963 resultados para TRANSFUSÃO DE SANGUE


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This study aimed to focus on aspects of public administration concerning the implementation of the public policy of complementary blood collection by the itinerant and scheduled PPCCIPS services either trough off local unity or mobile unit blood collection operations, which are managed by the State Institute of Hematology Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti - HEMORIO. The case study method was used in that public health institutional field, in search for a better understanding of responsibilities and management related to collection, serology, fractionation, storage and distribution of blood supply to almost all public hospitals and clinics, summed up to agreements with the single health system of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Bibliographic references, documentary and field data obtained through interviews and systematic observation in the public servants of HEMORIO workplaces, were treated by the analysis of the content method and the results of this research revealed the complexity of those services, and needs in outstanding aspects of infrastructure, equipment, logistics and personnel, which are critical for the achievement of the increased public collection of blood in the Rio de Janeiro State, endorsing the suggestions for the implementation of PPCCIPS in HEMORIO. The main point found in this research results concern the immanent ethical commitment of that public service personnel, including staff members and low ranking members as well, perceived due to a brief philosophical overlook on that personnel¿s attitudes. An important strategic aspect was revealed by the need for excellence of midia communications and education programs to implement the community involvement in the whole process. Final reflections point out that personnel posture is considered vital for the quality of the expected care of the technical activities and also for the quality of its final products release to the local public, fluminense, which is the irreplaceable human blood, and their derivatives. Despite the author¿s effort in this dissertation there is much more to be studied on that crucial theme.

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A homocistinúria é uma desordem metabólica causada pela deficiência da enzima cistationina β-sintase, resultando no acúmulo tecidual de homocisteína e de metionina. Os pacientes afetados por essa doença apresentam principalmente retardo mental, isquemia cerebral, convulsões e aterosclerose. Entretanto, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos responsáveis por essas manifestações são pouco conhecidos. O sistema colinérgico apresenta papel importante na função cognitiva do qual as colinesterases, acetilcolinesterase e butirilcolinesterase, são constituintes ubíquos. Similarmente à acetilcolinesterase, a butirilcolinesterase hidrolisa a acetilcolina e está presente no soro, coração, endotélio vascular e no sistema nervoso. Estudos têm mostrado que as colinesterases estão inibidas no córtex cerebral de pacientes com a doença de Alzheimer. Adicionalmente, há evidências na literatura mostrando que as colinesterases são inibidas por radicais livres. A Na+,K+-ATPase é uma enzima fundamental responsável pela manutenção do gradiente iônico necessário para a excitabilidade neuronal e consome de 40 a 60% do ATP formado no cérebro. Recentes estudos têm demonstrado que essa enzima é inibida por radicais livres e também que sua atividade está diminuída na isquemia cerebral, epilepsia e em doenças neurodegenerativas como a doença de Alzheimer. Além disso, nosso grupo demonstrou que a homocisteína inibe a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase cerebral. Considerando que: a) pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos responsáveis pelas manifestações neurológicas que ocorrem na homocistinúria, b) a administração de homocisteína prejudica a memória, c) as colinesterases são importantes para as funções cognitivas, d) a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase está diminuída na isquemia cerebral, e) a homocisteína inibe a atividade dessa enzima in vitro e f) as atividades da butirilcolinesterase e da Na+,K+-ATPase em tecidos periféricos podem ser consideradas marcadores de alterações que ocorram no sistema nervoso central, no presente estudo determinamos o efeito in vitro da homocisteína sobre as atividades da butirilcolinesterase e da Na+,K+-ATPase em soro e plaquetas de ratos, respectivamente. Também determinamos o efeito da administração aguda e crônica de homocisteína sobre a atividade da butirilcolinesterase sérica e a influência das vitaminas E e C sobre os efeitos inibitórios causados pela homocisteína. Os resultados mostraram que a homocisteína diminuiu significativamente a atividade da butirilcolinesterase em soro de ratos de 60 dias in vitro. A homocisteína inibiu essa enzima de forma competitiva com a acetilcolina como substrato. Também foi verificado que a homocisteína reduziu significativamente as atividades da butirilcolinesterase e da Na+,K+-ATPase em soro e plaquetas de ratos de 29 dias, respectivamente. Nossos resultados também mostraram que a administração aguda de homocisteína diminuiu significativamente a atividade da butirilcolinesterase em soro de ratos de 29 dias. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que o pré-tratamento com as vitaminas E e C não alterou per se a atividade da butirilcolinesterase, mas preveniu a redução da atividade dessa enzima causada pela administração aguda de homocisteína. Por fim, determinou-se que a administração crônica desse aminoácido diminuiu significativamente a atividade da butirilcolinesterase. Os resultados obtidos em nosso trabalho sugerem que a redução das atividades da butirilcolinesterase e da Na+,K+-ATPase pode estar associada à disfunção neurológica presente em pacientes homocistinúricos, uma vez que a determinação dessas enzimas em sistemas periféricos represente um marcador para a ação neurotóxica da homocisteína.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivos: determinar, para suínos, os valores de ED e EM de farinhas de sangue e farinhas de víceras, obtidas por diferentes processamentos, com base na EB e na digestibilidade da proteína e da gordura; estimar valores de ED e EM de farinhas de sangue e de víceras, pela soma das energias da proteína e da gordura digestíveis destas fontes; estudar influências da origem e do tipo de processamento sobre os valores energéticos das farinhas de origem animal; gerar dados para atualizar tabelas de composição química e valores energéticos de alimentos para suínos.

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Foram pesquisados resíduos organoclorados em três tecidos humanos: sangue, leite materno e tecido adiposo. Sangue foi colhido de 122 indivíduos, leite materno de 19 lactantes e tecido adiposo de 23 pacientes submetidos a diversas cirurgias. Para cada tecido foram compostos dois grupos: um urbano e outro residente em áreas de intensa atividade agrícola. Os resíduos organoclorados pesquisados foram: α - HCH; γ-HCH; Aldrin; Dieldrin; Endrin; Heptacloro; Heptacloro epóxido; HCB; Mirex; o,p´DDD; o,p´DDT; Oxiclordane; p,p´Metoxicloro; p,p´DDD; p,p´DDE; p,p´DDT e Transnonacloro. Todos os doadores responderam a questionário com quesitos sobre idade, sexo, peso, atividade, local de residência, contato ou não com pesticidas. Foi testada, através de análise estatística, a relação entre presença/ausência de organoclorados nos diferentes tecidos e os dados levantados no questionário. Todas as amostras urbanas foram negativas para os organoclorados analisados. As amostras obtidas nas áreas de atividade agrícola foram positivas, com níveis crescentes de contaminação na seqüência sangue, leite materno, tecido adiposo. Os resultados das análises do presente trabalho foram comparados com resultados préexistentes no Rio Grande do Sul. Entre a pesquisa atual e as pesquisas anteriores usadas para comparação, verificou-se diminuição da incidência de organoclorados em todos os tecidos pesquisados. O OC p,p´DDE foi o único organoclorado encontrado em todos os tecidos e em todas as pesquisas, tanto atuais como anteriores usadas para comparação.

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Objetivo: Determinar os níveis da endotelina-1 (ET-1) no sangue de cordão umbilical e no plasma de recém-nascidos pré-termo com doença da membrana hialina (DMH) e comparar estes níveis com controles. Metodologia: Nós determinamos os níveis da ET-1 em 18 pré-termos com DMH que não tiveram diagnóstico clínico ou ecocardiográfico de hipertensão pulmonar e em 22 prétermos sem DMH (peso de nascimento < 2000g e idade gestacional ≤ 34 semanas). Foram utilizados sangue do cordão umbilical e uma segunda amostra de sangue coletada durante as primeiras 12 a 48 horas de vida após o nascimento, para determinação da ET-1 por enzimoimunoensaio. Resultados: As medianas dos valores da ET-1 do sangue de cordão umbilical foram similares nos dois grupos (controles: 10,9pg/mL e DMH: 11,4pg/mL) e foram significativamente maiores do que as da segunda amostra (controles: 1,7pg/mL, DMH: 3,5pg/mL; p<0,001 para ambos os grupos). As medianas da ET-1 da segunda amostra foram significativamente maiores no grupo com DMH do que no grupo controle (p<0,001). Houve uma correlação positiva entre dosagem da ET-1 na segunda amostra e o Escore de Gravidade Neonatal SNAPPE II (r=0,36, p=0,02), e duração da ventilação mecânica (r=0,59, p=0,04). Um declíneo mais lento nos valores da ET-1 do nascimento para as 12 a 48h de vida foi observado nos recém-nascidos pré-termo com DMH comparados com os controles. Conclusões: Recém-nascidos pré-termo com e sem DMH tem níveis semelhantes da ET-1 no sangue de cordão umbilical, enquanto os níveis da ET-1 no recém-nascido com 12 a 48 horas de vida foram maiores nos com DMH do que nos controles. Níveis elevados da ET-1 na DMH sugerem que este mediador está envolvido na fisiopatologia da DMH.

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Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi are trypanosomatids of medical importance and are, respectively, the etiologic agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and Chagas disease (CD) in Brazil. People infected with L. infantum or T. cruzi may develop asymptomatically, enabling the transmission of pathogens through blood transfusion and / or organs. The assessment of the infection by T. cruzi is included among the tests performed for screening blood donors in Brazil, however, there is no availability of tests for Leishmania. Serological tests for T. cruzi are very sensitive, but not specific, and may have cross-reactions with other microorganisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Leishmania infection in blood donors and assess whether the serological test for T. cruzi detect L. infantum. Among the 300 blood samples from donors, discarded in 2011, 61 were T. cruzi positive, 203 were from donors with other infections and 36 were from handbags with low blood volume, but without infection. We also assessed 144 samples from donors without infections and able to donate blood, totaling 444 subjects. DNA was extracted from blood samples of all to perform quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect Leishmania DNA. The buffy coat obtained from all samples was grown in Schneider medium supplemented and NNN. All samples were evaluated for the presence of anti-Leishmania antibody. The serological results indicate a percentage of 22% of Leishmania infection in blood samples obtained from discarded bags. A total of 60% of samples positive in ELISA for T. cruzi were negative by IFI, used as confirmatory test, ie 60% false positive for Chagas. Among these samples false positive for Chagas, 72% were positive by ELISA for Leishmania characterizing the occurrence of cross reaction between serologic assays. Of the 300 cultures performed, 18 grew parasites that were typed by qPCR and specific isoenzymes, found the species Leishmania infantum crops. Among the 18 cultures, 4 were purged from scholarships for low volume and all negative serology blood bank, thus demonstrating that there is a real risk of Leishmania transmission via transfusion. It is concluded that in an area endemic for leishmaniasis in Brazil, serological diagnosis performed to detect infection by T. cruzi among blood donors can identify infection by L. infantum and although cause false positive for Chagas, this cross-reactivity reduces the risk of Leishmania infection via blood transfusion, since tests are not applied specific detection of the parasite. In this way, there remains the need to discuss the implementation of a specific serological screening test for Leishmania in endemic countries such as Brazil

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There are strong interests in the evaluation of the biological effects of natural and synthetic products. Blood constituents labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) are used in nuclear medicine. The aim of this work was to study the effects of Clove (Caryophyllus aromaticas L.) and OZE (preparation used in the Health Sciences) on the labeling blood constituents with 99mTc and on the morphologic red blood cells (RBC) and the action of an extract of tomato (TO) on the labeling of blood constituents Blood samples were incubated with clove or OZE or TO, stannous chloride and 99mTc. Plasma (P), blood cells (BC), insoluble fractions (IF) of plasma and blood cells were separated. The radioactivity was counted and percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) to each blood fraction was calculated. The shape and morphometric parameter (perimeter/area ratio) were evaluated in the studies with clove and OZE. Clove extract and OZE altered significantly (p<0.05) the %ATI of blood constituents and the shape of red blood cells. However, clove extract not altered the red blood cells perimeter/area ratio. The tomato extract used at the highest concentrations reduced significantly (p<0.05) the %ATI in IF-P, although this extract did not modify the radiolabeling on BC, neither the radioactivity fixation on IFBC. The results indicate that these chemical compounds would have oxidative/chelating actions

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The ethanol is the most overused psychoactive drug over the world; this fact makes it one of the main substances required in toxicological exams nowadays. The development of an analytical method, adaptation or implementation of a method known, involves a process of validation that estimates its efficiency in the laboratory routine and credibility of the method. The stability is defined as the ability of the sample of material to keep the initial value of a quantitative measure for a defined period within specific limits when stored under defined conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the method of Gas chromatography and study the stability of ethanol in blood samples, considering the variables time and temperature of storage, and the presence of preservative and, with that check if the conditions of conservation and storage used in this study maintain the quality of the sample and preserve the originally amount of analyte present. Blood samples were collected from 10 volunteers to evaluate the method and to study the stability of ethanol. For the evaluation of the method, part of the samples was added to known concentrations of ethanol. In the study of stability, the other side of the pool of blood was placed in two containers: one containing the preservative sodium fluoride 1% and the anticoagulant heparin and the other only heparin, was added ethanol at a concentration of 0.6 g/L, fractionated in two bottles, one being stored at 4ºC (refrigerator) and another at -20ºC (freezer), the tests were performed on the same day (time zero) and after 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days of storage. The assessment found the difference in results during storage in relation to time zero. It used the technique of headspace associated with gas chromatography with the FID and capillary column with stationary phase of polyethylene. The best analysis of chromatographic conditions were: temperature of 50ºC (column), 150ºC (jet) and 250ºC (detector), with retention time for ethanol from 9.107 ± 0.026 and the tercbutanol (internal standard) of 8.170 ± 0.081 minutes, the ethanol being separated properly from acetaldehyde, acetone, methanol and 2-propanol, which are potential interfering in the determination of ethanol. The technique showed linearity in the concentration range of 0.01 and 3.2 g/L (0.8051 x + y = 0.6196; r2 = 0.999). The calibration curve showed the following equation of the line: y = x 0.7542 + 0.6545, with a linear correlation coefficient equal to 0.996. The average recovery was 100.2%, the coefficients of variation of accuracy and inter intra test showed values of up to 7.3%, the limit of detection and quantification was 0.01 g/L and showed coefficient of variation within the allowed. The analytical method evaluated in this study proved to be fast, efficient and practical, given the objective of this work satisfactorily. The study of stability has less than 20% difference in the response obtained under the conditions of storage and stipulated period, compared with the response obtained at time zero and at the significance level of 5%, no statistical difference in the concentration of ethanol was observed between analysis. The results reinforce the reliability of the method of gas chromatography and blood samples in search of ethanol, either in the toxicological, forensic, social or clinic

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This work aims at understanding of social suffering, caused by unsolved homicides in the black population. Thus, when the homicide occurs, family and friends become hidden or indirect victims of this crime. So, It will be made a historical imbalance of Afro-Brazilians to the capitalist system after slavery. Those who suffered from the absence of inclusive public policies. Also try to contextualize them within the current data with that place as the immediate victims of murder. Finally, reports from family members, through their life stories, and snippets from the ethnographic field notes were the methodologies used