Some types of thermal electric power plant and their application to conditions in Latin America

Includes bibliography

Requirements and methodology for the massive implementation of small hydro power stations in Latin America

Spanish version available

Análise de viabilidade econômica e financeira de uma pequena central hidrelétrica

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Relações entre raios e chuvas na Amazônia Oriental

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a relação entre descargas elétricas, associadas à precipitação dentro de áreas selecionadas no leste da Amazônia no período de setembro de 2008 a dezembro de 2010. Os estudos foram realizados dentro de um raio de 100 km centralizados em pluviômetros instalados das localidades de Belém, Caxiuanã e Santarém. Essas áreas foram escolhidas por encontrarem-se aproximadamente na mesma latitude, e vão se distanciando do Oceano Atlântico, buscando observar a sazonalidade dos sistemas precipitantes causadores de raios e sua penetração no continente, observando as características climatológica distintas de cada área. Os dados de chuvas foram obtidos através do banco de dados da ANA, RPCH, INMET e através do Projeto LBA. Os sistemas meteorológicos de grande escala acompanhados de sistemas de escala menores, parecem atuar primeiramente em Belém e vão adentrando o continente atingindo as outras áreas de estudo. Em Belém, também foram observadas as maiores ocorrências de raios comparados com Caxiuanã e Santarém, sendo que nessas localidades, os raios antecedem as chuvas em quase todas as observações. Foram observadas as defasagens dos máximos de ocorrências de raios e chuvas de aproximadamente dois meses acompanhando principalmente o sentido norte sul de deslocamento da ZCIT e seu acoplamento com outros sistemas de escala local ou de meso escala. Foi feito um estudo de caso em Belém e Santarém onde observou-se que a ZCIT não segue o mesmo padrão de deslocamento para as duas localidades , ou seja, ela atinge primeiramente Belém e aproximadamente três dias depois o sistema atingiu a cidade de Santarém. Mesmo com essa defasagem de tempo foi visto que nas duas localidades as ocorrências de raios antecederam as chuvas. Também foi realizado um estudo pioneiro dentro das bacias do Tocantins e Xingu sobre a relação entre raios e chuva, na tentativa de se desenvolver uma alternativa de método auxiliar para prognostico dos períodos de cheias e secas dentro dessas bacias através das ocorrências de raios sobre essas áreas. Os estudos mais detalhados foram realizados nas áreas a montante das barragens de Tocantins onde se encontra a usina hidroelétrica de Tucuruí, e dentro da área da bacia do Xingu onde está sendo construída a barragem de Belo Monte. Foram utilizados dados de precipitação pluviométrica das bacias do Tocantins e Xingu obtidos através da HIDROWEB-ANA operados pela CPRM dentro de cada área de estudo. Usando filtros de médias móveis foram observados que as melhores correlações entre raios e chuvas, se encontravam dentro da bacia do Tocantins, provavelmente pela influencia da presença da barragem na bacia do Tocantins onde possibilitou respostas positivas entre a relação da cota do rio com os raios. Considerando o fato de que o período de dois anos de dados não possuem peso estatístico suficiente para estabelecer relações definitivas entre raios e precipitação, os resultados apresentados devem ser considerados como preliminares. No entanto essa metodologia pode ser aplicada para subsidiar modelos de estimativas de precipitação em localidades selecionadas e aplicações no modelamento hidrológico de bacias hidrográficas, onde dados pluviométricos ainda são escassos no leste da Amazônia.

Proposta de metodologia de auxílio à decisão utilizando conjuntos Fuzzy para repotenciação de PCHs

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Proposta de metodologia para aplicação de eficiência energética em uma usina hidrelétrica

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Application of genetic algorithms for the calibration of an air quality model and its validation using pollutant measures from the surroundings of an electric power plant

[EN]This work presents the calibration and validation of an air quality finite element model applied to emissions from a thermal power plant located in Gran Canaria. The calibration is performed using genetic algorithms. To calibrate and validate the model, the authors use empirical measures of pollutants concentrations from 4 stations located nearby the power plant; an hourly record per station during 3 days is available. Measures from 3 stations will be used to calibrate, while validation will use measures from the remaining station…

Calibration and validation of an air quality finite element model around an electric power plant in Gran Canaria island

[EN]This work presents the calibration and validation of an air quality finite element model applied to the surroundings of Jinamar electric power plant in Gran Canaria island (Spain). The model involves the generation of an adaptive tetrahedral mesh, the computation of an ambient wind field, the inclusion of the plume rise effect in the wind field, and the simulation of transport and reaction of pollutants. The main advantage of the model is the treatment of complex terrains that introduces an alternative to the standard implementation of current models. In addition, it improves the computational cost through the use of unstructured meshes...

Aging of nuclear power plant cables: in search of non-destructive diagnostic quantities

The safety systems of nuclear power plants rely on low-voltage power, instrumentation and control cables. Inside the containment area, cables operate in harsh environments, characterized by relatively high temperature and gamma-irradiation. As these cables are related to fundamental safety systems, they must be able to withstand unexpected accident conditions and, therefore, their condition assessment is of utmost importance as plants age and lifetime extensions are required. Nowadays, the integrity and functionality of these cables are monitored mainly through destructive test which requires specific laboratory. The investigation of electrical aging markers which can provide information about the state of the cable by non-destructive testing methods would improve significantly the present diagnostic techniques. This work has been made within the framework of the ADVANCE (Aging Diagnostic and Prognostics of Low-Voltage I\&C Cables) project, a FP7 European program. This Ph.D. thesis aims at studying the impact of aging on cable electrical parameters, in order to understand the evolution of the electrical properties associated with cable degradation. The identification of suitable aging markers requires the comparison of the electrical property variation with the physical/chemical degradation mechanisms of polymers for different insulating materials and compositions. The feasibility of non-destructive electrical condition monitoring techniques as potential substitutes for destructive methods will be finally discussed studying the correlation between electrical and mechanical properties. In this work, the electrical properties of cable insulators are monitored and characterized mainly by dielectric spectroscopy, polarization/depolarization current analysis and space charge distribution. Among these techniques, dielectric spectroscopy showed the most promising results; by means of dielectric spectroscopy it is possible to identify the frequency range where the properties are more sensitive to aging. In particular, the imaginary part of permittivity at high frequency, which is related to oxidation, has been identified as the most suitable aging marker based on electrical quantities.

Optimal game theoretic distributed control methodologies in small scale power systems

This dissertation presents the competitive control methodologies for small-scale power system (SSPS). A SSPS is a collection of sources and loads that shares a common network which can be isolated during terrestrial disturbances. Micro-grids, naval ship electric power systems (NSEPS), aircraft power systems and telecommunication system power systems are typical examples of SSPS. The analysis and development of control systems for small-scale power systems (SSPS) lacks a defined slack bus. In addition, a change of a load or source will influence the real time system parameters of the system. Therefore, the control system should provide the required flexibility, to ensure operation as a single aggregated system. In most of the cases of a SSPS the sources and loads must be equipped with power electronic interfaces which can be modeled as a dynamic controllable quantity. The mathematical formulation of the micro-grid is carried out with the help of game theory, optimal control and fundamental theory of electrical power systems. Then the micro-grid can be viewed as a dynamical multi-objective optimization problem with nonlinear objectives and variables. Basically detailed analysis was done with optimal solutions with regards to start up transient modeling, bus selection modeling and level of communication within the micro-grids. In each approach a detail mathematical model is formed to observe the system response. The differential game theoretic approach was also used for modeling and optimization of startup transients. The startup transient controller was implemented with open loop, PI and feedback control methodologies. Then the hardware implementation was carried out to validate the theoretical results. The proposed game theoretic controller shows higher performances over traditional the PI controller during startup. In addition, the optimal transient surface is necessary while implementing the feedback controller for startup transient. Further, the experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical simulation. The bus selection and team communication was modeled with discrete and continuous game theory models. Although players have multiple choices, this controller is capable of choosing the optimum bus. Next the team communication structures are able to optimize the players’ Nash equilibrium point. All mathematical models are based on the local information of the load or source. As a result, these models are the keys to developing accurate distributed controllers.

Radiocarbon impact in a nearby tree of a light-water VVER type nuclear power plant, Paks, Hungary

Tree-ring series were collected for radiocarbon analyses from the vicinity of Paks nuclear power plant (NPP) and a background area (Dunaföldvár) for a 10-yr period (2000–2009). Samples of holocellulose were prepared from the wood and converted to graphite for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C measurement using the MICADAS at ETH Zürich. The 14C concentration data from these tree rings was compared to the background tree rings for each year. The global decreasing trend of atmospheric 14C activity concentration was observed in the annual tree rings both in the background area and in the area of the NPP. As an average of the past 10 yr, the excess 14C emitted by the pressurized-water reactor (PWR) NPP to the atmosphere shows only a slight systematic excess (~6‰) 14C in the annual rings. The highest 14C excess was 13‰ (in 2006); however, years with the same 14C level as the background were quite frequent in the tree-ring series.

Pond head level control in a run-of-river hydro power plant using fuzzy controller

The run-of-river hydro power plant usually have low or nil water storage capacity, and therefore an adequate control strategy is required to keep the water level constant in pond. This paper presents a novel technique based on TSK fuzzy controller to maintain the pond head constant. The performance is investigated over a wide range of hill curve of hydro turbine. The results are compared with PI controller as discussed in [1].

Real time power plant simulation platform for training on Electrical Protections and Automatic Voltage Regulators

Electrical Protection systems and Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) are essential components of actual power plants. Its installation and setting is performed during the commissioning, and it needs extensive experience since any failure in this process or in the setting, may entails some risk not only for the generator of the power plant, but also for the reliability of the power grid. In this paper, a real time power plant simulation platform is presented as a tool for improving the training and learning process on electrical protections and automatic voltage regulators. The activities of the commissioning procedure which can be practiced are described, and the applicability of this tool for improving the comprehension of this important part of the power plants is discussed. A commercial AVR and a multifunction protective relay have been tested with satisfactory results.

Distribution of the coal flow in the mill-duct system of the As Pontes Power Plant using CFD modeling

The efficiency of a Power Plant is affected by the distribution of the pulverized coal within the furnace. The coal, which is pulverized in the mills, is transported and distributed by the primary gas through the mill-ducts to the interior of the furnace. This is done with a double function: dry and enter the coal by different levels for optimizing the combustion in the sense that a complete combustion occurs with homogeneous heat fluxes to the walls. The mill-duct systems of a real Power Plant are very complex and they are not yet well understood. In particular, experimental data concerning the mass flows of coal to the different levels are very difficult to measure. CFD modeling can help to determine them. An Eulerian/Lagrangian approach is used due to the low solid–gas volume ratio.

Conceptual design of offshore platform supply vessel based on hybrid diesel generator-fuel cell power plant

Nowadays increasing fuel prices and upcoming pollutant emission regulations are becoming a growing concern for the shipping industry worldwide. While fuel prices will keep rising in future years, the new International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and Sulphur Emissions Control Areas (SECA) regulations will forbid ships to use heavy fuel oils at certain situations. To fulfil with these regulations, the next step in the marine shipping business will comprise the use of cleaner fuels on board as well as developing new propulsion concept. In this work a new conceptual marine propulsion system is developed, based on the integration of diesel generators with fuel cells in a 2850 metric tonne of deadweight platform supply vessel. The efficiency of the two 250 kW methanol-fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system installed on board combined with the hydro dynamically optimized design of the hull of the ship will allow the ship to successfully operate at certain modes of operation while notably reduce the pollutant emissions to the atmosphere. Besides the cogeneration heat obtained from the fuel cell system will be used to answer different heating needs on board the vessel