Avaliação preliminar de métodos de enxertia para cupuaçuzeiro em Rio Branco, AC.

No Estado do Acre, o cultivo do cupuaçuzeiro encontra-se em fase de desenvolvimento, apresentando aumento na área de produção. O sucesso de cultivos pioneiros consorciados com outras fruteiras, aliado ao elevado preço do fruto e a possibilidade de industrialização e exportação dos subprodutos, vem despertando interesse de agricultores e empresários na formação de novos pomares. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar cinco métodos de nexertia para o cupuaçuzeiro nas condições edafoclimáticas de Rio Branco, AC.

Seleção de plantas matrizes de cupuaçuzeiro no Acre.

Considerando todas as características de aproveitamento industrial do cupaçuzeiro, bem como seu uso promissor em sistemas agroflorestais, é imprescindível o desenvolvimento de um programa que envolva a obtenção de plantas matrizes com a finalidade de, após a seleção de plantas com características agronômicas superiores, transformar a cultura em uma atividade produtiva e economicamente rentável. A utilização de mudas provenientes de matrizes selecionadas para as características desejáveis de produção, maior relação polpa/fruto e tolerância fitossanitária, permitirá maior rentabilidade da cultura e se constitui no principal objetivo deste trabalho.

Uma visão prospectiva do cupuaçu nos limites do Acre, vilas Nova Califórnia e Extrema, RO.

Buscou-se identificar os pontos de estrangulamento da cadeia produtiva do cupuaçu de maneira que as demandas de pesquisa, assistência técnica e logística fossem percebidas com a intenção de subsidiar as decisões do setor privado e governamental, considerando a produção gerada nos SAF's, onde o cupuaçu é um dos principais componentes, porém sem prejuízo dos sistemas d monocultivo e de quintal. Levantou-se o perfil dos produtores, agroindústria, o0rganizações não-governamentais (ONGs) diretamente envolvidas, extensão rural, pesquisa, varejistas, atacadistas, lanchonetes, consumidores e outras informações consideradas estratégicas nas tomadas de decisões dos agentes econômicos e/ou de apoio ao negócio cupuaçu.

Medidas para o controle da broca-dos-frutos do cupuaçuzeiro.

Apesar da população de insetos presentes na cultura do cupuaçuzeiro ser numerosa, poucas espécies são consideradas como pragas, causando dano econômico. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos referentes a essa área, sendo que a expansão do cultivo dessa fruteira em plantios solteiros ou como componente de sistemas agroflorestais pode levar aos aparecimento de novas pragas. Assim, os produtores e técnicos devem estar sempre atentos. Dentre as pragas citadas em cupuaçuzeiro, a broca-dos-frutos, inseto pertencente ao gênero Conotrachelus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) é a mais importante atualmente, devido aos danos causados e por estar disseminada por vários estados da Região Norte.

A broca dos frutos do cupuaçuzeiro, Conotrachelus hueropictus FIEDLER.

O cupuaçuzeiro, Theobroma grandflorum (Wild. ex Spreng.) Schum., é plantado na Região Norte, em monocultivo ou como componente de sistemas agroflorestais. Nos dosi sistemas de produção ele é atacado por insetos-praga, dentre os quais a broca dos frutos se destaca devido aos danos causados, provocando perdas na produção com diferentes graus de intensidade, dependendo da região.

Sistema agroindustrial del cacao fino o de aroma del Ecuador : identificación de oportunidades y restricciones del sistema para la mejora de la inserción del producto en el mercado externo

En los últimos años, el mercado de cacao fino o de aroma ha tenido un crecimiento constante en respuesta a la demanda de chocolates de alto contenido de cacao, origen conocido, sabores distintivos y producidos responsablemente, presionando a las industrias de chocolate premium a proveerse de cacaos diferenciados y de alta calidad. Esto exige a las cadenas agroalimentarias ajustar sus estrategias de producción y mercadeo con el fin de poder aprovechar las oportunidades (demanda creciente del producto, aranceles preferenciales para este país, entre otras) que ofrece el mercado. Sin embargo, Ecuador a pesar de ser el principal productor y exportador de cacao fino o de aroma del mundo (exporta alrededor del 96,3 por ciento de su producción), encuentra dificultades para mejorar la inserción de su producto en el mercado internacional y aprovechar estas oportunidades. Por lo tanto, el siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un diagnóstico del Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) del cacao fino o de aroma del Ecuador, con la finalidad de identificar las oportunidades y las limitaciones en el ambiente institucional, organizacional, tecnológico y comercial, y de este modo, generar información que contribuya a la mejora de la inserción del producto en el mercado mundial. El trabajo se desarrolló partir de un enfoque fenomenológico utilizando como herramienta metodológica el método EPESA. Los resultados del estudio se interpretaron y discutieron a partir de la base conceptual de la Nueva Economía Institucional y los distritos agroindustriales y agrocomerciales. Los resultados obtenidos indicarían que las restricciones institucionales estarían dadas por la ausencia de una ley que proteja los derechos de propiedad a los productores de cacao fino o de aroma. En el ambiente comercial el sistema de formación de precios no está alineado con el tipo de producto que se comercializa (especialidad), generándose alta incertidumbre especialmente para los pequeños y medianos productores que explican el 88 por ciento de los actores de la producción. De este modo aparecen comportamientos oportunistas y se generan cuasi rentas apropiables por el eslabón siguiente de la cadena. Esto desincentiva la inversión en tecnología y la innovación dando por resultado una meseta en la producción y restringiendo la mejora en la inserción del producto en el mercado mundial.

Cacao fino y de aroma del Ecuador : Cacao Arriba

A partir del siglo XIX con el desarrollo de la industria del chocolate en Europa, la producción de cacao se incrementó aceleradamente en Brasil y Ecuador, y más tarde a través de los colonizadores, se promovió el cultivo en África, llegando primero a Ghana y luego a Nigeria, Camerún y Costa de Marfil. El mercado mundial de cacao en grano distingue dos amplias categorías: el cacao fino y de aroma y el cacao común u ordinario. Alrededor del 95 por ciento de la producción mundial es cacao común, el cual procede en su mayoría de África, Asia, América Central y del Sur. El restante de la producción, es decir el 5 por ciento, corresponde a cacao fino y de aroma, el mismo que se produce en Ecuador, Indonesia, Papúa Nueva Guinea, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad y Tobago, entre otros (ICCO, 2009), y cuyas características distintivas de aroma y sabor son buscadas principalmente por los fabricantes de chocolates finos, por lo que reciben un plus o premio al precio base en los mercados internacionales. La demanda de cacao fino y de aroma es muy limitada y selectiva, ya que se usa en la elaboración de chocolates de calidad premium o gourmet, los mismos que para ser considerados finos deben elaborarse con más del 75 por ciento de esta variedad. En otros casos, el cacao fino y de aroma se combina con el cacao común para reducir el costo de la materia prima, en la elaboración de chocolates de calidad superior a la estándar como chocolates oscuros, tabletas y coberturas. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, el mercado de estos tipos de chocolate ha crecido en respuesta a los altos estándares de vida en los países consumidores, como son Europa y Estados Unidos. Actualmente, en el ámbito mundial, el grado de exigencia de los consumidores respecto de los alimentos se ha elevado y diversificado, en virtud del aumento de su poder de negociación, de la cantidad de información disponible, y de la oferta de una gran variedad de productos. Los consumidores buscan productos auténticos, genuinos, de identificación cultural, avalados por una tradición del saber hacer, es decir, alimentos que tengan un cuento que contar. De aquí la importancia de la Denominación de Origen como sello de certificación. En el Ecuador existe un tipo de cacao fino y de aroma único en el mundo, conocido en el país con el nombre de "Cacao Arriba" que posee características de sabor y aroma muy distintivas y valoradas a nivel mundial, como notas florales, frutales y a nuez. Este reconocimiento le permite ser competitivo en calidad, mas no en productividad, ya que los países africanos son los mayores productores a nivel mundial, y se han especializado en rendimiento y no en atributos.

Agroforestry systems of timber species and cacao: survival and growth during the early stages

In recent times, increased emphasis has been placed on diversifying the types of trees to shade cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) and to achieve additional services. Agroforestry systems that include profitable and native timber trees are a viable alternative but it is necessary to understand the growth characteristics of these species under different environmental conditions. Thus, timber tree species selection should be based on plant responses to biotic and abiotic factors. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate growth rates and leaf area indices of the four commercial timber species: Cordia thaisiana, Cedrela odorata, Swietenia macrophylla and Tabebuia rosea in conjunction with incidence of insect attacks and (2) to compare growth rates of four Venezuelan Criollo cacao cultivars planted under the shade of these four timber species during the first 36 months after establishment. Parameters monitored in timber trees were: survival rates, growth rates expressed as height and diameter at breast height and leaf area index. In the four Cacao cultivars: height and basal diameter. C. thaisiana and C. odorata had the fastest growth and the highest survival rates. Growth rates of timber trees will depend on their susceptibility to insect attacks as well as to total leaf area. All cacao cultivars showed higher growth rates under the shade of C. odorata. Growth rates of timber trees and cacao cultivars suggest that combinations of cacao and timber trees are a feasible agroforestry strategy in Venezuela.

ICGD 2003: International Cocoa Germplasm Database Version 5.2. CD-ROM

The current version of this database on CD-ROM contains information on 14 127 cocoa (Theobroma cacao) clones and their 14 112 synonyms, the origin and history of the clones and the clone names, and accession lists for 48 of the major cocoa gene banks including quarantine stations. Also included are morphological data for leaves, fruits and seeds, disease reactions, quality and agronomic characters, and reference information on common abbreviations and acronyms, cocoa gene bank addresses and a full bibliography (with hyperlinked reference to data). New additions are 748 photographs and drawings of 428 individual clones in 11 different locations. Also included are 376 profiles for 15 simple sequence repeat primer pairs on 331 clones held in the University of Reading Intermediate Cocoa Quarantine Facility. Minimum system requirements are Windows 95 or later, a Pentium 166 with 32 MB RAM, CD-ROM drive and a minimum 20 MB hard disk space. A user guide is included in the package.

Investigation on Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) pollen transmission through cross-pollination

DNA- and RNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems were used with Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) primers designed from conserved regions of the six published genomic sequences of CSSV to investigate whether the virus is transmissible from infected trees through cross-pollination to seeds and seedlings. Pollen was harvested from CSSV infected cocoa trees and used to cross-pollinate flowers of healthy cocoa trees (recipient parents) to generate enough cocoa seeds for the PCR screening. Adequate precautions were taken to avoid cross-contamination during duplicated DNA extractions and only PCR results accompanied by effective positive and negative controls were scored. Results from the PCR analyses showed that samples of cocoa pod husk, mesocarp and seed tissues (testa, cotyledon and embryo) from the cross-pollinations were PCR negative for CSSV DNA. Sequential DNA samples from new leaves of seedlings resulting from the cross-pollinated trees were consistently PCR negative for presence of portions of CSSV DNA for over 36 months after germination. A reverse transcription-PCR analysis performed on the seedlings showed negative results, indicating absence of functional CSSV RNA transcripts in the seedlings. None of the seedlings exhibited symptoms characteristic of the CSSV disease, and all infectivity tests on the seedlings were also negative. Following these results, the study concluded that although CSSV DNA was detected in pollen from CSSV infected trees, there was no evidence of pollen transmission of the virus through cross-pollination from infected cocoa parents to healthy cocoa trees. Keywords:badnavirus;CSSV;PCR;pollen;seed transmission;Theobroma cacao

Optimal planning of cocoa clonal selection programmes

Data from three cocoa (Theobroma cacao) clonal selection trials are used to investigate the genetic and environmental components of variation in yield and the percentage of total pods affected by black pod disease (Phytophtora pod rot). Simulations based on these estimated components of variation are then used to discuss the best choice in future of numbers of clones, replicates and years of harvest to maximise selection advances in the traits measured. The three main conclusions are the need to increase the number of clones at the expense of the number of replicates of each clone, the diminishing returns from additional years of harvesting and the importance of widening the genetic base of the clones chosen to be tested.

High-resolution melt and morphological analyses of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from cacao: tools for the control of Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus spread

BACKGROUND: Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) are key vectors of badnaviruses, including Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) the most damaging virus affecting cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). The effectiveness of mealybugs as virus vectors is species dependent and it is therefore vital that CSSV resistance breeding programmes in cacao incorporate accurate mealybug identification. In this work the efficacy of a CO1-based DNA barcoding approach to species identification was evaluated by screening a range of mealybugs collected from cacao in seven countries. RESULTS: Morphologically similar adult females were characterised by scanning electron microscopy and then, following DNA extraction, were screened with CO1 barcoding markers. A high degree of CO1 sequence homology was observed for all 11 individual haplotypes including those accessions from distinct geographical regions. This has allowed for the design of a High Resolution Melt (HRM) assay capable of rapid identification of the commonly encountered mealybug pests of cacao. CONCLUSIONS: HRM Analysis (HRMA) readily differentiated between mealybug pests of cacao that can not necessarily be identified by conventional morphological analysis. This new approach, therefore, has potential to facilitate breeding for resistance to CSSV and other mealybug transmitted diseases.

Pre-Columbian ring ditch construction and land use on a “chocolate forest island” in the Bolivian Amazon

We present a palaeoecological investigation of pre-Columbian land use in the savannah “forest island” landscape of north-east Bolivian Amazonia. A 5700 year sediment core from La Luna Lake, located adjacent to the La Luna forest island site, was analysed for fossil pollen and charcoal. We aimed to determine the palaeoenvironmental context of pre-Columbian occupation on the site and assess the environmental impact of land use in the forest island region. Evidence for anthropogenic burning and Zea mays L. cultivation began ~2000 cal a BP, at a time when the island was covered by savannah, under drier-than-present climatic conditions. After ~1240 cal a BP burning declined and afforestation occurred. We show that construction of the ring ditch, which encircles the island, did not involve substantial deforestation. Previous estimates of pre-Columbian population size in this region, based upon labour required for forest clearance, should therefore be reconsidered. Despite the high density of economically useful plants, such as Theobroma cacao, in the modern forest, no direct pollen evidence for agroforestry was found. However, human occupation is shown to pre-date and span forest expansion on this site, suggesting that here, and in the wider forest island region, there is no truly pre-anthropogenic ‘pristine’ forest.

Optimising mirid control on cocoa farms through complementary monitoring systems

Mirids (Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobroma) are the most important insect pests affecting cocoa production across West Africa. Understanding the population dynamics of mirids is key to their management, however, the current recommended hand-height assessment method is labour intensive. The objective of the study was to compare recently developed mirid sex pheromone trapping and visual hand-height assessment methods as monitoring tools on cocoa farms and to consider implications for a decision support system. Ten farms from the Eastern and Ashanti regions of Ghana were used for the study. Mirid numbers and damage were assessed fortnightly on twenty trees per farm, using both methods, from January 2012 to April 2013. The mirid population increased rapidly in June, reached a peak in September and began to decline in October. There was a significant linear relationship between numbers of mirids sampled to hand-height and mirid damage. High numbers of male mirids were recorded in pheromone traps between January and April 2012 after which there was a gradual decline. There was a significant inverse relationship between numbers of trapped adult mirids and mirids sampled to hand-height (predominantly nymphs). Higher temperatures and lower relative humidities in the first half of the year were associated with fewer mirids at hand-height but larger numbers of adult males were caught in pheromone traps. The study showed that relying solely on one method is not sufficient to provide accurate information on mirid population dynamics and a combination of the two methods is necessary.

Landscape and farm scale management to enhance biodiversity conservation in the cocoa producing region of southern Bahia, Brazil

In southern Bahia, Brazil, large land areas are used for the production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), which is predominantly grown under the shade of native trees in an agroforestry system locally known as cabruca. As a dominant forest-like landscape element of the cocoa region, the cabrucas play an important role in the conservation of the region`s biodiversity. The purpose of this review is to provide the scientific basis for an action plan to reconcile cocoa production and biodiversity conservation in southern Bahia. The available research collectively highlights the diversity of responses of different species and biological groups to both the habitat quality of the cabrucas themselves and to the general characteristics of the landscape, such as the relative extent and spatial configuration of different vegetation types within the landscape mosaic. We identify factors that influence directly or indirectly the occurrence of native species in the cabrucas and the wider landscape of the cocoa region and develop recommendations for their conservation management. We show that the current scientific knowledge already provides a good basis for a biodiversity friendly management of the cocoa region of southern Bahia, although more work is needed to refine some management recommendations, especially on shade canopy composition and density, and verify their economic viability. The implementation of our recommendations should be accompanied by appropriate biological and socioeconomic monitoring and the findings should inform a broad program of adaptive management of the cabrucas and the wider cocoa landscape.