Non-indigenous Japanese oyster drill Pteropurpura (Ocinebrellus) inornata (Récluz, 1851) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) on the south-west coast of Portugal

The Japanese oyster drill or rock snail Pteropurpura (Ocinebrellus) inornata (Récluz, 1851), a marine mollusc, belonging to the family Muricidae, is reported from Portugal for the first time. This non-indigenous species, most likely introduced accidentally from French oyster rearing areas into mainland Portugal, has been regularly sampled in shellfish-culture and nearby environments in Sagres, Algarve, Southwest Portugal since 2005–2008. Detailed studies are urgently needed in order to assess whether or not it has become an invasive species due to a range expansion beyond its point of initial introduction. Outputs should provide information to decision-makers to predict and limit further spread which might result in biodiversity loss and negative economical consequences in locally species-rich areas.

Fate of discards from deep water crustacean trawl fishery off the south coast of Portugal

Trawling for crustaceans takes place on the south coast of Portugal at depths between 200 and 800 m. Large amounts of discards are released back to sea, reaching the bottom in the general area where trawling occurs. The objective of this work was to study the time taken for decomposition of the discards, to identify the most important scavenging species involved, and to evaluate the impact on the species targeted by the fishery. We conducted a series of 22 trials, using traps baited with samples of the discards. The time of immersion varied between 1 and 40 h. The amount of tissue removed from the discards was evaluated on a qualitative scale of 1–3, and quantitatively. The species caught in the traps were identified. Considerable consumption of the bait had occurred after 5 h of immersion. After 24 h of immersion only fish bones were left; past 40 h, consumption was complete. The conger eel (Conger conger) was the most common fish species present in the traps. Two species, the amphipod Scopelocheirus hopei and the isopod Natatolana (Cirolana) borealis, were identified as most important for the recycling of organic matter in the system. The stomach contents of a sample of species caught in trawls were analysed for the presence of small scavengers. Preliminary results show that S. hopei and N. (C.) borealis are part of the diet of some of the target species of this fishery, such as the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus and the rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris.

Age, growth and reproduction of the Axilary Seabream, "Pagellus acarne" (Risso, 1827), from the South coast of Portugal

Axillary seabream, Pagellus acarne, caught by longlines in the Algarve (Southern Portugal), were sampled between August 1995 and August 1996. Age was studied by counting growth increments on otoliths and the estimated von Bertalanffy parameters were Linf = 28.82 cm, K = 0.29 year-1 and t0 = -1.47 year for males and Linf = 32.30 cm, K = 0.18 year-1 and t0 = -2.56 year for females. Evidence of the annual periodicity of the deposition of increments was found by marginal increment analyses. Macroscopic analysis of the gonads and the gonad somatic index showed that reproduction occurred over an extensive period of time, from May to November. Lengths at first maturity were 18.10 and 17.60 cm for males and females, respectively. This species was characterized as being a protandric hermaphrodite.

Lithosphere Thickness, Heat Flow and Moho Depth in the South of Portugal

Abstract In the last years, several models have been presented trying to obtain lithosphere and Moho thickness in the Iberian Peninsula, using data related to geoid elevation and topography, gravity, seismicity and thermal analysis. The results obtained show a decrease in the thickness of the crust and the lithosphere in the SW part of the Iberian Peninsula. Density anomalies in the crust are also referred. Data obtained in the region was collected and deviations from average values used were detected. In this work, models were made taking into account the specific characteristics of the region. Heat flow, thermal conductivity, heat production, topography, gravity, seismic and geological data available for the region, were used to adjust the model. The results show that this region is different from other parts of the Iberian Peninsula and a special attention must be given to it. This work shows the importance of trying to know and understand the thermal structure of the region.

Lithosphere Thickness, Heat Flow and Moho Depth in the South of Portugal

ABSTRACT In the last years, several models were presented trying to obtain lithosphere and Moho thickness in the Iberian Peninsula, using data related to geoid elevation and topography, gravity, seismicity and thermal analysis. The results obtained show a decrease in the thickness of the crust and the lithosphere in the SW part of the Iberian Peninsula. Density anomalies in the crust are also referred. The work I intend to present is related with the south of the Ossa Morena Zone, the South Portuguese Zone and the Algarve, in the south of Portugal. Data obtained in the region was collected and deviations from average values used were detected. Models were made taking into account the specific characteristics of the region. Heat flow, thermal conductivity, heat production, topography, gravity, seismic and geological data available for the region, are used to adapt the models. A special attention will be given to the spatial variation of heat flow values and to Moho depth in the region. The results show that this region is different from other parts of the Iberian Peninsula and a special attention must be given to it. The different values obtained using seismic, gravity, and geoid height data, and the results obtained with models using thermal data shows the importance of trying to know and understand the thermal structure of the regions. Problems related with the use of average values will be focused.

DNI Measurements in the South of Portugal: Long Term Results through Direct Comparison with Global and Diffuse Radiation Measurements and Existing Time Series

The present work describes the measurement effort for direct normal irradiance (DNI) evaluation in the sunny south of Portugal, with a network of eight radiation measurement stations in several locations (including Évora) providing a good coverage of the region. This new initiative for DNI measurement will still need many years (typically 10 or more) to produce a time series which can claim having long term statistical value. This problem can, however, be temporarily mitigated by measuring DNI at the same time as GHI and DHI, in a place where long term series dating back, already exist for those two. It so happens that a long term series (20 years) of global and diffuse solar irradiation exists for the location Évora. So the expectation is to establish correlations with the goal of attributing at least some long term statistical significance to the short and recent DNI series. The paper describes the setup of the measuring stations and presents the preliminary measurements obtained. It further presents the first correlations of monthly averages between normal beam (DNI), global and diffuse radiation. It then uses these correlations, admittedly without acceptable statistical significance (short series of less than one year of measured data), to exemplify how to get a prediction of long term DNI for Évora. This preliminary obtained value is compared to that predicted by the commercial data from Meteonorm.

Changes in fish assemblage structure after implementation of Marine Protected Areas in the south western coast of Portugal.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are increasingly being recommended as management tools for biodiversity conservation and fisheries. With the purpose of protecting the region's biodiversity and prevent the over exploitation of marine resources, in February 2011 the no-take MPAs of Ilha do Pessegueiro and Cabo Sard~ao were implemented within the “Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina “(PNSACV) Marine Park, south western coast of Portugal. As such, commercial and recreational fishing became prohibited in these areas. In order to evaluate the effects of these no-take MPAs, the structure of their fish assemblages and of adjacent control areas without fishing restrictions were studied between 2011 (immediately after implementation) and 2013 (two years after implementation). A total of 4 sampling campaigns were conducted (summer 2011, winter 2012, summer 2013 and winter 2013) using trammel nets and bottom trawl. Ichthyofaunal assemblages from the no-take MPAs (treatment) were compared with adjacent areas (controls) and changes evaluated as a function of time since protection. Results revealed significant increase in fish abundance after the implementation of the no-take MPAs. Furthermore, significant differences in the structure of fish assemblages (abundance and fish size) between protected and neighbouring areas were rapidly observed upon the implementation of the no-take MPAs. In addition, specimens of larger size occurred more frequently within Ilha do Pessegueiro no-take MPA in the last year of the study. Overall, despite the young age of these no-take MPAs, changes on the structure of their fish assemblages were already evident after only two years of protection, indicating that management measures such as MPA designation may play an important role to promote fisheries sustainable exploitation as well as to protect species with conservation interest.

A spatial data warehouse to predict lithic sources of tombs from South of Portugal: mixing geochemistry, petrology, cartography and archaeology in spatial analysis

MEGAGEO - Moving megaliths in the Neolithic is a project that intends to find the provenience of lithic materials in the construction of tombs. A multidisciplinary approach is carried out, with researchers from several of the knowledge fields involved. This work presents a spatial data warehouse specially developed for this project that comprises information from national archaeological databases, geographic and geological information and new geochemical and petrographic data obtained during the project. The use of the spatial data warehouse proved to be essential in the data analysis phase of the project. The Redondo Area is presented as a case study for the application of the spatial data warehouse to analyze the relations between geochemistry, geology and the tombs in this area.

A comparison of monofilament gillnet and small hook longline selectivity in a multispecies artisanal fishery in the Algarve, southern Portugal

As part of the ongoing studies concerned with the small-scale fisheries of the South of Portugal, experimental fishing was carried out with monofilament gillnets and small hook longlines within the same area. Sixty-two species were caught, of which 20 were common to both gears. Pronounced differences in terms of the relative importance of different species in the catches were observed. Size selection patterns also differed, with highly overlapped hook catch distributions and few species showing evidence for size selectivity. In contrast, strong selectivity was characteristic of species which tend to be wedged in gillnets. Whereas smaller stretched mesh sizes (particularly 40 and 50 mm) caught significant numbers of illegal sized fish, this was mininmal in the longlines. Some implications for management are discussed.

Studies on the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperatures, salinities and phytoplankton in Puttalam Lagoon, Dutch Bay and Portugal Bay along the west coast of Ceylon.

The monthly average temperatures at Puttalam Lagoon, Dutch Bay, Portugal Bay towards Kovilmunai and Portugal Bay towards Pallugaturai showed a distinct annual cycle. The peak was in April and values gradually fell till September. There was a further gradual fall in temperature from October to January. The highest temperatures in all four stations were in April. The highest salinities in all the stations were from May to October i.e., during the south-west monsoon. The salinities at Dutch Bay and Portugal Bay were high in March and April corresponding to the highest temperatures reached during these months. Two maxima have been observed in phytoplankton production. A primary maximum in May-June and a secondary maximum in October. The primary and secondary maxima are due to the influx of nutrient laden waters from the rivers Kal Aru and Pomparippu Aru. The phytoplankton producing blooms were Rhizosolenia alata. Rhizosolenia imbricata, Chaetoceros lascinosus, Chaetoceros pervianus, Ch,aetoceros diversus, Coscinodiscus gigas, Thallasionema nitzschioides, Thalassiosira subtilis, Thallassiothrix frauenfeldii, Asterionella japonica, Sceletonema costatum, Bacteriastrum varians and Biddulphia sinensis. Sudden outbursts of a single species were common. These diatoms were species of Chaetoceros and Rhizosolenia, and Thallassiothrix frauenfeldii. Wide fluctuations have been observed in the distribution of phytoplankton but no definite conclusions can be drawn as the period of observation was only one year.

Caracterização química e actividade biológica dos óleos essenciais e extractos aquosos de algumas Lavandula spp. do Sul de Portugal

No presente trabalho estudaram-se três espécies do género Lavandula, do sul de Portugal: L. luisieri e L. pedunculata (Alentejo) e L.viridis (Algarve), com vista caraterizar a composição química dos óleos essenciais das diferentes espécies, parte vegetativa (folha) e espiga floral, e dos respetivos extratos de hidrodestilação, e avaliar as propriedades antioxidante, antimicrobiana, toxicológica, analgésica e antiinflamatória de alguns dos seus óleos essenciais e extratos aquosos, mais promissores. Os resultados mostraram importantes diferenças na composição química dos óleos essenciais, quanto à diversidade e à proporção dos seus constituintes. Os óleos essenciais e hidrolatos, em estudo, apresentaram importantes propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas. Os estudos toxicológicos e farmacológicos mostraram que os óleos apresentaram citotoxicidade em Artemia salina, apresentaram valores de DL50 muito superiores a 2000 mg/kg em ratinhos Swiss, e que possuem importantes propriedades analgésicas e anti-inflamatória. Estes resultados sugerem o seu potencial uso para aplicações farmacológicas como agentes nutracêuticos e/ou fitoterapêuticos; ABSTRACT:The aim of present work was to develop a set of studies of three species of the genera Lavandula, at the South of Portugal: L. luisieri e L. pedunculata (Alentejo) e L.viridis (Algarve), in order to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oils (leaves and flowers) and to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, toxicological and pharmacological properties of selected essential oils and aqueous extracts. Results show important differences in chemical composition of essential oils, both in diversity as the proportion of their constituents. Essential oils and aqueous extracts of different Lavandula spp. showed important antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Pharmacological studies have shown that essential oils showed cytotoxicity against Artemia salina, low acute toxicity, with LD50 >> 2000 mg/kg for mice, and important analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. These results suggest their potential use for pharmacological applications as nutraceutical and/or phytotherapeutic agents.

Assessment of the genetic diversity of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in Portugal

O nemátode da madeira do pinheiro (NMP), Bursaphelenchus xylophiius, tem uma extensa distribuição na América do Norte, e encontra-se atualmente distribuído ao longo da maioria dos territórios de Canadá e dos Estados Unidos. Durante o último século, esta espécie foi transportada pelo Homem para outras regiões do mundo (não-nativas), associadas com o comércio e o fluxo global de produtos de origem florestal. Atualmente, esta espécie invasiva está reportada para algumas regiões do SE asiático (China, Japão, Coreia e Taiwan) e mais recentemente para a Europa (Portugal). Devido ao impacto que este organismo agente da doença da murchidão dos pinheiros causa nas florestas nativas destas regiões esta espécie assume uma elevada importância económica a nível mundial Em Portugal, a distribuição do NMP encontra-se confinada a uma área restrita e limitada (500 000 ha), a sul de Lisboa (península de Setúbal); contudo, constitui uma das maiores ameaças às florestas de pinheiro do país e da UE. Ate recentemente, nenhum consenso existia quanto à origem do NMP em Portugal. Diversas hipóteses têm sido colocadas para explicar esta introdução, nomeadamente a partir de zonas onde o nematode ocorre naturalmente (América do Norte), ou de outras áreas (não-nativas) onde o nematode se comporta como uma espécie invasiva (Leste da Ásia). A fim de avaliar a variabilidade genética do NMP proveniente da área afetada em Portugal, foram utilizadas várias técnicas moleculares, designadamente o random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) e o satellite DNA (satDNA). No caso do RAPD-PCR, foram utilizados 24 isolados do NMP provenientes de Portugal, 1 proveniente da América do Norte e 1 da Ásia, tendo sido utilizado como out-group um isolado de B. mucronatus. A partir dos 28 RAPD primers utilizados obtiveram-se 640 fragmentos. No caso do satDNA, foram utilizados 21 isolados do NMP provenientes de Portugal, obtendo-se no total 206 sequências da família MspI. Ambos os métodos revelaram uma elevada similaridade genética entre os vários isolados do NMP da área afetada em Portugal O nível reduzido de diversidade genética obtido entre os isolados portugueses do NMP, permite concluir que se trata de uma única introdução deste organismo em Portugal, e proveniente de uma região asiática. A inexistência de uma de correlação entre a variabilidade genética e a distribuição geográfica do NMP dentro da área afetada em Portugal, indica que o NMP se encontra distribuído de forma uniforme ao longo de toda a área afetada, provavelmente relacionado com a distribuição e a expansão natural do inseto vector. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has a wide distribution in North America, and is present throughout most of the territories of Canada and the United Stata. During the last century, this species has been transported by man to several non-native regions of the world, associated with trade and the global flow of forest products. Up to date, this invasive species has been reported from Asia (PR China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan) and more recently in Europe (Portugal). Due to the impact on native pine forests of these regions, this nematode species, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, is of great economic importance worldwide. In Portugal, the distribution of the PWN has been constrained to a relatively small area (500 000 ha) in the south of Lisbon (Setúbal Peninsula); however, it has become the most serious threat to pine forests in the country. Until recently, no consensus had emerged on the possible pathway of the PWN introduction in Portugal. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain this introduction, such as an origin from endemic areas where the nematode naturally occurs (North America), or non-endemic areas where the nematode behaves as an exotic pest (East Asia). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) and satellite DNA (satDNA) techniques were used in order to assess the level of genetic variability and genetic relationships, among several isolates of the PWN, representative of the entire affected area in Portugal. In the case of RAPD-PCR, 24 Portuguese isolates, plus two additional isolates of B. xylophilus, representing North America and East Asia were included. B. mucronatus was used as an out-group. Twenty-eight random primers generated a total of 640 DNA fragments. With satDNA, 206 Mspl sequence repeats were obtained from 21 Portuguese isolates of B. xylophilus. Both molecular methods revealed a high genetic similarity among the Portuguese isolates, and the low level of genetic diversity strongly suggests that they were dispersed recently from a single introduction, and from East Asia. The lack of apparent relationship between the genetic variability and the geographic distribution of the PWN within the affected area, suggests that the recent introduction of this pest (and pathogen) in Portugal has been uniformly distributed since its establishment, probably following the natural distribution and expansion of the insect vector.

Upper palaeozoic stratigraphy and palynology of OMZ, NW and SW Portugal

Neste trabalho descreve-se e interpreta-se a estratigrafia e palinologia de rochas sedimentares e metassedimentos de idade devónica e carbónica aflorantes ao longo da zona de cisalhamento Porto-Tomar, a Sul na Bacia de Santa Susana e em vários locais onde afloram os Calcários de Odivelas. Existe um registo de sedimentação descontínuo possivelmente associado a esta zona de cisalhamento desde o Devónico Superior até ao Pennsylvaniano. Desde o Devónico Superior até ao Mississippiano esta sedimentação é marinha, de carácter essencialmente turbiditico com uma tendência geral para se tornar mais proximal. A maturação térmica atingida por estas rochas (Unidade de Albergaria-a-Velha) é alta e a unidade é considerada pós-madura em termos de potencial gerador de hidrocarbonetos. O metamorfismo incipiente é acompanhado por intensa deformação. A bacia do Buçaco é inteiramente terrestre e tem a sua idade restrita ao Gjeliano (Pennsylvaniano superior). O controlo da sedimentação pela actividade da zona de cisalhamento Porto-Tomar é evidente. A sua maturação térmica é relativamente baixa (dentro da catagénese) e a deformação menos intensa, contrastando com a Unidade de Albergaria-a-Velha com a qual parece ter uma relação geométrica complexa, de origem tectónica. As relações de campo e dados da maturação térmica permitem inferir um evento térmico e de deformação à escala regional entre o Serpukoviano e o Gjeliano e outro, essencialmente de deformação, entre o Gjeliano e o Carniano (Triássico Superior). A bacia de Santa Susana tem características semelhantes à do Buçaco, visto estar enquadrada também numa zona de cisalhamento importante que neste caso separa a Zona de Ossa-Morena da Zona Sul Portuguesa. A sua idade é kasimoviana, possivelmente também moscoviana (Pennsylvaniano médio). A evolução térmica da bacia e a relação estrutural com as unidades circundantes permite inferir um evento térmico e de deformação regionalmente importante entre o Viseano e o (?)Moscoviano-Kasimoviano. O estudo detalhado de vários locais onde afloram os Calcários de Odivelas permite desenhar uma paleogeografia regional durante o intervalo Emsiano terminal-Givetiano (fim do Devónico Inferior – Devónico Médio) para o sector Oeste da Zona de Ossa-Morena: Actividade vulcânica em regime marinho (e talvez subaéreo), formando edifícios vulcânicos no topo dos quais (e possivelmente também em altos fundos estruturais) se instalaram recifes, tendo a comunidade recifal, em termos de diversidade, persistido durante todo ou grande parte deste intervalo de tempo. O evento Choteč basal é observável num destes locais.

DPSIR framework application supported by integrated watershed modeling for irrigation from Alqueva dam (Portugal) on Guadiana river estuary

Dissertação de mest., Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Application of DPSIR framework integrated with multiple regression model to simulate Guadiana catchment - estuary continuum, south eastern Iberia

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010