Arkistoluettelo 703: Jaakko Salo

Luettelo Kansalliskirjastossa olevan Jaakko Salon arkiston sisällöstä

Matka ja muutos : ruumiillinen kokemus ja transsendenssin mahdollisuus Terrence Malickin elokuvakerronnassa

Teemanumero: Terrence Malick.

Muutos ja pysyvyys sosiaalisessa mediassa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Postmoderni subjekti Jaakko Yli-Juonikkaan romaanissa Neuromaani

Kirjailija Jaakko Yli-Juonikkaan (s.1976) on julkaissut uransa aikana useita romaaneja, joista kolmas romaani Neuromaani (2012) on selvästi laajin ja kompleksisin. Siinä on useita piirteitä, joiden perusteella se on luokiteltavissa juuri postmoderniksi romaaniksi. Neuromaani on poikkeuksellinen romaani suomenkielisessä kirjallisuudessa, koska Suomessa postmodernismi ei ole koskaan noussut sellaiseen asemaan kuin esimerkiksi Yhdysvalloissa. Postmoderni kirjallisuus on leimallisesti juuri meidän aikamme kirjallisuutta. Se käsittelee niitä ongelmia, joita ihminen kohtaa yhä epäselvemmäksi muuttuneessa maailmassa. Maailma muuttuu koko ajan monimutkaisemmaksi, kun saatavilla oleva informaatio lisääntyy koko ajan. Sen seurauksena yhden ihmisen on yhä vaikeampi tulkita ja järjestellä tuota informaatiota koherenttiin muotoon. Tästä seurauksena postmodernin kirjallisuuden subjektit ovat heikentyneessä tai hajonneessa tilassa. Kirjallisuus ei enää kuvaa päähenkilöiden kautta eheää fiktiivistä maailmaa, vaan tilalla on maailmojen runsaus. Se näkyy postmodernin kirjallisuuden käyttämissä eri rekistereissä, runsaassa intertekstuaalisuudessa ja eri aineksen yhdistelyssä. Postmoderni kirjallisuus yhdistelee matalaa ja korkeaa kulttuuria, mutta lopputuloksena on usein romaaneja, joiden lukukokemusta voisi kuvailla vaikeaksi. Se johtuu siitä, ettei lukijakaan ole enää autonominen subjekti, joka kykenisi tulkitsemaan tekstimassan yhteneväiseksi kokonaisuudeksi. Tutkielma tarkastelee postmodernia subjektia Neuromaanissa. Postmodernin subjektin problematiikka esiintyy romaanissa pääasiassa kolmella eri tavalla. Sen henkilöhahmot ovat heikentyneitä subjekteja, joiden on vaikea tulkita omaa tilannettaan. Päähenkilöiden sekava tilanne heijastuu lukijaan, jonka lukukokemus on katkonainen ja vaikea. Romaanin tekijä ja kertoja on myös hajonneen subjektin tilassa, sillä yhtenäisen tekstin sijasta Neuromaani on tulvillaan eri lähteistä lainattua ainesta ja erilaisia tekstityyppejä, kerronnan seassa on jopa kaupallista ainesta. Se johtuu siitä, että kaikki kolme ovat samassa hajonneen subjektin tilassa.

The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) as a screening tool for hepatic steatosis

Introduction. Hepatic steatosis due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a prognostic screening tool to detect people at risk for type 2 diabetes without the use of any blood test. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether FINDRISC can also be used to screen for the presence of hepatic steatosis. Patients and methods. Steatosis was determined by ultrasound. The study sample consisted of 821 non-diabetic subjects without previous hepatic disease; 81% were men (mean age 45 +/- 9 years) and 19% women (mean age 41 +/- 10 years). Results. Steatosis was present in 44% of men and 10% of women. The odds ratio for one unit increase in the FINDRISC associated with the risk of steatosis was 1.30 (95% CI 1.25-1.35), similar for men and women. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for steatosis was 0.80 (95% CI 0.77-0.83); 0.80 in men (95% CI 0.77-0.83) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.73-0.93) in women. Conclusions. Our data suggest that the FINDRISC could be a useful primary screening tool for the presence of steatosis.

The genetics of coronary heart disease: the contribution of twin studies

Despite the decline in coronary heart disease in many European countries, the disease remains an enormous public health problem. Although we know a great deal about environmental risk factors for coronary heart disease, a heritable component was recognized a long time ago. The earliest and best known examples of how our genetic constitution may determine cardiovascular risk relate to lipoprotein(a), familial hypercholesterolaemia and apolipoprotein E. In the past 20 years a fair number of polymorphisms assessed singly have shown strong associations with the disease but most are subject to poor repeatability. Twins constitute a compelling natural experiment to establish the genetic contribution to coronary heart disease and its risk factors. GenomEUtwin, a recently funded Framework 5 Programme of the European Community, affords the opportunity of comparing the heritability of risk factors in different European Twin Registries. As an illustration we present the heritabilities of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, based on data from over 4000 twin pairs from six different European countries and Australia. Heritabilities for systolic blood pressure are between 52 and 66% and for diastolic blood pressure between 44 and 66%. There is no evidence of sex differences in heritability estimates and very little to no evidence for a significant contribution of shared family environment. A non-twin based prospective case/cohort study of coronary heart disease and stroke (MORGAM) will allow hypotheses relating to cardiovascular disease, generated in the twin cohorts, to be tested prospectively in adult populations. Twin studies have also contributed to our understanding of the life course hypothesis, and GenomEUtwin has the potential to add to this.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Migraine: A Twin Study Across Six Countries

Migraine is a common neurovascular brain disorder that is manifested in recurrent episodes of disabling headache. The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence and heritability of migraine across six of the countries that participate in GenomEutwin project including a total number of 29,717 twin pairs. Migraine was assessed by questionnaires that differed between most countries. It was most prevalent in Danish and Dutch females (32% and 34%, respectively), whereas the lowest prevalence was found in the younger and older Finnish cohorts (13% and 10%, respectively). The estimated genetic variance (heritability) was significant and the same between sexes in all countries. Heritability ranged from 34% to 57%, with lowest estimates in Australia, and highest estimates in the older cohort of Finland, the Netherlands, and Denmark. There was some indication that part of the genetic variance was non-additive, but this was significant in Sweden only. In addition to genetic factors, environmental effects that are non-shared between members of a twin pair contributed to the liability of migraine. After migraine definitions are homogenized among the participating countries, the GenomEUtwin project will provide a powerful resource to identify the genes involved in migraine.

Similar understorey structure in spite of edaphic and floristic dissimilarity in Amazonian forests

Forest structure determines light availability for understorey plants. The structure of lowland Amazonian forests is known to vary over long edaphic gradients, but whether more subtle edaphic variation also affects forest structure has not beenresolved. In western Amazonia, the majority of non-flooded forests grow on soils derived either from relatively fertile sediments of the Pebas Formation or from poorer sediments of the Nauta Formation. The objective of this study was to compare structure and light availability in the understorey of forests growing on these two geological formations. We measured canopy openness and tree stem densities in three size classes in northeastern Peru in a total of 275 study points in old-growth terra firme forests representing the two geological formations. We also documented variation in floristic composition (ferns, lycophytes and the palm Iriartea deltoidea) and used Landsat TM satellite image information to model the forest structural and floristic features over a larger area. The floristic compositions of forests on the two formations were clearly different, and this could also be modelled with the satellite imagery. In contrast, the field observations of forest structure gave only a weak indication that forests on the Nauta Formation might be denser than those on the Pebas Formation. The modelling of forest structural features with satellite imagery did not support this result. Our results indicate that the structure of forest understorey varies much less than floristic composition does over the studied edaphic difference.