Efeitos do biureto no sorgo sacarino (Sorghum Bicolor L.) (Moench) avaliados pelo desenvolvimento das plantas

O presente trabalho foi realizado no Departamento de Solos, Geologia e Fertilizantes da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP , com a finalidade de estudar os efeitos fitotóxicos do biureto adicionado à uréia, aplicado no solo ou via foliar, em sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor L.) (Moench). Foram usados dois tipos de solos: um arenoso-Areia Quartzosa e um argiloso-Terra Roxa. Os tratamentos foram: 1. 1,15 g N/vaso no solo 2. 1,15 g N/vaso + 1% de biureto no solo. 3. 1,15 g N/vaso + 2% de biureto no solo. 4. 1,15 g N/vaso + 3% de biureto no solo. 5. 1,15 g N/vaso, via foliar. 6. 1,15 g N/vaso + 1% de biureto via foliar. 7. 1,15 g N/vaso + 2% de biureto via foliar. 8. 1,15 g N/vaso + 3% de biureto via foliar. A quantidade de uréia aplicada foi de 2,5 g/vaso. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o biureto aplicado no solo ou nas folhas não afetou o desenvolvimento das plantas avaliado pela altura e massa de matéria seca de folhas e de caules.

Efeitos do biureto no sorgo saccarino (Sorghum Bicolor L.) (Moench) avaliados pelos conteúdos de alguns compostos nitrogenados e de açúcares

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Solos, Geologia e Fertilizantes da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP, com a finalidade de estudar os efeitos fitotóxicos do biureto, adicionado à uréia, ao sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor L.) (Moench), tanto aplicado no solo como em pulverização foliar. Trata-se de um ensaio em vaso, conduzido em casa de vegetação e em dois tipos de solo: um arenoso-Areia Quartzosa e outro argilo-Terra Roxa. Os tratamentos foram: 1- 1,15 g N/vaso no solo 2- 1,15 g N/vaso + 1% de biureto no solo 3_ 1,15 g N/vaso + 2% de biureto no solo 4- 1,15 g N/vaso + 3% de biureto no solo 5- 1,15 g N/vaso via foliar 6- 1,15 g N/vaso + 1% de biureto via foliar 7- 1,15 g N/vaso + 2% de biureto via foliar 8- 1,15 g N/vaso + 3% de biureto via foliar Os resultados mostraram que os compostos nitrogenados (proteínas e aminoácidos) do sorgo apresentaram metabolismo aparentemente não alterado em presença de biureto, em qualquer dos dois tipos de aplicação enquanto que ocorreram variações nos teores de açúcares redutores e açúcares totais.

Toxidez de alumínio e manganes em sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench): III relações entre P, Mg e AL

Conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, em solução nutritiva de Hoagland e Arnon nº 1, modificada para a solução padrão contendo os tratamentos (níveis de Al, P, Mg) e usando-se quatro cultivares de sorgo sacarino: CMS x S603, Br500, Sart e Br602. Após a colheira determinou-se os pesos da matéria seca da raiz e parte aérea e os teores de P, K, Ca, Mg e Al. Verificou-se que: a) a tolerância relativa dos cultivares for indicada pela produção de matéria seca do sistema radicular na seguinte ordem decrescente: SART > CMS x S603 > Br500 > Br602. b) a elevação dos níveis de Mg no substrato permitiu um aumento na tolerância ao alumínio desde que o fósforo se apresentasse em alta concentração. c) os teores dos elementos Ca, Mg, K, P e Al na parte aérea dos cultivares, comparando-se tratamentos que acarretaram as maiores e menores produções de matéria seca na presença de Al, e grau de tolerância ao mesmo, foram diferentes para os cultivares. d) ocorreu estimulo na produção de matéria seca para determinadas combinações de níveis de Al e nutrientes, dependendo do cultivar.

Influência da aplicação parcelada do Ca(OH)2 e do fósforo na produção de matéria seca do sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) e nas principais formas de fósforo do solo

Empregando-se o sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), c.v. Brandes como planta teste e um solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo da zona de Capão Bonito, ordem Oxissol, São Paulo, foi conduzido o presente trabalho experimental em vasos com capacidade para três quilos de TFSA instalados na casa de vegetação do Departamento de Solos, Geologia e Fertilizantes da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP, de setembro de 1983 até fevereiro de 1984, período em que predominaram altas temperaturas. Calagem feita parceladamente e aplicação parcelada do fertilizante fosfatado em doses diferentes foram testados, na segunda cultura do sorgo, após a qual, a matéria seca foi colhida e analisada. Amostras de solo foram retiradas para as determinações do fósforo ligado ao cálcio, ferro e ao alumínio. De acordo com as condições nas quais executou-se o experimento e com os resultados obtidos, chegou-se às seguintes conclusões: a. Há um melhor aproveitamento do fertilizante fosfatado, pela segunda cultura do sorgo, quando este foi aplicado parceladamente. b. A calagem permite um melhor desenvolvimento da planta, mas este desenvolvimento é bem melhor quando o fertilizante fosfatado ê fornecido. c. Não existe uma liberação do fósforo ligado ao ferro com a aplicação da calagem. d. Ofosfato de cálcio sofre um acréscimo na sua concentração devido à calagem, o que é acentuado com as doses de fósforo. e. A concentração do fósforo ligado ao cálcio e ao alumínio encontra-se inversamente relacionado com o fósforo ligado ao ferro e com a produção de matéria seca na segunda cultura do sorgo.

Toxidez de alumínio e manganes em sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench): IV. Relações entre P, K e Al

Foi feito um experimento, em casa de vegetação com quatro cultivares de sorgo sacarino: CMS x S 603, Br 500, Sart e Br 602, usando-se solução nutritiva de Hoagland e Arnon nº 1 modificada para a solução padrão contendo os tratamentos (níveis de Al, P, K). Colhido o material e determinado os pesos da matéria seca da raiz e parte aérea e os teores dos elementos P, K, Ca, Mg e Al, verificou-se que: a) ocorreu estímulo na produção de matéria seca de alguns cultivares por determinadas combinações de níveis de Al e nutrientes; b) o acréscimo dos níveis de K no substrato promoveu um aumento na tolerância ao Al desde que o P estivesse em alta concentração; c) o fornecimento de K em nível muito alto (solução de Hoagland e Arnon(, não permitiu diferenciar cultivares quanto ao grau de tolerância; d) os teores dos elementos Ca, Mg, K, P e Al na parte aérea dos cultivares foram diferentes para os mesmos, quando comparados os tratamentos que acarretaram as maiores e menores produções de matéria seca.

SWEET SORGHUM PERFORMANCE AFFECTED BY SOIL COMPACTION AND SOWING TIME AS A SECOND CROP IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO

ABSTRACT Increasing attention has recently been given to sweet sorghum as a renewable raw material for ethanol production, mainly because its cultivation can be fully mechanized. However, the intensive use of agricultural machinery causes soil structural degradation, especially when performed under inadequate conditions of soil moisture. The aims of this study were to evaluate the physical quality of aLatossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (Oxisol) under compaction and its components on sweet sorghum yield forsecond cropsowing in the Brazilian Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a split plot arrangement, with four replications. Five levels of soil compaction were tested from the passing of a tractor at the following traffic intensities: 0 (absence of additional compaction), 1, 2, 7, and 15 passes over the same spot. The subplots consisted of three different sowing times of sweet sorghum during the off-season of 2013 (20/01, 17/02, and 16/03). Soil physical quality was measured through the least limiting water range (LLWR) and soil water limitation; crop yield and technological parameters were also measured. Monitoring of soil water contents indicated a reduction in the frequency of water content in the soil within the limits of the LLWR (Fwithin) as agricultural traffic increased (T0 = T1 = T2>T7>T15), and crop yield is directly associated with soil water content. The crop sown in January had higher industrial quality; however, there was stalk yield reduction when bulk density was greater than 1.26 Mg m-3, with a maximum yield of 50 Mg ha-1 in this sowing time. Cultivation of sweet sorghum as a second crop is a promising alternative, but care should be taken in cultivation under conditions of pronounced climatic risks, due to low stalk yield.

The effect of cover crop and crop rotation on soil water storage and on sorghum yield

Crop rotation and cover crop can be important means for enhancing crop yield in rainfed areas such as the lower Coastal Bend Region of Texas, USA. A trial was conducted in 1995 as part of a long-term cropping experiment (7 years) to investigate the effect of oat (Avena sativa L.) cover and rotation on soil water storage and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). The trial design was a RCB in a split-plot arrangement with four replicates. Rotation sequences were the main plots and oat cover crop the subplots. Cover crop reduced sorghum grain yield. This effect was attributed to a reduced concentration of available soil N and less soil water storage under this treatment. By delaying cover termination, the residue with a high C/N acted as an N sink through competition and/or immobilization instead of an N source to sorghum plants. Crop rotation had a significantly positive effect on sorghum yield and this effect was attributed to a significantly larger amount of N concentration under these rotation sequences.

Ecophysiological response of Sorghum halepense populations to reduced rates of nicosulfuron

The control and regrowth after nicosulfuron reduced rate treatment of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L. Pers.) populations, from seven Argentinean locations, were evaluated in pot experiments to assess if differential performance could limit the design and implementation of integrated weed management programs. Populations from humid regions registered a higher sensibility to reduced rates of nicosulfuron than populations from subhumid regions. This effect was visualised in the values of regression coefficient of the non-linear models (relating fresh weight to nicosulfuron rate), and in the time needed to obtain a 50% reduction of photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance. The least leaf CO2 exchange of subhumid populations could result in a lower foliar absorption and translocation of nicosulfuron, thus producing less control and increasing their ability to sprout and produce new aerial biomass. The three populations from subhumid regions, with less sensibility to nicosulfuron rates, presented substantial difference in fresh weight, total rhizome length and number of rhizome nodes, when they were evaluated 20 week after treatment. In consequence, a substantial Johnsongrass re-infestation could occur, if rates below one-half of nicosulfuron labeled rate were used to control Johnsongrass in subhumid regions.

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on microbial functional groups in sorghum rhizosphere

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on sorghum rhizosphere microorganisms. The strains were HD1, that produces the bioinsecticidal protein, and 407, that is a mutant non-producer. The strains do not influence microbial population, but reduce plant growth and improve mycorrhizal colonization and free living fixing N2 community.

Genetic diversity of sweet sorghum germplasm in Mexico using AFLP and SSR markers

The objective of this work was to evaluate the diversity and genetic relationships between lines and varieties of the sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) germplasm bank of the National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research, Mexico, using AFLP and SSR markers. The molecular markers revealed robust amplification profiles and were able to differentiate the 41 genotypes of sweet sorghum evaluated. Analysis of the frequency and distribution of polymorphic fragments allowed for the detection of unique (AFLP) and rare (SSR) alleles in several genotypes (RBSS‑8, RBSS‑9, RBSS‑25, RBSS‑32, and RBSS‑37), indicating that these markers may be associated with a feature that has not yet been determined or may be useful for the identification of these genotypes. The genetic relationships indicated the presence of at least two types of sweet sorghum: a group of modern genotypes used for sugar and biofuel production, and another group consisting of historic and modern genotypes used for the production of syrups. Sweet sorghum genotypes may be used to develop new varieties with higher sugar and juice contents.

Forage potential and silage quality of four varieties of saccharine sorghum

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate four cultivars of saccharine sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) regarding productivity, chemical composition of plant parts, and quality of the ensiling process. The tested varieties of saccharine sorghum were BRS 506, BRS 508, BRS 509, and BRS 511. The experiment was divided into two trials, which assessed: production, morphological composition, and nutritional quality of the saccharine varieties; and fermentation quality and nutritional value of the silage produced from the saccharine varieties. Of the tested varieties, BRS 509 and BRS 511 showed the highest total dry matter (DM) production. The BRS 508 variety presented the highest in vitro digestibility of the whole plant (70.65% DM). During ensiling, the BRS 509 variety showed the lowest DM loss (8.87%). The highest effluent production was observed for BRS 506 and BRS 508, with yields of 521.87 and 393.16 kg Mg-1 ensiled DM, respectively. The BRS 511 variety is the most recommended because of the best results for plant production and nutritional quality. Regarding the ensiling process, BRS 509 presents the lowest fermentation losses and the highest nutritional value of silage.

Use of sorghum straw (Sorghum bicolor) for second generation ethanol production: pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis

Agronomic biomass yields of forage sorghum BRS 655 presented similar results to other energy crops, producing 9 to 12.6 tons/ha (dry mass) of sorghum straw. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lignocellulosic part of this cultivar in terms of its potential in the different unit processes in the production of cellulosic ethanol, measuring the effects of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Three types of pre-treatments for two reaction times were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the pulp for subsequent saccharification. The pulp pretreated by alkali, and by acid followed by delignification, attained hydrolysis rates of over 90%.

Reaction of sorghum genotypes to the anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola

The reactions of 22 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes to six previously identified races of the sorghum anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola, were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Races were inoculated in separate tests in the greenhouse. In the field, spreader rows of a susceptible genotype were artificially inoculated with a mixture of the six races of the pathogen. In the greenhouse tests, nine genotypes showed resistance to all six races. In the field high levels of dilatory resistance was observed in the sorghum genotypes CMSXS169 and CMSXS373.

Screening of sweet sorghum accessions for inhibition of secondary sporulation and saccharide measurements in honeydew of Claviceps africana

Certain sweet sorghums (Sorghum bicolor) inhibit the secondary sporulation of Claviceps africana, which occurs on exuded ergot honeydew when the parasite is supplied with excess sucrose, which is then transformed to unique free oligosaccharides fructosyl - mannitol and difructosyl - mannitol with spore germination inhibiting properties. Five accessions (BRA-035726-SUGAR DRIP, BRA-035696-THEIS, BRA-036013-MN-4578, BRA-035947-MN-4418 and CMSXS-633) of sweet sorghum were selected among 50 evaluated. These five accessions failed to support secondary sporulation on the "honeydew" exuded from infected florets. There was a higher concentration (%w/v) of the free oligosaccharides on the honeydew of these accessions when compared to a hybrid male-sterile grain sorghum. Therefore, a possible strategy would be seek to incorporate a sweet character into "A" lines for hybrid seed production in order to restrict secondary disease spread.

Variability of the anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola in sorghum genotype mixtures

This paper reports partial results obtained on the variability of Colletotrichum graminicola developed in response to the host diversity generated by three-line combination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes. Nine sorghum lines were used in this study: CMSXS210B, CMSXS112B, CMSXS215B, CMSXS221B, CMSXS169R, CMSXS180R, CMSXS182R, CMSXS227R, and CMSXS116R. A total of 39 treatments on mixtures and pure stands of the component lines were evaluated in the field for the development of anthracnose, as a natural epidemic. Samples of the single spore isolates of the pathogen of each treatment indicated a reduction in the phenotypic diversity and an increase in the frequency of more complex races in genotype mixtures in relation to the pure stands of each genotype.