnement suffisant en eau pour tous.
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La prsente tude a pour objectif de vrifier si le Canada respecte les prescriptions internationales en matire de droits de lhomme et dentreprises vis--vis de lencadrement quil exerce sur les socits minires canadiennes voluant ltranger. En 2011, le Conseil des droits de lhomme de lONU a adopt des Principes directeurs afin de mettre en oeuvre le cadre de rfrence Protger, Respecter, Rparer du Reprsentant spcial charg de la question des droits de lhomme et des socits transnationales et autres entreprises. Selon ce cadre de rfrence, les tats ont des obligations de protection et de rparation alors que les entreprises ont seulement la responsabilit de respecter les droits humains. Aprs six annes de travail, le Reprsentant spcial John Ruggie, a fait le choix de formuler dans ses Principes directeurs des directives non contraignantes lgard des tats et des entreprises afin de les aider remplir leurs obligations et responsabilits vis--vis des droits de lhomme. Selon, lONU, cet instrument de porte universelle est le plus labor en la matire, si bien quil est recommand aux entreprises et plus particulirement aux tats de sy conformer lors de llaboration de leurs politiques respectives en matire d'activit conomique et de droits humains. Il convient donc de vrifier dune part si lencadrement exerc par lappareil lgislatif et gouvernemental vis--vis des socits minires canadiennes voluant ltranger est conforme au principe directeur Protger. Dautres part, il convient de vrifier si les recours judiciaires et extrajudiciaires disponibles au Canada remplissent les exigences du principe directeur Rparer. Cette double analyse permettra de conclure que le Canada respecte dans les grandes lignes ces Principes directeurs mais quil pourrait faire bien plus notamment en terme daccs des rparations effectives pour les victimes trangres de minires canadiennes.
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This paper is an attempt to map the global land acquisitions with a focus on Indian MNCs in acquiring overseas land for agricultural purposes. It tries to outline the contemporary political economy of capital accumulation at the global level, especially, in the emerging developing economies like India and China, where the emergence of a new capitalist class has engaged itself into acquisition of land and control of other natural resources in Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe and South East Asia, for example, water and other minerals to secure itself from the eventual losses of ongoing economic crisis and to earn profit from the volatile agricultural commodity markets. This sway of control of resources by the MNCs has got paramount State support under the helm of neoliberal policies. The paper provides scale of overseas land acquisitions at the current juncture and tries to highlight its causes and the major implications associated with it.
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Los efectos ambientales, econmicos, sociales y culturales generados por las Semillas Genticamente Modificadas-SGM y su control por empresas transnacionales como Monsanto, han incentivado la accin colectiva liderada por ONGs, tanto internacionalmente como en Colombia. El objetivo principal es analizar cmo la ONG Semillas ha incidido en las polticas colombianas relacionadas con la introduccin y uso de SGM durante el periodo 2002-2013. Se centra en la Teora de Redes Transnacionales de Defensa expuesta por M. Keck y K. Sikkink (1998). Adems, se analiza el papel de las ONGs ambientales y las corporaciones transnacionales. El argumento central es que al crear vnculos con actores nacionales e internacionales y vincularse con redes y campaas con impacto transnacional, Semillas ha posicionado la lucha en contra de las SGM y ha logrado presionar al Estado influyendo parcialmente en sus polticas y leyes, al igual que en su posicin y discurso frente al uso de SGM.
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El comercio internacional y los flujos de inversin se han incrementado en las ltimas dcadas ms rpidamente que el producto interno bruto mundial. Este rpido crecimiento de las transacciones internacionales se conoce comnmente como globalizacin. Este fenmeno puede ser visto como un dinamizador del crecimiento y desarrollo, en la medida en que los pases tiendan a especializarse en la produccin de aquellos bienes en los que tienen ventaja comparativa. Otros, por el contrario, argumentan que la globalizacin no ha contribuido al crecimiento mundial de manera homognea, beneficiando solo a un nmero pequeo de pa- ses y dando lugar a la concentracin de los flujos de comercio e inversin y a grandes inequidades. La evidencia muestra, sin embargo, que los efectos de la globalizacin en los pases en desarrollo dependen de diversos factores, especialmente de las caractersticas de los pases y de las regiones. Las ganancias en bienestar se deben ms a las medidas de liberalizacin implementadas por los pases, que a las concesiones de comercio otorgadas por los socios comerciales. As mismo, la marginalizacin de algunos pases de los mercados mundiales no es inherente al proceso de globalizacin. Esta se puede explicar ms que todo por el tipo de pol- ticas domesticas implementadas por estos pases. Algunos pases en desarrollo han sido bastante exitosos en la implementacin de una estrategia de desarrollo basada en la IED. En estos casos, las inversiones se han asociado con la rpida industrializacin y una concomitante expansin de las exportaciones con alto valor tecnolgico.
