A multiparental cross population for mapping QTL for relevant agronomic traits in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)

Multiparental cross designs for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) in crops are efficient alternatives to conventional biparental experimental populations because they exploit a broader genetic basis and higher mapping resolution. We describe the development and deployment of a multiparental recombinant inbred line (RIL) population in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) obtained by crossing four elite cultivars characterized by different traits of agronomic value. A linkage map spanning 2,663 cM and including 7,594 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was produced by genotyping 338 RILs with a wheat-dedicated 90k SNP chip. A cluster file was developed for correct allele calling in the framework of the tetraploid durum wheat genome. Based on phenotypic data collected over four field experiments, a multi-trait quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was carried out for 18 traits of agronomic relevance (including yield, yield-components, morpho-physiological and seed quality traits). Across environments, a total of 63 QTL were identified and characterized in terms of the four founder haplotypes. We mapped two QTL for grain yield across environments and 23 QTL for grain yield components. A novel major QTL for number of grain per spikelet/ear was mapped on chr 2A and shown to control up to 39% of phenotypic variance in this cross. Functionally different QTL alleles, in terms of direction and size of genetic effect, were distributed among the four parents. Based on the occurrence of QTL-clusters, we characterized the breeding values (in terms of effects on yield) of most of QTL for heading and maturity as well as yield component and quality QTL. This multiparental RIL population provides the wheat community with a highly informative QTL mapping resource enabling the dissection of the genetic architecture of multiple agronomic relevant traits in durum wheat.

The response of four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties to field water deficit: leaf anti-oxidative protection and proteolytic activity

Introduction: Drought is one of the most significant factors that limit plant productivity. Oxidative stress is a secondary event in many unfavorable environmental conditions. Intracellular proteases have a role in the metabolism reorganisation and nutrient remobilization under stress. In order to under stand the relative significance of oxidative stress and proteolysis in the yield reduction under drought, four varieties of Triticum aestivum L. with different field drought resistance were examined. Methods: A two-year field experiment was conducted. Analyses were performed on the upper most leaf of control plants and plants under water deficitat the stages most critical for yield reduction under drought (from jointing till milk ripeness). Leaf water deficit and electrolyte leakage, malondyaldehyde level, activities and isoenzymes of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, leaf protein content and proteolytic activity were studied. Yield components were analyzed. Results: A general trend of increasing the membrane in stability and accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides was observed with some differences among varieties, especially under drought. The anti-oxidative enzyme activities were progressively enhanced, as well as the azocaseinolytic activities. The leaf protein content decreased under drought at the last phase. Differences among varieties were observed in the parameters under study. They were compared to yield components` reduction under water deprivation.

Die Auffindung des wilden Emmers (Triticum Dicoccum) in Nordpalästina

Aaron Aaronsohn

Die Auffindung des wilden Emmers (Triticum Dicoccum) in Nordpalästina

G. Schweinfurth

Light intensity selectively influences the distribution and further redistribution of macro- and micronutrients in hydroponically grown wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)

Investigations were focused on light effects on allocation of root-borne macronutrients (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and micronutrients (iron, manganese, zinc and copper) in roots, shoots and harvested grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants were exposed to low (100 μmol photons m−2 s−1) or high light (380 μmol photons m−2 s−1). High light stimulated both root and shoot growth. While the total contents per plant of some nutrients were markedly higher (calcium and potassium) or lower (copper) under high light, no major differences were observed for other nutrients. The distribution of nutrients and the further redistribution within the shoot were influenced by the light intensity in an element-specific manner. Nutrients were selectively directed to the leaves of the main shoot (low light) or to the tillers (high light). The quality of the harvested grains was also affected by the light intensity.

Respuesta productiva a diferentes programaciones de riego en trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) : región semiárida de Córdoba, Argentina

En la evaluación regional de riego con equipos presurizados, se observa que la mayoría de los establecimientos no hacen uso de programas de riego basados en necesidades hídricas, dando lugar a un uso inadecuado de los recursos hídricos. Por ello, en el presente trabajo se evalúa la producción de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) bajo riego programado considerando las variables clima-suelo-cultivo. La experiencia se desarrolló en el campo experimental de la Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto durante los ciclos 1999, 2000 y 2001. Se contó con la información climática de la estación meteorológica instalada en el lugar. En los ensayos se consideró un diseño estadístico en parcelas totalmente al azar con seis repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron los siguientes: 1. sin riego; 2. reponiendo desde un umbral de marchitez incipiente hasta capacidad de campo; 3. reponiendo desde umbral de marchitez incipiente hasta un nivel que permita el aprovechamiento del agua de lluvia con un 75 % de probabilidad de ocurrencia; 4. riego sólo en el período comprendido entre las etapas fenológicas de macollaje y grano lechoso y 5. considerando el modelo de programación YACU. Los resultados de esta experiencia en los tres años considerados establecen una respuesta significativa al riego complementario, con una producción promedio de los tratamientos bajo riego de 4980 kg.ha-1 en 1999, 5895 kg.ha-1 en el 2000 y 6271 kg.ha-1 en el 2001, contra 3296 kg.ha-1, 4054 kg.ha-1 y 3197 kg.ha-1, respectivamente, para los tratamientos sin riego. Dentro de los tratamientos bajo riego, en los dos primeros años se obtuvieron valores significativamente menores en las parcelas regadas sólo entre macollaje y grano lechoso: 4704 kg.ha-1 en 1999 y 4973 kg.ha-1 en el 2000.

Caracterización del patrón de gluteninas de bajo peso molecular de trigo pan (Triticum aestivum L.) y su efecto sobre el potencial uso final de la harina

El trigo pan [Tritivum aestivum L.]tiene diversos usos en la industria alimenticia debido a las características particulares de la harina y es el ingrediente principal en la elaboración de pan, galletitas, productos de repostería, pastas frescas, etc. La calidad intrínseca de las harinas está influenciada por la cantidad y calidad de proteínas del gluten: Gluteninas de alto [HMW-Gs]y bajo peso molecular [LMW-Gs]y Gliadinas [Gli]. A su vez, la calidad reológica está afectada por factores ambientales y la relación Genotipo x Ambiente. Por lo mencionado, resulta importante conocer los efectos de los patrones proteicos sobre la calidad industrial de trigo pan y comprender la incidencia de la disponibilidad de Nitrógeno y temperaturas elevadas durante el llenado de los granos sobre las fracciones proteicas que componen el gluten y la reolgía de las masas. Se utilizaron proteinogramas [SDS-PAGE, unidimensionales]para la identificación proteica de 74 cultivares argentinos de trigo pan y el test de sedimentación [SDSS]para estimar la fuerza de gluten, como indicador de calidad intrínseca y para ver el efecto del ambiente se utilizaron 26 cultivares de trigo pan sembrados en el mismo sitio y con las mismas condiciones de manejo, en dos años [2008 y 2009]con temperaturas contrastantes durante el llenado de los granos y dos niveles de fertilización nitrogenada. La combinación total de las proteínas del gluten [HMW-Gs+LMWGs+Gli]tuvo más influencia sobre la calidad del gluten que cada fracción proteica en particular. En general, las altas temperaturas aumentaron la cantidad del Gli y la extensibilidad de las masas [L], en tanto que la disponibilidad de N incrementó todos los grupos proteicos, la fuerza [W]y la extensibilidad de la masa. Igualmente, se observó un efecto diferencial de dichos factores sobre los patrones proteicos y la calidad final, según la composición del gluten.

Combined use of gliadins and SSRs to analyse the genetic variability of the Spanish collection of cultivated diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum)

This work studied the combined use of gliadins and SSRs to analyse inter- and intra-accession variability of the Spanish collection of cultivated einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) maintained at the CRF-INIA. In general, gliadin loci presented higher discrimination power than SSRs, reflecting the high variability of the gliadins. The loci on chromosome 6A were the most polymorphic with similar PIC values for both marker systems, showing that these markers are very useful for genetic variability studies in wheat. The gliadin results indicated that the Spanish einkorn collection possessed high genetic diversity, being the differentiation large between varieties and small within them. Some associations between gliadin alleles and geographical and agro-morphological data were found. Agro-morphological relations were also observed in the clusters of the SSRs dendrogram. A high concordance was found between gliadins and SSRs for genotype identification. In addition, both systems provide complementary information to resolve the different cases of intra-accession variability not detected at the agro-morphological level, and to identify separately all the genotypes analysed. The combined use of both genetic markers is an excellent tool for genetic resource evaluation in addition to agro-morphological evaluation.

Effects of N fertilisation, year and prolamin alleles on guten quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. turgidum) landraces from Spain

A subset of durum wheat Spanish landraces, previously evaluated for yield at low and high nitrogen (N) levels, was analysed for quality, protein content (P) and sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test. The evaluation was carried out at the two N rates and in two years. The influence of prolamin alleles at the Glu-1, Glu-3, Glu-B2 and Gli-1 loci on quality parameters was also studied. The non significant Variety-by-Year or Variety-by-N interactions suggested that year and N affected all the varieties in a similar manner. Year and N effects were larger than variety effect for P, which increased with N. In contrast, variety genotype exhibited a stronger influence on SDSS test, which was not affected by year and fertilizer. Variety effects on P did not reflect the variety differences for SDSS test. A high positive influence of some prolamin alleles on quality parameters was detected, mainly for SDSS values. No correlation between yield and P was detected in the landraces adapted to low N. Based on the results of yield and quality evaluations, four landraces with high yield and high gluten strength were pre-selected for low N production.