Desenvolvimento de uma planta piloto para estudos de poços de petróleo produzindo por plunger lift

This document proposes to describe a pilot plant for oil wells equipped with plunger lift. In addition to a small size (21,5 meters) and be on the surface, the plant s well has part of its structure in transparent acrylic, allowing easy visualization of phenomena inherent to the method. The rock formation where the well draws its pilot plant fluids (water and air) is simulated by a machine room where they are located the compressor and water pump for the production of air and water. To keep the flow of air and water with known and controlled values the lines that connect the machine room to the wellhole are equipped with flow sensors and valves. It s developed a supervisory system that allows the user a real-time monitoring of pressures and flow rates involved. From the supervisor is still allowed the user can choose how they will be controlled cycles of the process, whether by time, pressure or manually, and set the values of air flow to the water used in cycles. These values can be defined from a set point or from the percentage of valve opening. Results from tests performed on the plant using the most common forms of control by time and pressure in the coating are showed. Finally, they are confronted with results generated by a simulator configured with the the pilot plant s feature

Sistema de gerência de informação de processos industriais via Web

The structure of Industrial Automation bases on a hierarchical pyramid, where restricted information islands are created. Those information islands are characterized by systems where hardware and software used are proprietors. In other words, they are supplied for just a manufacturer, doing with that customer is entailed to that supplier. That solution causes great damages to companies. Once the connection and integration with other equipments, that are not of own supplier, it is very complicated. Several times it is impossible of being accomplished, because of high cost of solution or for technical incompatibility. This work consists to specify and to implement the visualization module via Web of GERINF. GERINF is a FINEP/CTPetro project that has the objective of developing a software for information management in industrial processes. GERINF is divided in three modules: visualization via Web, compress and storage and communication module. Are presented results of the utilization of a proposed system to information management of a Natural Gas collected Unit of Guamar´e on the PETROBRAS UN-RNCE.

Sistema Especialista para Supressão Online de Alarmes em Processos Industriais

Operating industrial processes is becoming more complex each day, and one of the factors that contribute to this growth in complexity is the integration of new technologies and smart solutions employed in the industry, such as the decision support systems. In this regard, this dissertation aims to develop a decision support system based on an computational tool called expert system. The main goal is to turn operation more reliable and secure while maximizing the amount of relevant information to each situation by using an expert system based on rules designed for a particular area of expertise. For the modeling of such rules has been proposed a high-level environment, which allows the creation and manipulation of rules in an easier way through visual programming. Despite its wide range of possible applications, this dissertation focuses only in the context of real-time filtering of alarms during the operation, properly validated in a case study based on a real scenario occurred in an industrial plant of an oil and gas refinery

Estudo e especificação de um sistema de instrumentação para unidades de elevação de petróleo utilizando tecnologia sem fio

Wireless sensor networks are reality nowadays. The growing necessity of connectivity between existing industrial plant equipments pushes the research and development of several technologies. The IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN comes as a low-cost and powersaving viable solution, which are important concerns while making decisions on remote sensoring projects. This study intends to propose a wireless communication system which makes possible the monitoring of analogic and/or digital variables (i. e., the pressure studied) involved on the artificial methods for oil and gas lifting. The main issues are: To develop a software based on SMAC Standard in order to create a wireless network to monitoring analogic and/or digital variables; To evaluate the communication link based on the number of lost packets tested in different environments (indoor and outdoor) and To propose an instrumentation system consisting of wireless devices

Desenvolvimento de um sistema para análise de integridade estrutural de equipamentos estáticos baseado em cad vps micro cracks e ultrassom

In general, the designs of equipment takes into account the effects and processes of deterioration it will undergo and arrives at an approximate useful life. However, changes in operational processes and parameters, the action of external agents, the kind of maintenance conducted, the means of monitoring, and natural and accidental occurrences completely modify the desired performance of the equipment. The discontinuities that occur in anisotropic materials often and due to different factors evolve from being subcritical to critical acquiring the status of defect and compromising the physical integrity of the equipment. Increasingly sophisticated technological means of detection, monitoring and assessment of these discontinuities are required to respond ever more rapidly to the requirements of industry. This paper therefore presents a VPS (Virtual Pipe System) computational tool which uses the results of ultrasonic tests on equipment, plotting the discontinuities found in models created in the CAD and CAE systems, and then simulates the behavior of these defects in the structure to give an instantaneous view of the final behavior. This paper also presents an alternative method of conventional ultrasonic testing which correlates the integrity of an overlay (carbon steel and stainless steel attached by welding) and the reflection of ultrasonic waves coming from the interface between the two metals, thus making it possible to identify cracks in the casing and a shift of the overlay

Sistema de aquisição de dados para estudos de transiente de pressão e detecção de vazamentos em oleodutos

In February 2011, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) has published a new Technical Rules for Handling Land Pipeline Petroleum and Natural Gas Derivatives (RTDT). Among other things, the RTDT made compulsory the use of monitoring systems and leak detection in all onshore pipelines in the country. This document provides a study on the method for detection of transient pressure. The study was conducted on a industrial duct 16" diameter and 9.8 km long. The pipeline is fully pressurized and carries a multiphase mixture of crude oil, water and natural gas. For the study, was built an infrastructure for data acquisition and validation of detection algorithms. The system was designed with SCADA architecture. Piezoresistive sensors were installed at the ends of the duct and Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) were used for sampling, storage and processing of data. The study was based on simulations of leaks through valves and search for patterns that characterize the occurrence of such phenomena

Métodos estatísticos recursivos aplicados ao problema de estimação de vazão de gás em plantas de Plunger-lift

This work has as main objective to find mathematical models based on linear parametric estimation techniques applied to the problem of calculating the grow of gas in oil wells. In particular we focus on achieving grow models applied to the case of wells that produce by plunger-lift technique on oil rigs, in which case, there are high peaks in the grow values that hinder their direct measurement by instruments. For this, we have developed estimators based on recursive least squares and make an analysis of statistical measures such as autocorrelation, cross-correlation, variogram and the cumulative periodogram, which are calculated recursively as data are obtained in real time from the plant in operation; the values obtained for these measures tell us how accurate the used model is and how it can be changed to better fit the measured values. The models have been tested in a pilot plant which emulates the process gas production in oil wells

Avaliação do sistema de monitoramento computadorizado de digestão in vitro: 1. Testes preliminares

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar o sistema de monitoramento computadorizado da produção de gás in vitro. Essa técnica facilita estudos da degradação das frações solúveis e insolúveis das forragens, quantificadas pela produção de gás (CO2 e CH4) oriunda do metabolismo microbiano e medida por sensor de pressão. Diversas quantidades de amostras (50 a 110 mg de feno de alfafa) e outros alimentos foram testadas. Também, a influência da quantidade de líquido ruminal (2,0 ou 3,0 mL), com ou sem barras magnéticas agitadoras nos frascos incubatórios, na digestibilidade de 100 mg de feno de alfafa, foi estudada. A quantidade de 100 mg de amostra, 2,0 mL de líquido ruminal e sem barra magnética agitadora, proporcionou os menores coeficientes de variação na produção de gás. em conclusão, 2,0 mL de líquido ruminal, sem barra e com 100 mg de amostra, apresentaram maior precisão na curva de digestão.

Comparação do sistema de monitoramento computadorizado de digestão in vitro com os métodos in vivo e in situ: 2. Uso do resíduo da matéria seca de forragens

RESUMO - O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o sistema de monitoramento computadorizado da produção de gás in vitro com os métodos in vivo e in situ. Nas comparações, foram utilizadas silagens de milho com alto/baixo teores de matéria seca, com/sem inoculante. A digestibilidade das silagens com alto teor de matéria seca (MS), com/sem inoculação, não apresentou diferenças entre os métodos analisados. Quando avaliadas separadamente do efeito do inóculo, essas silagens diferiram nos métodos in vitro/gás e in situ, mas não no in vivo. Entretanto, quando analisadas somente sob efeito do inoculante, apenas no método in situ houve diferença. Não foram encontradas diferenças na digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) das silagens com alta ou baixa MS, inoculadas ou não, bem como em relação ao pH ao final da digestão. em conclusão, o desaparecimento da MS e FDN quantificada pelo resíduo no sistema in vitro/gás foi semelhante aos demais métodos avaliados.

Avaliação do sistema de monitoramento computadorizado de digestão in vitro: 3. Desaparecimento da matéria seca e/ou FDN pela produção de gás

RESUMO - Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o sistema de monitoramento computadorizado da produção de gás in vitro e compará-lo com os métodos in vivo e in situ. Nos métodos de digestibilidade (MS), foram utilizadas amostras de silagens de milho com alto/baixo teor de MS, com/sem inoculante. Avaliando a digestibilidade das silagens, pelo gás produzido na fermentação, os resultados da extensão da degradação (A+D) foram: 21,5; 22,6; 22,1; e 20,9 mL de gás/100 mg MS, sem diferença significativa. Os coeficientes de determinação obtidos na produção de gás total, em relação ao potencial de degradação obtido in situ, mostraram-se elevados para silagem de milho com alta MS inoculada (R²= 0,99), alta MS não-inoculada (R²= 0,98), baixa MS inoculada (R²= 0,94) e baixa MS não-inoculada (R²=0,93). O desaparecimento da MS e/ou fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), quantificada pelo gás produzido no sistema in vitro/gás, apresentou resultados semelhantes aos demais métodos avaliados.

Efeito das técnicas de fusão sobre a fluidez de ligas do sistema cobre-alumínio.

It was evaluated the castability of four copper-aluminium alloy according the melting casting method used. The specimens were made using polyester mesh screen, with 11 x 11 filaments of 0.26 mm thick, fixed along of two adjacent edges in wax bar, with the sprue attached at their junction. The alloys were in an electrical casting machine and a centrifugal casting machine with an air/gas torch. The castability values were obtained by the percentage of completed segments of the resulting cast alloy screen. It was verified that the use of the electrical casting machine produced higher castability values to the copper-aluminium alloys than those produced by a centrifugal casting machine with an air/gas torch.

Uso de métodos químicos para obtener polvos cerámicos del sistema (Sn, Ti)O2

The (Sn,Ti)O2, system has a great interest due to its technological applications such as gas sensor and varistor. Although the thermodynamic properties and the kinetics of spinoidal decomposition in this system have been extensively studied, the general properties and applications of SnO2 - TiO2 binary compositions have been not investigated yet in depth. On the other hand, little work has been done to optimize the synthesis methods to obtain (Sn,Ti)O2 cerallmic powders, with pre - determinate physical and chemical characteristics. In this work the ceramic powders has been obtained by coprecipitation and polymeric precursor (Pechini) methods. The different physical chemistry phenomena that occurred during the synthesis were discussed. The (Sn,Ti)O2, ceramic powders were characterized with X- ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DTA/TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The knowledge about of steps and variables of synthesis process acquired with development of this work, we permited to obtain (Sn, Ti)O2, nanometers particles to low temperatures: to 450°C for coprecipitation method and to 600°C for Pechini method. The spinodal decomposition that ocurr to 900°C was discussed also.

Respuesta eléctrica de películas gruesas del sistema SnO2-TiO2, conformadas con polvos cerámicos obtenidos a través del método pechini

Tin oxide is the compound more used in the gas sensor production, mainly to reduce gases like CO and H2. Their electrical properties are strongly dependent of its surface. For this is of great importance to synthesize nanoscale tin oxide particles to use they later in the films conformation. The synthesis of SnO2-TiO2 nanoparticles by polymeric precursor method is reported in this work. The particles were characterized by DTA/TG, FT-IR, XRD and SEM. Also, the electrical response of thick films measured under oxygen and carbon monoxide atmospheres is was analyzed.

Avaliação energética de um sistema de refrigeração por absorção utilizando gás de aterro e gás natural

The current technological development made by the absorption refrigeration system is an economic and ambient alternative in comparison to the vapor cycle, possessing an advantage that uses thermal energy that is less noble. Chillers of absorption are used widely in the air conditioned industries, because they can be set in motion through hot water vapors that burn natural gas, solar energy, biomasses amongst others instead of electricity. These systems allow it to reduce the tips of electric demand and balance the rocking of energy demand. This work has had a main objective to simulate a absorption refrigeration cycle with lithium-water bromide solution using biogas of sanitary landfill, and mixtures of this with natural gas. These results shown to the energy viability of the system burning biogas and its mixtures with natural gas in the generator, when compared with equipments that uses traditional fuels (natural gas, oil diesel, amongst others), for operation the commercial chillers with 15 kW of the refrigeration capacity and temperature of the water in the entrance of 14°C and the exit of 7°C.

Dilema del suministro de gas natural en México

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