Afectividad filial en el deficiente mental : estudio a través del dibujo de la familia.

Estudiar la afectividad en el deficiente mental mediante el análisis del dibujo de la familia. 50 sujetos cuyas edades oscilan entre los 7 y los 18 años, y sus cocientes intelectuales entre 40 y 75. Explica la naturaleza y las características del sentimiento, la evolución de los sentimiento en el niño y la afectividad filial del subnormal, después realiza un trabajo experimental, para descubrir a través del dibujo, la afectividad del deficiente mental. Test del dibujo de la familia. El dibujo de la familia permite al niño reflejar tendencias que se hallan reprimidas en el inconsciente. Y a través de esto podemos observar los verdaderos sentimientos que profesa a los suyos. Después del dibujo se efectúa una breve entrevista en la que se invita al niño a explicarnos lo que ha hecho y a que nos hable de cada personaje representado. 1) La desvalorización del padre del mismo sexo no es muy frecuente ni en los niños, ni en las niñas. 2) La desvalorización de sí mismo tampoco es frecuente en ninguno de los dos sexos. 3) La valorización del padre es más frecuente en el sexo femenino, de un total de 21 niñas, 8 valorizan la imagen paterna, mientras que en los chicos son 6 de un total de 29, los que presentan este fenómeno. 4) La valorización de la madre es más frecuente en los varones, 13 de ellos lo presentan, mientras que en las niñas son sólo 6. 5) La identificación con el padre del mismo sexo, son 8 los varones que se identifican con el padre y además valorizan a la madre. De las niñas son 14 las que se identifican con la madre y de ellas, 3 valorizan además al padre. 6) El infantilismo es frecuente en ambos sexos, aunque se observa mayor frecuencia en el sexo masculino, 25 varones lo presentan y en las niñas aparece en 14 de ellas. A una positividad del ambiente corresponde una mejor evolución de la afectividad filial y por tanto un temprano abandono del infantilismo en las representaciones, en el caso contrario, cuando el ambiente familiar se caracteriza por ser negativo, la afectividad filial sufre estancamientos en su desarrollo y su evolución es muy lenta, este es el caso de los sujetos que en las representaciones se caracterizan por claros rasgos de infantilismo.

Integración laboral de los deficientes mentales. Mundo laboral del deficiente laboral en Vizcaya.

Dar una visión de lo que es la integración laboral del deficiente mental y medidas para conseguirlo, así como dar un repaso a la cobertura legislativa, que en última instancia ampara y salvaguarda los derechos y deberes de todos. La deficiencia mental. Es un estudio teórico que abarca: integración laboral: planteamiento filosófico. Medidas legales. Aspectos a tener en cuenta. Integración laboral. Conclusión. Legislación: de los derechos humanos a los derechos del subnormal. El derecho al trabajo. Marco legislativo. Comentarios a la ley. Mundo laboral del deficiente mental en Vizcaya: introducción. Uribe-Costa. Asociación Vizcaína pro-subnormales. Marco legislativo. Ley básica de servicios sociales. Fuentes bibliográficas para recoger los datos de legislación. Entrevistas a expertos en la materia y a personal responsable de los centros y también a los afectados. Visitas a talleres para recoger una información de primera mano. Análisis de bibliografías. Observación directa en el propio centro. Hay barreras para conseguir una integración plena del deficiente mental que se agravan por la actual crisis económica. En Vizcaya, no hay ningún deficiente mental trabajando en una empresa normal. Hay dos filosofías diferentes en Vizcaya: la de Uribe-Costa, que apuesta por los centros ocupacionales, actividades de ocio, excursiones, etc. La Asociación Vizcaína pro-subnormales, que aboga por los centros especiales de empleo como medida para la integración laboral, haciendo hincapié en la capacidad productiva. Más problema que la integración laboral plantea la integración social, la más difícil de lograr, aún para los 'normales'. Es ésta la que significa que uno se introduce en una comunidad social y en un trabajo en común con otras personas, uno consigue amigos y comienza a intercambiar valoraciones, se convierte en parte aceptada en un contexto social.

Subnormalidad mental y trabajo industrial.

Dar a conocer un problema social que afecta a una parte de la población de una manera apremiante y dolorosa. Plantear el problema de forma que pueda dar una visión de conjunto de la problemática de los subnormales mentales. La Sociología como ciencia capaz de realizar un acercamiento del problema de la subnormalidad mental. Es un estudio teórico que se encuadra dentro del modelo de sociedad basada en estos tres aspectos: sociedad en desarrollo, cambio social y cultural y conflicto. Las teorías que van a guiar el estudio son: cocientes intelectuales y su distribución social; Medicina especial; Psiquiatría especial; Psicología evolutiva; desenvolvimiento social; dependencia social; aprendizaje; trabajo industrial. El estudio está dividido en los siguientes apartados: cuantificación del problema y características de la distribución de la población de subnormales mentales. Variables sociales que confluyen: edad materna, herencia y ambiente social, clase social, familia, sociedad desarrollada, trabajo humano, individualidad y dependencia social, aprendizaje industrial (alumnos, personal, material de trabajo, pautas de comportamiento), trabajo industrial (industria libre, centro-taller, trabajos posibles, salarios), rentabilidad económica, relaciones primarias del subnormal mental. Material bibliográfico. Análisis teórico. Observación del comportamiento de los sujetos en el taller-escuela. Hay tres niveles dentro de la subnormalidad mental: ligeros de CI entre 70-50 que suponen el 75 por ciento, medios de CI entre 49-25 que suponen el 20 por ciento, profundos de CI debajo de 24 y suponen el 5 por ciento. Cada vez está más clara la influencia de causas sociales en la aparición de la subnormalidad. El aprendizaje industrial tiene tres etapas: la primera en el centro escolar, la segunda en un centro adecuado y la tercera en el centro-taller. El rendimiento productivo es muy bajo: 30 por ciento de lo tomado como normal. El mercado de trabajo es muy limitado y la única salida es a través de un centro-taller. Su campo de trabajo, abarca las tareas manuales y no los oficios. Hay una relación entre el CI y el tipo de relaciones interpersonales. La subnormalidad mental es un proceso social de marginados con múltiples implicaciones sociales.

La sanción en el deficiente mental.

Exponer algunas teorías, según diversos autores, sobre el refuerzo en el aprendizaje del deficiente mental. Estudiar el problema de la motivación e incentivación del aprendizaje. Concretar el problema de la motivación en los premios y castigos como elementos que se introducen en el proceso de aprendizaje. 16 varones y 24 mujeres todos ellos profesores de Centros de Educación Especial. Cuestionario. Estadisticas porcentuales. Una ligera mayoría de los encuestados, un 68 por ciento opina que no debe ser igual el sistema de premios y castigos en los subnormales y en los niños normales. Casi todos los encuestados piensan que ante el comportamiento incorrecto de un deficiente mental, lo más acertado es explicarle en que consiste la incorrección e instarle a que la evite en el futuro. El castigo dificulta el aprendizaje. Un 57 por ciento de la muestra cree que no se debe castigar al niño deficiente cuando él mismo busca el castigo. Casi la mitad de los sujetos de la muestra opina que tiene igual eficacia los premios morales y los físicos. No es eficaz premiar con frecuencia a los subnormales. Aunque los deficientess mentales no comprendan que su comportamiento es bueno o malo, los premios y los castigos sí cumplen una finalidad en ellos. Un 90 por ciento de la muestra estima que seria beneficioso para la educación del subnormal recordarle los éxitos obtenidos. La mayor parte de los encuestados responde que sería preferible educativamente recordar al subnormal, los éxitos obtenidos y no los errores cometidos.

El deficiente mental, problema familiar.

Estudiar y analizar el problema familiar que representa la presencia de un hijo subnormal. Es necesario que las familias tomen conciencia de las posibilidades de reeducación que tienen estos niños deficientes y el derecho a ocupar un puesto en la comunidad social a la que pertenecen. Pues se ha constatado que en España sólo se preocupaba la sociedad del porvenir y de la educación de los niños sanos. Flexibilidad en el educador a la hora de definir y diagnosticar la categoría de deficiente mental. Se puede llegar a estos niños a través del amor y de quererles sin pretender superprotegerles.

Effect of 3,4-ethylenedioxy-extension of thiophene core on the DNA/RNA binding properties and biological activity of bisbenzimidazole amidines

Novel bisbenzimidazoles (4-6), characterized by 3,4-ethylenedioxy-extension of thiophene core, revealed pronounced affinity and strong thermal stabilization effect toward ds-DNA. They interact within ds-DNA grooves as dimmers or even oligomers and agglomerate along ds-RNA. Compounds 4-6 have shown moderate to strong antiproliferative effect toward panel of eight carcinoma cell lines. Compound 5 displayed the best inhibitory potential and in equitoxic concentration (IC(50) = 1 x 10 (6) M) induced accumulation of cells in G2/M phase after 48 h of incubation. Fluorescence microscopy showed that 5 entered into live HeLa cells within 30 min, but did not accumulate in nuclei even after 2.5 h. Compound 5 inhibited the growth of Trypanosome cruzi epimastigotes (IC(50) = 4.3 x 10 (6) M). (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Acessibilidade de deficientes visuais aos ambientes digitais/virtuais

Este estudo configura-se como uma Investigação Qualitativa que se integra ao leque de pesquisas já desenvolvidas pelo NIEE (Núcleo de Informática na Educação Especial) da FACED (Faculdade de Educação) da UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul). Seu referencial teórico busca concatenar informações a respeito da Deficiência Visual, Inclusão e Recursos para o acesso à informação por invisuais. Para esse último, são elencadas as principais Tecnologias Assistivas utilizadas atualmente. E, a partir da utilização das TA's para invisuais: Dosvox e Jaws, é que nos propomos a acompanhar o progresso dos sujeitos durante a apropriação das mesmas e de outros software abertos, focalizando a atuação do facilitador-professor (FP) durante as trajetórias individuais, e a responder à seguinte indagação: Quais modalidades de mediação evidenciam-se como fundamentais no processo de apropriação das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC's) por invisuais? Para dar conta disso, através de observação direta, foi feito estudo de casos acompanhando a trajetória de três deficientes visuais (dois com perda total de visão e um com visão subnormal) interagindo em ambientes digitais, com vistas à apropriação de TIC's, tendo presente o processo de desenvolvimento na ZDP. Essa dissertação, portanto, procurou considerar as singularidades de cada sujeito, respeitando seus anseios, necessidades, vontades, e sentimentos externados, no período de um ano. Para a análise dos dados coletados, elegemos como aporte pedagógico a Teoria Socio-Histórica e, principalmente, as contribuições de Gallimore, Tharp e Santarosa. Após análise, observamos que, em momentos iniciais de apropriação das ferramentas, a utilização de modalidades fundamentais recaíram na Informação, Demonstração e Feedback Intensos e, que, gradativamente essas deram espaço a modalidades de Questionamentos, Feedbacks e Estratégias Cognitivas de formas mais moderadas e suaves, denotando maior autonomia dos sujeitos.

Utilização de resíduo lignocelulósico na obtenção de chapa de madeira aglomerada homogênea e compósito reforçado com fibra de vidro-E

This research is about the use of the coconut´s endocarp (nucifera linn) and the waste of derivatives of wood and furniture as raw material to technological use. In that sense, the lignocellulosic waste is used for manufacture of homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS) and lignocellulosic load which take part of a polymeric composite with fiber glass E (GFRP-WC). In the manufacturing of the homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS), it was used mamona´s resin as waste s agglutinating element. The plates were taken up in a hydraulic press engine, heated, with temperature control, where they were manufactured for different percentage of waste wood and coconuts nucífera linn. Physical tests were conducted to determine the absorption of water, density, damp grade (in two hours and twenty-four hours), swelling thickness (in two hours and twenty-four hours), and mechanical tests to evaluate the parallel tensile strength (internal stick) and bending and the static (steady) flexural. The physical test´s results indicate that the LHWS can be classified as bonded wood plate of high-density and with highly water resistant. In the mechanical tests it was possible to establish that LHWS presents different characteristics when submitted to uniaxial tensile and to the static (steady) flexural, since brittle and elasticity module had a variation according to the amount of dry endocarp used to manufacture each trace of LHWS. The GFRP-WC was industrially manufactured by a hand-lay-up process where the fiber glass E was used as reinforcement the lignocellulósic´s waste as load. The matrix was made with ortofitalic unsaturated polyester resin. Physical and mechanical tests were performed in presence of saturated humidity and dry. The results indicated good performance of the GFRP-WC, as traction as in flexion in three points. The presence of water influenced the modules obtained in the flexural and tensile but there were no significant alteration in the properties analyzed. As for the fracture, the analysis showed that the effects are more harmful in the presence of damp, under the action of loading tested, but despite this, the fracture was well defined starting in the external parts and spreading to the internal regions when one when it reaches the hybrid load

Macro- and microstructural organization of the rabbit's celiac-mesenteric ganglion complex (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The macro- and microstructures of the rabbit celiac-mesenteric ganglion complex are described in 20 young animals. We found ten celiac ganglia, twenty-seven cranial mesenteric ganglia and eleven celiac-mesenteric ganglia. The celiac ganglia had a rectangular shape in nine cases (90%) and a circular one in one case (10%). The cranial mesenteric ganglia presented triangular (66.7%), rectangular (11.1%), L-shape (18.5%) and semilunar (3.7%) arrangements. The celiac-mesenteric ganglia were organized in three patterns: a single left celiac-mesenteric ganglion having a caudal portion (72.7%); celiac-mesenteric ganglia without a caudal portion (18.2%) and a single celiac-mesenteric ganglion with two portions: left and right (9.1%).The microstructure was investigated in nine celiac-mesenteric ganglia. The results showed that the celiac-mesenteric ganglion is actually a ganglion complex constituted of an agglomerate of ganglionic units separated by nerve fibers, capillaries and septa of connective tissue. Using the semi-thin section method we described the cellular organization of the celiac-mesenteric ganglion complex. Inside of each ganglionic unit, there were various cell types: principal ganglion neurons (PGN), glial cells (satellite cells) and SIF cells (small intensely fluorescent cells or small granular cells), which are the cytologic basis for each ganglionic unit of the rabbit's celiac-mesenteric ganglion complex.

Expressão de fos após pulso de escuro no núcleo pré- geniculado do tálamo do sagui (Callithrix jacchus)

The pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) of the primate s thalamus is an agglomerate neuronal having a cap shaped located dorsomedially to the main relay visual information to the cerebral cortex, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (GLD). Several cytoarchitectonic, neurochemical and retinal projections studies have pointed PGN as a structure homologous to intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of rodents. The IGL receives retinal terminals and appears to be involved in the integration of photic and non-photic information relaying them, through geniculo-hypothalamic tract (TGH), to the main circadian oscillator in mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Thus, the IGL participates in the control of the biological rhythm by modulating the activity of the SCN. Pharmacological and IGL injury studies conclude that it is critical in the processing of non-photic information which is transmitted to the SCN. Other studies have found that especially neurons immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y (NPY) respond to this type of stimulation, determined by its colocation with the FOS protein. Has not been determined if the PGN responds, expressing the FOS protein, to the non-photic stimulus nor the neurochemical nature of these cells. Thus, we apply a dark pulse in the specifics circadian phases and analyze the pattern of expression of FOS protein in PGN of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We found that in all animals analyzed the FOS expression was higher in the experimental than in the control group. There was a higher expression of FOS when the dark pulse was applied during the subjective day between the groups. Still, a subregion of the PGN, known by immunoreactive to NPY, had a greater number of FOS-positive cells in relation to his other just close dorsal region. Our data corroborate the theory that the PGN and IGL are homologous structures that were anatomically modified during the evolutionary process, but kept its main neurochemical and functional characteristics. However, injury and hodological studies are still needed for a more accurate conclusion

As faces da exclusão social na comunidade África - Natal, RN

This dissertation deals with the study of the faces of social exclusion at present, through a spatial section constituted of a subnormal area (the Community Africa), which groups these aspects in a limited, but revealing, context regarding such problems. Through the following chapters, inequality, exclusion, segregation, the socioeconomics of the Community Africa, and the environmental impacts identified in this community are discussed. At the end of this piece of work, alternatives of possible solutions to the community area pointed, with also the discussion of propositions related to the questions concerning the mitigation of the most relevant problems

Can sieve-element plastids in Panicum maximum (Poaceae) leaves act in the blockage of injured sieve-tube elements?

The ultrastructural features and the plastid changes caused by sample preparation were studied in sieve elements of Panicum maximum leaves. Samples of expanded leaves, taken near the ligule region, were fixed and processed by common light and transmission electron microscopy methods. In mature sieve-tube elements, the protoplast is electron-translucent and plastids are the most frequent organelles. Mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum segments are also visible and occupy a parietal position within the cell. The plastids are globular and show electron-dense proteinaceous inclusions in the stroma. The protein crystals are predominantly cuneate, but thin crystalloids and amorphous and/or filamentous proteins also occur. The presence of intact plastids plus others in different phases of plastid envelope rupture were interpreted as evidence that this rupture is a normal event in response to injury. This plastid envelope rupture is possibly activated by the release of pressure in the sieve-tube element. After plastid membrane vesiculation, the stroma and the protein crystals are dispersed within the sieve-element ground cytoplasm. The vesicles originating from the plastid envelope move to one cell pole, while protein crystalloids move to the opposite pole and agglomerate in the sieve-plate region. Our findings indicate that these protein crystalloids, which deposit in the sieve plate, may act in sieve-plate pores occlusion, preventing the release of phloem sap, similar to the role of P-protein in dicotyledons. (c) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Growth mechanism of octahedron-like BaMoO4 microcrystals processed in microwave-hydrothermal: Experimental observations and computational modeling

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Structure of SnO2 alcosols and films prepared by sol-gel dip coating

To obtain SnO2 films to be used for surface protection of fluoride glasses, a non-aqueous sol-gel route for the preparation was developed. An ethanolic SnO2 colloidal suspension was prepared by thermohydrolysis of SnCl4 solution at 70 degreesC. By using this procedure, redispersable powders with nanometer sized particles were obtained. Films were obtained by dip coating on glass and mica substrates. The structures of the ethanolic precursor suspension and films were compared to those of similar samples prepared by the classical aqueous sol-gel route. Comparative analyses performed by photon correlation spectroscopy demonstrated that the powders obtained by freeze-drying are fully redispersable either in aqueous or in alcoholic solutions at pH greater than or equal to 8. As prepared sols and redispersed colloidal suspensions have hydrodynamic radius distribution (2-14 nm) with an average size close to 7 nm. The variations in film structures with firing temperature were investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray reflectometry. The experimental results show that the films have a two level porous structure composed of agglomerates of primary colloidal particles. The sintering of the primary particles leads to the densification of agglomerates and to the formation of inter-agglomerate spatially correlated pores. The volume fraction of intra-agglomerate pores is reduced from approximate to 50% to approximate to 30% by the precipitation of precursor salts partially hydrolyzed in ethanolic solution. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Enhancement of natural killer cell function by titanocenes in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumour

In the present work, we studied the effects of two titanocenes, biscyclopentadienyidichlorotitanium IV, (DDCT) and its derivative, biscyclopentadienylditiocianatetitanium IV (BCDT), on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT)-bearing BALB/c mice. In order to investigate a more direct effect of these compounds on NK cell function, we performed experiments with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, which exhibit a normal NK cell response in the absence of T and B cells. The treatment consisted of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 15 mg/kg/day of DDCT for 2 days or 10 mg/kg/day of BCDT for 3 days. In addition, to verify whether the effects produced by the titanocenes were compound specific or related to a direct antitumour effect, we also investigated the effects of a 3-day treatment with 100 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide on NK cell activity. Our results demonstrated that, in BALB/c and SCID mice, NK cell function declined to subnormal levels after inoculation of the tumour. In these animals, although treatment with DDCT and BCDT significantly enhanced NK cell function, only DDCT restored NK cell activity to normal values in all stages studied. Conversely, treatment with cyclophosphamide reduced NK cell function in nontumour bearing SCID mice and was also unable to restore the decreased NK activity of tumour-bearing SCID mice, thus demonstrating that the enhancement of NK cell function by titanocenes is compound specific. The same effect of cyclophosphamide was observed with BALB/c mice. In the present study, the up-modulatory effects of these two compounds on NK cell function reveal a new aspect of the mechanism of antitumoural action of titanocenes. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.