Utredning av förfrågningsunderlag gällande byggandet av trästomme med fokus på offentlig upphandling

In the mid 1990s a previous prohibitions against multi-story buildings higher than two floors with a wooden frame was changed. Today multi-storey buildings are being built in Skellefteå, Sundsvall, Växjö, and Stockholm with others. Despite this only one of five houses being built today has a wooden frame. Since the municipality is a key force to get projects with wooden frames, this papers purpose is to improve tender document for the opportunity to submit bids and building with wooden frames. To help us forward with our work three questions were formulated. 1) What is the basis from a wooden constructions company perspective, of which they determines if they can place a bid or not? 2) What is the difference between tender documents made by a municipality compared to a private buyer? 3) How can tender documents be improved to create an opportunity to place a bid containing an alternative frame system? To answer these questions a literature study was carried out. The literature study is the basis of this paper. To obtain empirical data a document analysis of tender documents was carried out. The result of the study shows that wood frames are hard to adapt to an already finished technical specification, or to a tender document containing an extensive technical specification. To obtain alternative solutions, the buyer should focus on object design, form and function, or a general technical specification. Instead the technical specifications should be drawn up by the supplier, or in collaboration with them. The tender evaluation should be made by the most economically advantageous rather then the lowest price. Then the buyer can evaluate the offers against each other, rather then choosing the lowest price. This also gives the possibility for suppliers to make a bid containing an alternative solution. As a continuation of this paper, we recommend a study on which impact a general technical specification has on the project final cost.  Furthermore a study exploring which possibilities partner procurement can have alternative solutions in the Swedish procurement act. This report deal exclusively with how tender documents should be formulated. Life cycle analysis, carbon dioxide emissions and strength calculations will not be executed. 

HERMES - High Efficiency Roads with Rerouteing Methods and Traffic Signal Control.

HERMES is one of the projects in the European ATT Programme. The ATT Programme (or DRIVE II as it is frequently referred to) is an application oriented Community Research and Technological Development Programme that has been conceived and implemented with the objective of contributing to the competitiveness of Europe and to its social and economic cohesion. An important means toward this end is the direct collaboration between different European sector actors: road authorities, fleet operators, road user representatives, industry, and research institutions. DRIVE I has already achieved an important step into this direction. DRIVE II aims at providing a framework that encourages even closer cooperation through large scale international pilot projects that will require common functional and technical specifications for the systems to be implemented at least between the partners directly involved in any project. HERMES is one of the so-called "supporting R&D projects" that provides strategies, algorithms and systems for the pilot applications

Minimizar o sobrecusto da redução da capacidade de interligação com recurso ao counter-trading

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de energia

Produção de biodiesel de blendas dos óleos de mamona e arroz em escala piloto

A utilização do óleo de mamona como matéria-prima para produção de biodiesel mostra-se inviável na combustão interna do motor devido sua natureza química incomum que lhe confere especificações acima do permitido nas especificações técnicas da legislação nacional brasileira. Desta forma, a blenda com óleo de arroz refinado (OM:OA) qualifica o biodiesel atendendo a legislação nacional, além de corrigir a elevada acidez do óleo bruto de mamona prejudicial ao processo de transesterificação homogênea básica. No presente estudo realizou-se a produção de biodiesel etílico em escala piloto a partir de blendas de óleo bruto de mamona e óleo refinado de arroz em dois processos: o primeiro processo adotando a mistura direta dos dois óleos e o segundo processo pela esterificação antecipada do óleo bruto de mamona. Ambos os processos foram aplicados visando tanto definir os critérios de processo (acidez inicial) quanto o cumprimento das especificações técnicas (viscosidade e densidade). A produção em escala piloto (200 litros/batelada) foi realizada na Usina Demonstrativa para Produção de Biodiesel – BIOSUL (Edital FINEP, 2005) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG utilizando em ambos os processos transesterificação, com hidróxido de sódio, e esterificação com ácido sulfúrico. Os processos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, sendo o processo de mistura direta (Processo A) o que obteve melhores rendimentos (94,04%, blenda 20:80) enquanto que o processo de pré- esterificação (Processo B) foi aquele que proporcionou a maior fração de óleo de mamona na blenda (80,36%, 33:67). Os resultados para o Processo A de glicerol livre, monoacilgliceróis, diacilgliceróis, triacilgliceróis e de glicerol total foram, respectivamente, de 1,322 %, 6,092 %, 1,000 %, 0,884 e 3,152%. Neste estudo foi comprovada a viabilidade do processamento, em batelada, de blendas dos óleos de mamona e arroz. O óleo de mamona bruto pode ser utilizado em até 30% produzindo biodiesel dentro da legislação, verificando-se assim a viabilidade do uso da mamona na produção de biocombustíveis.

Viabilidad de la aplicación de materiales reciclados y cenizas de biomasa en la fabricación de materiales tratados con cemento

La presente Tesis Doctoral es una contribución al conocimiento y la investigación sobre el uso de áridos reciclados y cenizas de fondo procedentes de la combustión de biomasa para su uso en ingeniería civil. El interés en el uso de áridos reciclados procedentes de residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) están en continuo crecimiento debido a su potencial frente a diversos usos, entre ellos como material tratado con cemento para capas estructurales de carretera. Por otro lado, la producción de energía eléctrica a partir de centrales termoeléctricas que emplean biomasa como combustible, origina principalmente dos residuos: Cenizas de fondo (CF) formadas por el material total o parcialmente quemado y cenizas volantes (CV), partículas arrastradas por la corriente de gases al exterior de la cámara de combustión. En el desarrollo de este trabajo, se evaluó en una primera etapa, el comportamiento físico, químico y mecánico de diferentes mezclas de materiales granulares reciclados tratados con cemento, con diferentes contenidos de sulfato y de esta manera poder establecer protocolos de aplicación en la fabricación de suelocemento. Posteriormente, se analizo la viabilidad técnica de las cenizas de fondo de biomasa de varias plantas de energía andaluzas y de esta manera, evaluar su potencial uso en obras de infraestructura civil. Se determinó que las cenizas de fondo biomasa poseen propiedades aceptables para ser utilizados como un material de relleno en el núcleo de terraplenes de carreteras de más de 5 m en altura sin medidas de precaución adicionales. Por último, se estudio la posibilidad de incorporar, en proporciones determinadas, cenizas de fondo de biomasa en diferentes mezclas con árido natural y árido reciclado para su uso en ingeniería civil, concretamente como suelocemento para base y subbase de carreteras. El análisis de las propiedades mecánicas fue muy positivo. Las características físicas, químicas y mecánicas han sido estudiadas de acuerdo a la normativa vigente, y los parámetros han sido comparados con las especificaciones técnicas impuestas por la regulación española. La concepción del residuo como recurso para incorporarlo de nuevo al sistema productivo es un reto clave y una obligación y la principal motivación para el desarrollo de la presente Tesis Doctoral. Por ello, la correcta gestión de estos subproductos industriales, es esencial para evitar los impactos negativos sobre los ecosistemas, la biodiversidad y la salud humana, sin olvidar el beneficio económico que supone esta práctica.

A new concept for a Sport-Coupè car developed with the Industrial Design Structure method (IDeS)

The aim of this study, conducted in collaboration with Lawrence Technological University in Detroit, is to create, through the method of the Industrial Design Structure (IDeS), a new concept for a sport-coupe car, based on a restyling of a retro model (Ford Mustang 1967). To date, vintage models of cars always arouse great interest both for the history behind them and for the classic and elegant style. Designing a model of a vehicle that can combine the charm of retro style with the innovation and comfort of modern cars would allow to meet the needs and desires of a large segment of the market that today is forced to choose between past and future. Thanks to a well-conceived concept car an automaker company is able to express its future policy, to make a statement of intent as, such a prototype, ticks all the boxes, from glamour and visual wow-factor to technical intrigue and design fascination. IDeS is an approach that makes use of many engineering tools to realize a study developed on several steps that must be meticulously organized and timed. With a deep analysis of the trends dominating the automotive industry it is possible to identify a series of product requirements using quality function deployment (QFD). The considerations from this first evaluation led to the definition of the technical specifications via benchmarking (BM) and top-flop analysis (TFA). Then, the structured methodology of stylistic design engineering (SDE) is applied through six phases: (1) stylistic trends analysis; (2) sketches; (3) 2D CAD drawings; (4) 3D CAD models; (5) virtual prototyping; (6) solid stylistic model. Finally, Developing the IDeS method up to the final stages of Prototypes and Testing you get a product as close as possible to the ideal vehicle conceptualized in the initial analysis.

A technical summary and compilation of characteristics and specifications on steep-gradient aircraft; [Project Hummingbird, technical report]

Mode of access: Internet.

Parameterization of applied general equilibrium models with flexible trade specifications based on the Armington, Krugman, and Melitz models

This paper explains how the Armington-Krugman-Melitz supermodel developed by Dixon and Rimmer can be parameterized, and demonstrates that only two kinds of additional information are required in order to extend a standard trade model to include Melitz-type monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms. Further, it is shown how specifying too much additional information leads to violations of the model constraints, necessitating adjustment and reconciliation of the data. Once a Melitz-type model is parameterized, a Krugman-type model can also be parameterized using the calibrated values in the Melitz-type model without any additional data. Sample code for the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) has also been prepared to promote the innovative supermodel in the AGE community.

Prospects for Energy Supply and Demand in the Southern Mediterranean: Scenarios for 2010-30. MEDPRO Technical Report No. 22/December 2012

The aim of this technical report is to quantify alternative energy demand and supply scenarios for ten southern and eastern Mediterranean countries up to 2030. The report presents the model-based results of four alternative scenarios that are broadly in line with the MEDPRO scenario specifications on regional integration and cooperation with the EU. The report analyses the main implications of the scenarios in the following areas: • final energy demand by sector (industry, households, services, agriculture and transport); • the evolution of the power generation mix, the development of renewable energy sources and electricity exports to the EU; • primary energy production and the balance of trade for hydrocarbons; • energy-related CO2 emissions; and • power generation costs.

Functional specifications for an advanced chromatography automation system /

Mode of access: Internet.

Technical report of construction on modification of Grand Coulee Feeder Canal /

"Work Performed in 1977 through 1981 Under Specifications No. DC-7292"

State-of-the-art in asphalt pavement specifications /

"July 1984."

Research safety vehicle program (phase II) specification review. Volume II. Final technical report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Research safety vehicle - phase II. Volume II: comprehensive technical results. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Final report specifications for grant, contract, and in-house projects.

Includes sample.