PERSONALIDADE, ESTILOS PARENTAIS E COGNI����O EM MENINOS V��TIMAS DE ABUSO SEXUAL

H�� um consenso na literatura de que a viv��ncia do abuso sexual na inf��ncia ocasiona uma s��rie de consequ��ncias, tanto f��sicas quanto psicol��gicas, ��s v��timas. O cen��rio de viol��ncia contra crian��as e adolescentes est�� cada vez mais frequente na sociedade contempor��nea, tornando-se um problema de sa��de p��blica, de modo a ser necess��rio um olhar mais atento dos profissionais e elabora����o de pol��ticas p��blicas tanto para a preven����o dos casos como para o tratamento dos problemas deles decorrentes. Nas crian��as, h�� uma associa����o do aumento de problemas comportamentais e psicol��gicos, que podem se estender at�� o per��odo da idade adulta. Outros estudos enfatizam altera����es em ��reas cerebrais e as relacionam com o surgimento de transtornos mentais na popula����o de crian��as v��timas de viol��ncia sexual, dentre outros tipos de viol��ncia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presen��a de tra��os de personalidade, os estilos parentais desenvolvidos e o desempenho cognitivo, especificamente as fun����es executivas, em meninos com hist��rico de abuso sexual. Foram avaliadas 62 crian��as e adolescentes (32 com hist��rico de abuso sexual e 30 sem), sendo que no grupo de abuso a idade m��dia dos integrantes �� de 11,7 anos de idade e seus genitores majoritariamente divorciados, diferentemente do grupo controle, no qual os genitores s��o, na maior parte, casados. O m��todo constou de question��rio sociodemogr��fico, testes neuropsicol��gicos que avaliam as fun����es executivas (Wisconsin Card Sortint Test, Figuras de Ray e Escala de Intelig��ncia Wechsler para Crian��as - Terceira Edi����o (WISC-III)- Semelhan��as, Arranjo de Figuras, Compreens��o, Cubos, D��gitos e Vocabul��rio), Question��rio de Personalidade para Crian��as e Adolescentes (EPQ-J) e Invent��rio de Estilos Parentais (IEP). N��o houve resultados significativos entre o abuso e as fun����es executivas, tanto nos subtestes dos Escala de Intelig��ncia Wechsler para Crian��as - Terceira Edi����o (WISC-III) quanto no do Wisconsin; por��m o grupo apresentou dados significativamente menores na mem��ria do Figuras Complexas de Rey. Com rela����o ao EPQ-J, os resultados demonstraram maiores ��ndices de neuroticismo, os quais podem ser associados com sintomas de depressão, e apresentaram menores ��ndices em extrovers��o, trazendo poss��veis dificuldades nas rela����es sociais. Com rela����o aos estilos parentais, o grupo apresentou dificuldades e preju��zos nas percep����es sobre os genitores, especialmente com rela����o ao genitor, que �� o maior abusador estatisticamente. Os dados mostraram uma correla����o entre neuroticismo e vocabul��rio, estilos parentais e vocabul��rio, e neuroticismo e estilos parentais. Observou-se a import��ncia de maiores estudos com o p��blico masculino, para que possam ser elucidadas, de forma mais abrangente, as quest��es de abuso sexual e suas interfer��ncias nos aspectos neuropsicol��gicos, estilos parentais e tra��os de personalidade, visto que a maior parte dos estudos �� relacionada ao p��blico feminino. �� necess��rio o desenvolvimento de pol��ticas p��blicas para o atendimento espec��fico do p��blico masculino que sofre abuso, e que o profissional da sa��de esteja preparado para ajudar, fortalecendo os aspectos ps��quicos e emocionais.

Valida����o da Escala de Mem��rias Precoces de Calor e Seguran��a em Rela����o ao Grupo de Pares (EMPCS-Pares)

A presente investiga����o pretendeu validar para a popula����o portuguesa de adolescentes a Escala de Mem��rias Precoces de Calor e Seguran��a em Rela����o ao Grupo de Pares (EMPCSPares) bem como ver cumpridos os seus principais objetivos: 1) Adapta����o da escala de mem��rias precoces de calor e seguran��a (EMPCS), enquanto medida global, para o contexto de intera����o com o grupo de pares; 2) Explorar a validade de construto atrav��s da an��lise fatorial explorat��ria (estudo da dimensionalidade); 3) Analisar a consist��ncia interna do instrumento e explorar a qualidade dos itens; 4) Examinar a validade convergente e divergente atrav��s da associa����o com outras vari��veis semelhantes e distintas do construto em an��lise; 5) Analisar poss��veis efeitos das vari��veis sociodemogr��ficas, como a idade, g��nero e escolaridade nos resultados da escala, bem como a sua associa����o com a perce����o global de qualidade vida; 6) Comparar as mem��rias precoces emocionais em fun����o da qualidade de vincula����o (segura e insegura). A amostra �� constitu��da por 354 jovens (152 rapazes e 202 raparigas), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos (M= 15,81; DP = 1,58) a frequentar o ensino b��sico e secund��rio do sistema regular de ensino p��blico (7��ano de escolaridade ao 12�� ano de escolaridade). Do protocolo constam os seguintes instrumentos: escala de mem��rias precoces de calor e seguran��a no contexto familiar (EMPCSFam��lia) e na intera����o com o grupo de pares (EMPCSPares); escala de auto-compaix��o (SCS-A); escala de vergonha externa (OAS ��� A); question��rio de vincula����o (AQ-C); escala de ansiedade, depressão e stress (EADS-21). Os resultados obtidos mostram que a escala tem uma estrutura unidimensional, possui uma excelente consist��ncia interna, uma estabilidade temporal adequada, assim como uma boa validade convergente e divergente. Revelou igualmente discriminar os jovens com uma vincula����o segura dos que apresentam uma vincula����o insegura. Apesar da necessidade de mais estudos, nomeadamente a realizar em amostras cl��nicas, a EMPCSPares mostrou ser um instrumento robusto e ��til na avalia����o de mem��rias emocionais no contexto de intera����o com os pares, constituindo um contributo relevante para a investiga����o e pr��tica cl��nica com adolescentes. / This research intends to validate for the Portuguese population of adolescents the Early Memories Scale Heat and Safety Relative to Peer Group (EMPCSPares) and see fulfilled its main objectives: 1) The early warm and security memories scale adaptation (EMPCS), as a global measure for the interaction context with the peer group; 2) Explore the construct validity by exploratory factor analysis (study of dimensionality); 3) To analyze the internal consistency of the instrument and explore the quality of the items; 4) Examine the convergent and divergent validity by association with other similar and different variables of the construct in question; 5) Analyze possible effects of sociodemographic variables such as age, gender and education in the scale results, as well as its association with the global perception of quality of life; 6) compare the emotional early memories due to the link quality (secure and insecure). The sample consists of 354 children (152 boys and 202 girls), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.81, SD = 1.58) attending basic and secondary education in the regular public education system (7th grade to 12th grade). The Protocol contains the following instruments: Scale of early heat and security memories in the family context (EMPCSFamily) and interaction with the peer group (EMPCSPairs) ; Self - compassion scale (SCS-A); external shame scale (OAS - A); linking questionnaire (AQ- C) ; scale of anxiety, stress and depression (EADS 21) . The results obtained show that the scale has a one-dimensional structure, has an excellent internal consistency, an adequate temporal stability as well as good convergent and divergent validity. It also showed discriminate young people with a secure attachment of those who have an insecure attachment. Despite the need for further studies, including the conduct of clinical samples, the EMPCSPares proved to be a robust and useful tool in the evaluation of emotional memories in the context of interaction with peers, constituting an important contribution to research and clinical practice with adolescents.

Estado emocional e satisfa����o com o suporte social ap��s uma interrup����o volunt��ria da gravidez

Disserta����o de Mestrado apresentada no Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obten����o de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Cl��nica

Reac����es psicol��gicas e estrat��gias de coping parentais, face ao diagn��stico de perturba����o do espectro do autismo, de um filho

Disserta����o de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obten����o de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Cl��nica.

Acoso laboral y sus efectos en la salud del trabajador : revisi��n de la literatura

Introducci��n: Desde los a��os 80 se viene haciendo ��nfasis en el acoso laboral, conocido en otros pa��ses como Mobbing, describi��ndose como una forma de abuso y violencia psicol��gica en el lugar de trabajo, realizado ya sea por una sola persona o por un grupo de personas y que por sus implicaciones se estima de alto impacto para los trabajadores, y las organizaciones. Considerando la importancia y prevalencia del mobbing en la sociedad actual, se convierte en un tema relevante para el ��rea de salud ocupacional. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los efectos del acoso laboral generados en la salud del trabajador. Metodolog��a: Se realiz�� una revisi��n sistem��tica utilizando el m��todo PRISMA, de las publicaciones vigentes entre los a��os 2006 a 2016 sobre los efectos del acoso laboral en la salud del trabajador. En la b��squeda se obtuvieron 778 art��culos de los cuales 27 cumpl��an con los criterios de inclusi��n. Resultados: se encontr�� que la prevalencia del acoso laboral puede ser diferente de acuerdo a la definici��n utilizada, instrumento de medida y poblaci��n estudiada, la cual fluct��a entre el 7% al 88% seg��n el estudio analizado. Adem��s se evidenci�� que la prevalencia tambi��n difiere dependiendo de qui��n sea el perpetrador del acoso, si el l��der o jefe es el acosador es mayor (60,3%) que cuando es causado por colegas o por clientes (41,5%). El impacto del acoso laboral, seg��n la mayor��a de los estudios, es que provoca efectos negativos en la salud emocional del trabajador siendo la depresi��n una de las principales consecuencias con una relaci��n estad��sticamente significativa (p<0,001). Las enfermedades del aparato respiratorio y del sistema musculo esquel��tico y del tejido conectivo fueron las que se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en los trabajadores que sufren de acoso con un 43,5% y un 37.8% respectivamente. Conclusiones: ��stos resultados demuestran que el acoso laboral no solamente es un problema desde el punto de vista organizacional, sino que conlleva consecuencias en la salud mental y f��sica de los trabajadores que lo sufren. Palabras clave: Mobbing, workplace, acoso laboral, acoso psicol��gico, bullying, harassment, salud ocupacional, occupational health.

Psychosocial outcomes of Hong Kong Chinese diagnosed with acute coronary syndromes: a prospective repeated measures study.

BACKGROUND: Western studies have suggested that emotional stress and distress impacted on the morbidity and mortality in people following acute coronary events. Symptoms of anxiety and depression have been associated with re-infarction and death, prolonged recovery and disability and depression may precipitate the client's low self-esteem. This study examined perceived anxiety, depression and self-esteem of Hong Kong Chinese clients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) over a 6-month period following hospital admission. OBJECTIVES: To examine: DESIGN: A prospective, repeated measures design with measures taken on two occasions over a 6-month period; (1) within the 1st week of hospital admission following the onset of ACS and (2) at 6 months follow up. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Convenient sample of 182 voluntary consented clients admitted with ACS to a major public hospital in Hong Kong who could communicate in Chinese, complete questionnaires, cognitive intact, and were haemodynamically stable and free from acute chest pain at the time of interview. METHODS: Baseline data were obtained within 1 week after hospital admission. The follow-up data was collected 6 months after hospital discharge. The Chinese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), State Self-esteem Scale (SSES), and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used to assess anxiety and depression, state self-esteem, and trait self-esteem, respectively. RESULTS: Findings suggested gender differences in clients' perception in anxiety, depression and self-esteem. Improvements in clients' perception of these variables were evident over the 6-month period following their acute coronary events. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed the western notion that psychosocial problems are common among coronary clients and this also applies to Hong Kong Chinese diagnosed with ACS. Further studies to explore effective interventions to address these psychosocial issues are recommended.

Cross-cultural comparison of anxiety symptoms in Colombian and Australian children

Introduction: This cross-cultural study compared both the symptoms of anxiety and their severity in a community sample of children from Colombia and Australia. Method: The sample comprised 516 children (253 Australian children and 263 Colombian children), aged 8 to 12-years-old. The Spence Children���s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) was used to measure both the symptoms and levels of anxiety. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the severity of the symptoms between the children in the two countries. In general, Colombian children reported more severe symptoms than their Australian peers, however there were no difference in the types of symptoms reported by the children in the two countries. Discussion and Conclusion: The implications of these findings and their importance to cross-cultural research are discussed.

A longitudinal study of mental health in refugees from Burma : the impact of therapeutic interventions

Objective: The present study seeks to examine the impact of therapeutic interventions for people from refugee backgrounds within a naturalistic setting. Method: Sixty-two refugees from Burma were assessed soon after arriving in Australia. All participants received standard interventions provided by a resettlement organisation which included therapeutic interventions, assessment, social assistance, and referrals where appropriate. At the completion of service provision a follow-up assessment was conducted. Results: Over the course of the intervention, participants experienced a significant decrease in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and somatisation. Pre-intervention symptoms predicted symptoms post-intervention for post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and somatisation. Post-migration living difficulties, the number of traumas experienced, and the number of contacts with the service agency were unrelated to all mental health outcomes. Conclusions: In the first Australian study of its kind, reductions in mental health symptoms post-intervention were significantly linked to pre-intervention symptomatology and the number of therapy sessions predicted post-intervention symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Future studies need to include larger samples and control groups to verify findings.

Paternal postnatal depressive symptoms, infant sleeping and feeding behaviors, and rigid parental regulation : a correlational study

Paternal postnatal depression (PND) is now recognized as a serious and prevalent problem, associated with poorer well-being and functioning of all family members. Aspects of infant temperament, sleeping and feeding perceived by parents as problematic are associated with maternal PND, however, less is known about paternal PND. This study investigated depressive symptoms (Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS)) in 219 fathers of infants aged from 1 to 24 weeks (median 7.0 weeks). Infant predictor variables were sleeping problems, feeding problems and both mother and father reported temperament. Control variables were partner���s support, other support and life events. Rigidity of parenting beliefs regarding infant regulation was also measured as a potential moderating factor. Infant feeding difficulties were associated with paternal depressive symptoms, subsuming the variance associated with both sleep problems and temperament. This relationship was not moderated by regulation beliefs. It was concluded that infant feeding is important to fathers. Fathers of infants with feeding difficulties may not be able to fulfill their idealized construction of involved fatherhood. Role incongruence may have an etiological role in paternal PND.

Forest health guide: symptoms of insect and fungal damage on trees

The Forest health guide: symptoms of insect and fungal damage on trees is intended to help forestry and quarantine staff undertake tree health assessments, in both forest and urban environments. The guide is designed to be used as a quick reference to common symptoms of damage, not as an identification guide to particular insect pests and pathogens.

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; psychiatric symptoms, GAD-autoantibodies, and response to medication

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in childhood. Its clinical onset, with visual failure as the first sign, is between the ages of 4 to 8 years. During the disease progress, epilepsy, motor symptoms, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms become apparent. It leads to premature death between ages 15 and 30. Treatment consists of symptomatic drug administration and various forms of rehabilitation, but to date, no curative treatment exists. To gain a more comprehensive picture of psychiatric problems, symptoms were evaluated by the Child Behavior Checklist, the Teacher Report Form, and the Children s Depression Inventory. The JNCL patients had a great number of severe psychiatric symptoms, with wide inter-individual variability. The most common symptoms were social, thought, attention, and sleep problems, somatic complaints, and aggressive behaviour. Patients with psychotropic treatment had more problems than did those without psychotropic treatment, and female patients had more problems than did males. Between 10 and 20% of the patients reported depressive symptoms. In a 5-year follow-up, [123I]��-CIT SPECT and MRI revealed a tendency of decreasing serotonin transporter (SERT) availability and progressive brain atrophy. The correlation between changes in midbrain SERT and total brain volume was positive; no correlation appeared between SERT or brain atrophy and depressive symptoms. Thus, it seems likely that the low SERT availability is associated with progressive brain atrophy; it may also predispose towards depression, however. An open survey of psychotropic drugs and their efficacy was performed on JNCL patients in Finland. The most commonly used psychotropic drugs were the antidepressant citalopram and the antipsychotic risperidone. Their efficacy was good or satisfactory in the majority of cases and they seemed well tolerated. Quetiapine had a marked effect on one patient with a history of severe psychotic symptoms. Glutamate decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies (GAD65ab), found in JNCL patients, indicate that an immunomediated reaction against GAD or GABAergic neurons may play a part in the underlying pathogenetic mechanism. GAD65ab s also appeared in the serum of all eight JNCL patients included and intermittent corticosteroid therapy was initiated in all cases. After one year, the GAD65ab s had disappeared in the two oldest patients, who experienced an improvement in motor symptoms and alertness associated with their prednisolone therapy. Two younger patients experienced a significant IQ increase, but no change in GADab s. A randomized study with longer follow-up time is needed, however, to clarify the effect of prednisolone on disease progression.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms, which are one of common factors effected on mental health of secondary school students, have been rarely studied at home and abroad. In accordance with the problems existed in these literature up till now, the thesis had mainly studied the measured tool, contents and structure, developmental features, psychosocial risk factors and integrated model of obsessive-compulsive symptoms from them by means of investigation with quetionnaires. The entire research was divided into three phases. 3185 students(age 14.68��1.75 years) were firstly measured with the 20-item Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version(LOI-CV) at four secondary schools including six grades in Beijing city, which was applied to revise LOI-CV, and to study the structure and contents, developmental features and screen of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Then, 216 subjects with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, paired with controls in the light of school, grade and gender, were investigated with 10 self-rating scales on obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, depression, personality, coping and attributional style, negative life events, parent's rearing style, family environment and life adaptation in school, and with an inventory on social demography. The results were used to explore psychosocial risk factors and integrated model of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The third survey was only carried out, about two months after the second, among 264 subjects with obsessive-compulsive symptoms through MMOCI and Negative Life Event Scale for Adolescents, in order to probe into the integrated model. The research had mainly found: (1) LOI-CV can be used as a screen tool for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in urban adolescents in China; (2) Total screening-out ratio of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was 13.6% (male:15.0%, female:12.2%). The most common manifestations of obsessive-compulsive symptoms were hating dirt and contamination, doing things in exact manner, angry if someone messes desk, bad conscience but no one else, worry about cleanliness, repeated thoughts or words; the least were favorite or special number, spending extra time on homework, special number or words to avoid, talking or moving to avoid bad luck, fussy about hands. The checking and repetition, cleanliness and tidiness, general obsessions were more common forms than numbers-luck; (3) No differences were existed in serious degree of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but the screening-out ratio in male was higher than it in female; (4) No differences were detected in the serious degree of obsessive-compulsive symptoms except the scores of cleanliness and tidiness among grades, but the screening-out ratio of the grades justly entering secondary school or going to graduate were higher than other ones; (5) The main psychosocial risk factors for obsessive-compulsive symptoms included anxiety, mother's over-protecting and over-interfering, fantasy, flexibility, self-actualization, peers relationship, sense of responsibility, negative life events, mother's occupation, help-seeking, and (6) The integrated model on psychosocial risk factors suggested that the possible developed and sustained mechanism of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was that personality, coping and attributional styles constructed the developmental diathesis foundation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms; negative life events were promoting factors of them. There was a dynamic interaction between personality and environmental factors. Negative emotion played a core role in the developmental process of them. The continued existence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was related to pre-existed obsessive-compulsive symptoms and negative life events experienced by an individual. Therefore, this research not only let us get a deeper understanding of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and more entirely find out psychosocial risk factors, firstly applied diathesis-stress theory to comprehend the psychological mechanism of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and, moreover, elaborate and expand it, but also has more important practice significance of treatment, prevent and education for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in secondary school students.