992 resultados para Sinolingularia gen. nov


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Two new genera, Sinolingularia gen. nov. and Sinoglottidia gen. nov., together with three new species, Sinolingularia huananensis gen. et sp. nov., Sinolingularia yini gen. et sp. nov. and Sinoglottidia archboldi gen. et sp. nov., are described on the basis of a large collection of well-preserved specimens from several sections straddling the Permian - Triassic boundary in South China.

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The taxonomic status of Australian species presently assigned to the genera Teneropsis Chapin and Cregya LeConte is assessed. Two new genera are erected: Gnidmus gen. nov. for Gnidmus jocosus (Schenkling) comb. nov. (transferred from Teneropsis); Hautenerus gen. nov. for Hautenerus australicus (Lea) comb. nov. (transferred from Teneropsis), Haute - nerus kioloa (Kolibáć) comb. nov. (transferred from Cregya) and Hautenerus leichhardti sp. nov. The three previously described species are redescribed. The systematic position of these taxa is discussed. Additionally, Tarsostenus hilaris (Westwood) comb. nov. is transferred from Tarsostenosis Heller and a revised key to Australian genera of Korynetinae is provided. © The State of Queensland, Queensland Museum 2013.

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The thesis provides a proposal to divide Alycidae G. Canestrini & Fanzago into two subfamilies and four tribes. This new hierarchy is based on a reassessment and reranking of new and previously known synapomorphies of the clusters concerned by cladistic analysis, using 60 morphological characters for 48 ingroup species. The basic characters of the taxa are illustrated either by SEM micrographs (Scanning Electron Microscopy) or by outline drawings. The presented classification includes the definitions of Alycini G. Canestrini & Fanzago new rank; Bimichaeliini Womersley new rank; Petralycini new rank; and the (re)descriptions of Alycus C.L. Koch, Pachygnathus Dugès, Amphialycus Zachvatkin, Bimichaelia Thor and Laminamichaelia gen. nov. The species described or redescribed are: Pachygnathus wasastjernae sp. nov. from Kvarken (Merenkurkku), Finland; Pachygnathus villosus Dugès (in Oken); Alycus roseus C.L. Koch; Alycus denasutus (Grandjean) comb. and stat. nov.; Alycus trichotus (Grandjean) comb. nov.; Alycus marinus (Schuster) comb. nov.; Amphialycus (Amphialycus) pentophthalmus Zachvatkin; Amphialycus (Amphialycus) leucogaster (Grandjean); and Amphialycus (Orthacarus) oblongus (Halbert) comb. nov.; Bimichaelia augustana (Berlese); Bimichaelia sarekensis Trägårdh; Laminamichaelia setigera (Berlese) comb. nov.; Laminamichelia arbusculosa (Grandjean) comb. nov.; Laminamichelia subnuda (Berlese) comb. nov. and Petralycus unicornis Grandjean. Fourteen nominal species were found to be junior synonymies. The importance of sensory organs in taxonomy is well recognized, but inclusion of the elaborate skin pattern seemed to improve essentially the usefulness of the prodorsal sensory area. The detailed pictures of the prodorsa of the European alycids could be used like passport photographs for the species. A database like this of prodorsa of other mite taxa as well might be an answer to future needs of species identification in soil zoology, ecology and conservation.

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本文详细研究在我国华南泥盆系地层中发现的一种新的原真蕨植物—原蕨属(新属)propterophyton gen. nov.并详细探讨原真蕨植物的分类问题。 原真蕨植物在早期陆地维管植物系统发育中占有十分重要的地位。它是处于原始的裸蕨植物和进步的真蕨植物之间的一种过渡类型,兼具这两类植物的主要特征。 原始蕨植物的研究已有几十年的历史。但往往由于化石材料的奇缺和破碎,限制人们对它的正确认识,因而研究工作的进展一直十分缓慢。近二十多年来,一方面随着原裸子植物的确认和原裸子植物纲(progymospermopsida)的建立,一些所谓的原真蕨植物经研究后被转移到这个新钢里。另一方面,特别是近十年来,世界各国尤其是欧美的古植物学家对新发现的不少珍贵的原真蕨植物化石进行了深入研究,而使人们对这类灭绝植物的认识得以深化,并就它的分类问题,古植物学家不断提出新的见解。 在我国首次发现的原蕨属的标本十分丰富,保存完整。经过深入细致的研究,使我们对这种植物的外部形态和内部结构有了较全面的认识。并由此涉及到对整个原真蕨植物的认识得以进一步的完善,从而提出一个有关原真蕨植物的新概念。在此研究的基础上,综合国际植物学界人士近二十多年来对原真蕨植物研究的资料,本文拟把原真蕨植物归入原真蕨亚纲(primofilices)置于真蕨纲(Filicopsida)之下,与真蕨亚纲(Filices)并列。 大部分原蕨属的标本采自湖北省汉阳县米粮山采石场。化石层位于上泥盆统珞珈山群的下部,距该群底界与下伏中志留统地层之间的假整合面大约有9米。该层为—巨大的粘土岩透镜体,夹在厚至巨厚层的石英砂岩中。依据分散孢子组合的资料,这种植物的地质时代不会晚于晚泥盆世早期,即弗拉斯期(Frasnian)。另有一部分标本则采自湖南市长沙县跳马涧。其时代大约是中泥盆世晚期,即吉维特期(Givetian)。 原蕨属的化石主要保存为炭化的压型标本,部分黄铁矿化。这些标本经过精心修整,采用多种技术处理,并运用扫描电子显微镜观察,显示出了这种植物主要的外部形态和内部组织的特性。 泥盆原蕨(proptrophyton devonicum sp. Nov.)由根状茎、蕨叶和不定根三部分组成。根状茎横生地下,以细而少分枝的不定根固着于土壤中。蕨叶中仅有一枚直接由根状茎顶部生出,余为侧生,以螺旋排列为主。蕨叶由三次羽状分枝的枝系组成,单轴,不具叶片。成对的羽片在叶轴两侧互生。小羽片也以同样的方式成对互生在羽轴两侧。从而形成一种立体生长的四列式蕨叶。小羽片多为六次等二岐式分枝,没有蹼化。生殖小羽片顶部生出成对孢子囊。估计每枚小羽片上可以生长六十四个孢子囊。幼小的孢子囊圆至纺锤形,下垂。成熟的孢子囊弯眉形,直立。两个孢子囊在小羽片顶部排列成山羊角状。四个孢子囊成两对着生,形成一束。孢子囊沿囊壁内面纵裂,不具环带。孢子同型,具三裂缝。蕨叶具轴有两侧对称的维管结构:两个椭圆柱状的维管束在一侧相连,形成一个v字型结构。在维管束的另一侧具有原生木质部腔(lacuna)。后生木质部管胞放射状相连,具有梯形,椭圆形至圆形的具缘纹孔。成对的小羽片迹由两个维管束不相连的一侧交互产生。皮层分为具薄壁组织的外层和具后角组织的内层。表皮上的气孔器很小,散生,气孔与轴行,无副卫细胞。 泥盆原蕨的蕨叶由不具叶片的枝系组成,立体方式生长。小羽片等二岐式分枝。根状茎顶部直接生长一枚蕨叶。孢子囊定生,纵向开裂。这些属于裸蕨植物的原始性状,明显地不同于真蕨植物。但根、茎、叶的初步分化、蕨叶的单轴生长和羽片在叶轴两侧排列以及与之相对应的蕨叶轴内两侧对称的维管结构,表明泥盆原蕨已部分发展到真蕨植物的水平。由此可见,原蕨属即具有裸蕨植物的原始性状,又具有真蕨植物的进步性状,属于一种典型的原真蕨植物。 综合原蕨属及其它原真蕨植物如指蕨属(pseudosporochnus),羽裂蕨属(Rhacophyton)和十字蕨属(Stauropteris)的特征,归纳出原真蕨植物的孢子体具有以下主要性状:(1)植物体由茎、蕨叶和不定根组成。(2)茎直立或匍伏生长,具放射状对称的内部结构。(3)不定根自茎生出,有的也从叶柄或叶轴生出。(4)蕨叶由完整的羽状分枝的枝系组成。由此形成的蕨叶与枝系在形态上的差异不甚明显。(5)蕨叶单轴式生长,一次多次羽状,呈背腹状或至少叶轴具备背腹性。(6)羽片和小羽片成对的或单个的侧生在轴两侧,形成立体或平面生长的蕨叶。(7)小羽片等二岐式分枝,不具叶片。(8)叶轴和羽轴具两侧对称的,中始式的维管结构。(9)孢子囊远端位着生,无环带,具简单的开裂机制。(10)孢子多为同形,稀有大小两种。简言之,原真蕨植物是一类蕨叶由羽状枝系组成,不具叶片和孢子囊不具环带的原始的真蕨植物。 这种原真蕨植物的新概念为原真蕨植物的分类和蕨叶的起源提供新的解释。 裸蕨植物与原真蕨植物的主要区别,在于后者已经出现根、茎、叶的初步分化,在系统发育中达到一个新的演化水平。但是,原真蕨植物的蕨叶仅由枝系组成,还没有形成叶片,孢子囊叶不具环带,这些特征在系统发育中又低于真蕨植物所达到的一般水平。因此,有无蕨叶叶片和孢子囊有无环带作为区分原真蕨植物和真蕨植物的主要标志。原真蕨植物应以蕨叶未形成叶片和孢子囊不具环带为特征。而真蕨植物则至少应以有叶片的蕨叶或孢子囊具环带为特征。 原真蕨植物,原裸子植物和原始楔叶植物都起源于裸蕨植物,是共同生活在泥盆,演化水平彼此接近的三大分类群。它们之间的区别主要在于叶器官和生殖器官的不同。这里又涉及到蕨叶起源的问题。 历史人们认为蕨叶(复合叶)起源于一个等二岐式分枝的侧枝。但根据已发现的化石资料,特别是原蕨属所表现的性状,蕨叶可能直接起源于具有完整的至少一次羽状分枝枝系的植物。枝系的扁化和蹼化则发生在以后的演化过程中,逐步形成具叶片的枝状复合蕨叶。而仅仅由一个等二岐式分枝的侧枝起源的叶则应归属于简单的枝状叶。本文所讨论的原裸蕨子植物和原始楔叶植物的叶,就是在茎上螺旋排列或轮生的单叶。在蕨叶中,只有小羽片才是由等二岐式分枝的侧枝起源,排列在羽轴两侧。因此,在系统发育中,原裸子植物和原始楔叶植物的茎及其着生的单叶与原真蕨植物的复合蕨叶是同源的。而单叶则与小羽片同源。 根据上述对原真蕨植物的概念和蕨叶及单叶起源的观点,结合化石植物形态学和解剖学两方面的性状,特别是以生殖器官的性状作为分类的依据,纵观几十年来原真蕨植物的分类,大致经历了三个时期。 第一个阶段于本世纪六十年代以前。这个时期的原真蕨植物的分类,受材料限制,研究的程度不够深入,基本上仅以解剖性状作为分类的主要依据。这一时期归属原真蕨植物的“蕨状植物”包括原始蕨类(protopterids),枝木类(cladoxylaeans)和合生蕨类(coenopterids)这实际上是一个庞杂的类群,包括了后来分出的原裸子植物,原始楔叶植物以及真蕨植物。 第三个阶段从六十年代至七十年代末。由于美国 C. B. Beck博士的重大发现和深入研究的结果,不仅确立了原裸子植物是一类处于裸蕨植物和裸子植物之间的过渡类型,而且为古植物学的研究提供了很好的范例。即化石植物的正确分类也必须依据形态学和解剖学两方面的证据。生活在中泥盆世至晚泥盆世的原裸子植物既有原始维管植物自由孢子生殖的特征,又具有裸子植物木材的组织特征,即次生木质部的管胞具有典型的松柏类的圆形具缘纹孔。一些所谓的“蕨状植物”经过细致地研究被证实应属于原裸子植物,从而被转移到原裸子植物纲内。 六十年代中期,比利时古植物学家 S. Leclercq 和西德古植物学家H. J. Schweitzer 发现芦形木(Cala-mophyton)的维管结构为枝木形。因而将原来归属于原始楔叶植物叉叶目(Hyeniales)的芦形木和叉叶(Hyenia)转移到枝木目中,作为蕨状植物看待。对此,国际古植物学界尚有不同的看法。主要是由于这两种植物的生殖器官业已分化为原始的孢子囊梗,而且单叶的排列也由螺旋着生演化到假轮生的水平。 在此期间,合生蕨植物的自然分类的问题日趋被人重视。 第三个阶段开始于本世纪八十年代。这个时期有关原真蕨植物分类的核心问题。是如何确定芦形木等属的正确的分类位置和如何对合生蕨植物进行更接近于自然的分类。 枝木目(Cladoxylales)目1 9 2 7年建立以来,主要包含了一些生活在早石炭世的植物。这些植物的轴具有多维管束的组织结构。而植物体的整体形态不详。归入此目的有具枝木型维管结构的中泥盆植物指蕨,帚枝木(Cladoxylon scoparium )和芦形木都显示出相似的掌状分枝的外形.但是指蕨的叶为羽状蕨叶,小羽片两侧排列,孢子囊纺锤形,成对顶生,纵向开裂。而帚枝木和芦形术的叶为螺旋排列在茎上的单叶。芦形木的孢子囊已形成了雏形孢囊梗。帚枝木的生殖器官最初被认为是扇状深裂叶具边缘着生的孢子囊。但是1 9 8 0年Scheitger 和Giestn重新研究后,发现它的生殖结构类似芦形木,为原始的孢子囊梗。帚枝木,芦形木和叉叶的单叶与原其蕨植物的蕨叶不仅形态上截然不问,而且在排列上已趋向于轮生。与此同时,孢子囊梗已初步形成。这些性状表明这些植物与楔叶植物有密切的亲缘关系。本文不仅赞同J.E.Skog 及L. P. Banks (1973年)和W.N. Stevart (1983年)将芦形木和叉叶仍归回原始楔叶植物叉叶目,而且将蒂枝木也归入同—个目内。另外,指蕨属根据蕨叶和孢子囊的性状应属于原真蕨植物。到此为止,枝木目(狭义的)只包括具有多维管束的硅化轴的器官属,其分类位置不明。 合生蕨目(Coenopteridales)历来被认为是原真蕨植物的主要代表。过去对这类植物的认识主要建立在解剖材料上,特别是依据叶轴维管结构的形态。在某种程度上,这个目也是一个庞杂的类群。随着合生蕨的生殖结构的不断发现,人们对这类植物的分类,逐渐转移到以孢子囊的性状作为主要的分类依据。本文赞同根据孢子囊的结构,特别是依据环带的形态结构,把该目中的五个科Botryoptoridaceae, Anacboropteridaceae, Sermaytaceae, Tedeleacoae 和 Psallxochlaenacoae转移到真蕨亚纲的真蕨目(Filicales )内。另外本文还对比了该目中的孪生蕨科(Zygopteridaceae )的几个属的囊群,孢子囊及环带的性状与莲座目(Marattiales )中莲座科的一个化石属和一个现代属(Angiopteris )的生殖器官的性状。根据它们之间的相似程度,建议将孪生蕨科移至莲座目。Iridopterids曾被认为是合生蕨植物。根据新的研究资料, lridopterids 与原始楔叶植物的关系比与其它植物的关系更为密切。合生蕨植物中的羽裂蕨属和十字蕨属因蕨叶不具叶片和孢子囊不具环带,似应归入原真蕨亚纲,置于各目的目下。至此为止,合生蕨植物分别归属不同类群而使该目趋于解体。 原真蕨亚纲包括四个目(指蕨目Pseudosporochnales,原蕨目Propterophytales,羽裂蕨目Rhacophytales,十字蕨目Stauropteridales)六个属( Pseudosporochrmus, Propterophyton, Rhacophyton,Protocaphalopteris, Chlidanophyton, Stauropteris) 代表两条演化路线。指蕨目独自代表一条路线。蕨叶为两度空间生长的二列式蕨叶,即单个羽片侧生在叶轴上,与现代蕨叶相似。但与现代真蕨植物之间的演化关系不详。原厥目,羽裂蕨目和十字蕨目代表另一条路线。蕨叶为立体的四列式蕨叶,即成对的羽片侧生在叶轴上。在后一条演化路线中,原蕨目处于较原始的水平。原蕨属可能直接起源于一种与裸蕨植物Pertica 相近似的祖先。羽裂蕨目较为进化。而十字蕨目则达到极为特化,即蕨叶高度简化,出现异形孢子的水平。真蕨亚纲的祖先植物可能自后一条路线中产生。

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描述了云南省条鳅亚科鱼类一新属原条鳅属(Protonemacheilus, gen. nov.)和一新种长条原条鳅(P. longibectoralis, sp. nov.)。根据形态特征并结合区系间的相互关系, 探讨了属的分类地位。标本采于云南潞西的目康, 保存于中国科学院昆明动物研究所。图1表2参10

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描述了采自四川秀山和贵州梵净山的蝗虫一新属二新种。命名为: 异翅蝗属Heferopterus gen. nov.新属和贵州扁角蚱Flatocerus guizhouensis sp. nov.新种。模式标本存作者单位。图2表1参7

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本文报道了我国西南武陵山区鱼类寄生线虫一新种——鳠伍氏线虫,新种(Wuinemamysti sp.nov.);建立了伍氏属一新属(Wuinema gen.nov.),隶属于琴柏科(Quimperiidae),琴柏亚科(Quimperiinae)。

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本文记述采自云南澜沧江水系的鲤科(鱼丹)亚科鱼类一新属新种。新属裸(鱼丹)属Gymnodanio gen.nov.在侧线、臀鳍条数目等特征上近似于低线(?)属Barilius,但以其除侧线鳞外体裸露无鳞,具不完全之腹棱等而与其及(鱼丹)亚科现有各属相区别。新种命名为条纹裸(鱼丹)G.strigatus sp.nov.。

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<正> 为了编著我国的鱼类志,作者于1984年10月至12月在广东和广西两省(区)采得一批条鳅亚科(Noemacheilinae)鱼类标本,经鉴定有三属五种,其中有一个新种,即稀有条鳅Noemacheilus rarus sp. nov.。另有一个新属和两个新种:间条鳅属Heminoemacheilus gen.nov.、郑氏间条鳅Heminocmacheilus zhengbaoshani,sp.nov.和叉尾平鳅Oreonectes furcocaudalis sp.nov.,分别由中国科学院动物研究

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<正> 马口鱼类包括马口鱼属Opsariichthys Bleeker、(鱼巤)属Zacco Jordan et Evermann、须(鱼巤)属Candidia Jordan et Richardson和异(鱼巤)属Parazacco, gen.nov.等4个属,以性成熟个体臀鳍条特别延长和具有发达的追星为共同特征,组成鲤科鱼类中的一个自然类群。这个类群分布于黑龙江以南、红河以北的东亚地区,是我国溪河中的常见鱼类。1964年杨

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A polyphasic approach was used to clarify the taxonomy of the water-bloom-forming oscillatorioid cyanobacteria. Seventy-five strains of oscillatorioid cyanobacteria were characterized by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, DNA base composition, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid composition, phycobilin pigment composition, complementary chromatic adaptation, morphological characters, growth temperature and salinity tolerance. Phylogenetic analysis based on 165 rDNA sequences divided the strains into six groups, all of which were clearly separated from the type species of the genus Oscillatoria, Oscillatoria princeps Gomont NIVA CYA 150. Therefore, these strains should be classified into genera other than Oscillatoria. Groups I-III were closely related to one another and groups IV-VI were distinct from one another and from groups I to III. Group I was further divided into two subgroups, group I-pc, which includes strains containing only phycocyanin (PC), and group I-pe, which includes strains containing large amounts of phycoerythrin (PE) in addition to PC. This phenotypic distinction was supported by DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Based on the properties examined herein and data from traditional, botanical taxonomic studies, the groups and subgroups were classified into single species and we propose either emended or new taxonomic descriptions for Planktothrix agardhii (type strain NIES 204(T)), Planktothrix rubescens (type strain CCAP 1459/22(T)) Planktothrix pseudagardhii sp. nov. (type strain T1-8-4(T)), Planktothrix mougeotii (type strain TR1-5(T)), Planktothricoides raciborskii gen. nov., comb. nov. (type strain NIES 207(T)), Tychonema bourrellyi (type strain CCAP 1459/11B(T)) and Limnothrix redekei (type strain NIVA CYA 277/1(T)).

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本文综述了放线菌分类学研究的目的和作用,分析了放线菌分类学的历史和现状,介绍了当前放线菌多相分类研究中所采用的技术方法及适用范围。同时还重点介绍了极端高温、低温、高盐放线菌分离及分类研究的进展。从云南采集高温温泉水样、火山口土样,从云南、新疆等地采集雪山土样,从新疆、青海等地采集盐碱土样进行放线菌分离,对不同极端环境下的放线菌分离方法进行探讨,并对分离到的部分典型放线菌菌株采用形态特征、培养特征,生理生化测定,细胞化学组份分析,DNA G+C mol%和DNA同源性测定,以及16SrDNA全序列分析等相结合的多相分类技术进行系统的分类研究。从表型、基因型及系统发育三个不同层次对其分类地位进行了最终确定。其中,分离自云南洱源温泉的菌株YIM60013和腾冲火山口的菌株YIM60032分别确定为高温放线菌属的两个新种:白色高温放线菌(Thermoactznomyces albus sp. nov.)和云南高温放线菌(Termoactomyces yunnanensis sp. nov.);分离自新疆北疆地区的一株低温放线菌菌株,结合其形态特征、细胞化学组份及16S rDNA序列分析将其鉴定为链霉菌的一个新种,北疆链霉菌(Streptomyces beijiangensis sp. nov.);来自新疆盐碱土样的6株嗜盐放线菌菌株YIM90001-90006中,菌株YIM90001被命名为嗜盐普氏菌新种(Prauserella halophila sp. nov.),菌株YIM90005被 命名为脱卤普氏菌新种(Prauserella dehalogenans sp. nov.),菌株YIM90002和YIM90003鉴定为拟诺卡氏菌科中的链单抱菌新属Streptomonospora gen. nov.)和它的两个新种:菌株YIM90002定为盐生链单抱菌新种(Streptomonospora saline sp. nov.),菌株YIM90003定为白色链单抱菌新种(Streptomonospora alba sp. nov.);菌株YIM90004和YIM90006分别被确定为拟诺卡氏菌属的一个新种和一个亚种:新疆拟诺卡氏菌新种(Nocardopsi sxiniangensis sp. nov.)和嗜阿拉伯糖新疆拟诺卡氏菌亚种( Noocardiopsi sxiniangensis subsp.arabicus subsp.nov,)。

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本文综述了放线菌分类学研究的意义和进展,分析了放线菌分类学研究特点及发展趋势;同时综述了嗜盐、嗜碱放线菌的研究进展,分析了嗜盐和嗜碱放线菌研究的重要性和意义。通过对采自渤海沿岸盐场、青海盐湖、张北盐湖、曲周、保定等地盐碱和高盐的样品进行嗜盐和嗜碱放线菌的分离,建立了适于嗜盐和嗜碱放线菌的分离培养条件;找到了广适性的嗜盐放线菌培养用培养基;发现了嗜盐放线菌多数耐碱的规律。采用形态培养特征、生理生化测定、细胞化学组分分析、DNA G+C mol%测定以及DNA同源性分析和165 rDNA序列为基础的系统发育分析等相结合的多相分类技术对分离得到的部分典型菌株系统地进行了分类研究,从表型、基因型和系统发育三个层次对其分类地位进行了确定。本研究发现嗜盐放线菌新属新种1个,为波状盐场放线菌新属新种(Actinoosalterria undulata gen.nov.sp.nov),嗜盐放线菌新种4个,分别是:沧州拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsl's cangzhouensis sp.nov.)、塘沽拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsis tangguensis sp.nov)、茶卡拟诺卡氏菌(NocardioPs沽chakaensis)和盐场链霉菌(Streptomyces salinarum sP.nov.);发现嗜碱放线菌新种2个,分别是;布尔津拟诺卡氏菌(NocardioPsis buerjinensis sp.nov.)和城墙拟诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsis rampartis sp.nov.);另有2株嗜碱放线菌鉴定为达松维尔拟诺卡氏菌,2株嗜碱放线菌鉴定为产气味拟诺卡氏。论文研究中还初步建立了放线菌磷酸类脂高效液相色谱测定的方法与测定条件。

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对隆肛蛙属的物种构成进行了订正,建立新属肛刺蛙属Yerana gen. nov.;订正后的隆肛蛙属现仅隶2种, 即隆肛蛙F. quadrana和太行隆肛蛙F. taihangnicus。运用形态学分析探讨了隆肛蛙属物种及种群的形态差异和分类关系,通过分子系统学研究探讨了隆肛蛙属物种及种群的分类和系统发育关系,运用动物地理学方法结合系统发育关系探讨了隆肛蛙属种群的地理分布格局成因与历史过程。主要结果和推论如下: 1.隆肛蛙属物种构成的订正及一新属建立 建立新属肛刺蛙属,将隆肛蛙属中的原叶氏隆肛蛙F. yei归隶新属肛刺蛙属并更名为叶氏肛刺蛙Y. yei,,新属建立的主要依据为:(1)雄性肛部隆起,肛孔下方有两个布满黑刺的大的白色球形隆起,具单咽下内声囊, 第一指具婚刺;(2)形态量度分析表明叶氏肛刺蛙与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的形态差异远大于后两者之间的差异;(3)叶氏肛刺蛙的分布区与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的分布区距离较远且呈隔离状态;(4)分子系统学研究资料(Jiang et al.,2005)证明叶氏肛刺蛙与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙非单系发生;叶氏肛刺蛙在第二支中位于基部。因此,隆肛蛙属现仅隶2种,即隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙。 2.隆肛蛙属种群形态学研究 对隆肛蛙属中隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的15个地理种群565只标本的28项形态性状进行了测量,运用典型判别分析法对其分析的结果表明:(1)太行隆肛蛙与隆肛蛙形态差异明显,支持其为不同的物种;(2)原隆肛蛙河南伏牛山种群和山西中条山种群应为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群;(3)隆肛蛙不同地理种群之间形态差异明显,其中四川安县种群、陕西周至种群和湖北利川种群与模式产地重庆巫山种群的差异可能达到了亚种或亚种以上分化水平。对隆肛蛙属量度分析的15个种群进行定性形态分析表明其分为三种形态型,对应隆肛蛙、过渡型和太行隆肛蛙,其变异特征主要为内跗褶、雄性肛部隆起及疣粒分布、第五趾外侧缘膜等,这与量度分析结果相似。 3.隆肛蛙属种群分子系统学研究 测定隆肛蛙属Feirana的2种19种群的线粒体12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因片段、ND2基因的DNA序列,比对后共计1953bps。(1)遗传多样性与距离分析:结果表明,隆肛蛙属种群具很高的遗传多样性,19个种群样品表现出19种单倍型(遗传多样性指数Hd=1.0); ND2基因的进化信息含量远高于12SrRNA和16SrRNA。隆肛蛙属2种群组内的种群间的遗传距离远小于两种群组间的距离,种群在不同基因上的遗传距离表现的关系与对应的系统树一致。(2)系统发育关系分析:结果表明,不同基因片断基于不同方法构建的隆肛蛙属种群系统发育树结构基本一致,基本表明隆肛蛙属种群为单系发生;它们在系统树中分为两大支,分别对应于隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙;支持中条山种群(沁水、历山和济源种群)和伏牛山种群(栾川和内乡种群)为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群,而原隆肛蛙秦岭中东段的部分种群(柞水、宁陕、长安大坝沟种群)也应为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群。(3)亚种分化分析:根据遗传距离分析和系统发育关系分析结果,并考虑形态上的差异情况以及地理分布信息,隆肛蛙所隶种群组可分为2亚种,即隆肛蛙指名亚种F. quadrana quadrana包括四川盆地东缘大巴山东段-巫山-武陵山北麓种群和秦岭中段(周至板房子和长安广货街)种群,他们在系统关系树上聚为一支;安县亚种F. quadrana anxianensis包括四川盆地西缘岷山东麓-龙门山-大巴山和秦岭西段的种群(安县、青川、文县、南江和凤县种群),他们在系统关系树上聚为一支。太行隆肛蛙所隶种群组也可分为2亚种,即太行隆肛蛙指名亚种F. taihangnicus taihangnicus包括中条山的种群(沁水、历山和济源种群)和中东秦岭的部分种群(柞水、长安大坝沟和宁陕种群),他们在系统关系树上聚为一支;太行隆肛蛙伏牛亚种F. taihangnicus funiuensis,为伏牛山地区的种群(栾川和内乡种群),他们在系统关系树上聚为一支。 4.隆肛蛙属种群动物地理学研究 隆肛蛙属19种群的分歧年代分析: 以长江巫山段和黄河三门峡段的形成历史时期为参考点,根据已测隆肛蛙属19种群及其外群包括N. pleski、P. yunnanesis、P. robertingeri、F. limnocharis的1953bps DNA序列构建分子钟,获得各支系的分歧年代。结果表明:①棘蛙族在70Ma左右开始其独立演化历程,这与Roelants et al.(2004)的分析结果~60±15Ma左右开始分化基本一致,后者印证了本文的分子钟。②隆肛蛙属的起始分化年代较早,隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙两种群组的最近祖先种群大概在46Ma~50Ma左右;隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙种群组内的种群分化年代相对两种群组间晚得多, 隆肛蛙种群组内两亚种分化起始年代约为10Ma左右,而太行隆肛蛙种群组内两亚种分化起始年代约为6Ma。 隆肛蛙属种群分布格局形成过程分析: ①隆肛蛙属的系统关系与地理分布格局密切相关,大部分系统分支分级与地理距离成正比;②隆肛蛙属最近祖先种群的分化中心可能位于秦岭中部地区, 隆肛蛙属的种群分布格局的形成表现为隔离分化与扩散相结合的机制,由隔离分化产生的隆肛蛙祖先种群主要从秦岭中部向西南方向扩散,后隔离分化为两亚种;太行隆肛蛙祖先种群向东北方向扩散也分化为两亚种。 隆肛蛙属种群分布区域地质历史的探讨:本文所建分子钟和种群分化方式印证了该区域的几次主要地质事件,包括岷山-龙门山-西秦岭等地区的快速差异隆起、第四纪冰期等。 The specific composition of the genus Feirana should be revised. A new genus Yerana gen. nov.(Ranidae:Dicroglossinae)was established based on morphological data-set and molecular phylogeny, as a result, only two species F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus are classified into Feirana now. Morphological differences and taxonomy of populations of Feirana were investigated based on morphological and morphometric data; phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of populations of Feirana were elucidated using molecular data, and then the proceeding of the distribution pattern of populations of Feirana were discussed. The main results and conclusions and proposals were presented as following: 1. Revising of the specific composition of the genus Feirana and establishment of a new genus The new genus Yerana, only containing the type species Y. yei, was established based on the following evidences: (1) In adult male, distinct up-heaved circular vesicle presents around the anal, and under anal there are two white balls on which black spines exist, black horny spines scatter on the upper side of first finger, and internal single subgular vocal sac presents; (2) there is obvious morphometric differences between Yerana and Feirana; (3) Yerana is distributed far from Feirana; (4) evidences of molecular phylogeny(Jiang et al.,2005)suggested that Yerana take a special phylogenetic clade which is different from other genus included in the tribe Paini. As a result, there are only two species in Feirana, i.e., F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus. 2. Morphological research of populations of Feirana Twenty-eight characters of 565 individuals of 15 populations of the genus Feirana were measured, the results of Canonical Discriminant analysis of the morphometric data-set indicated that: (1) there are very prominent differences between the two species F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus. The validity of species F. taihangnicus was approved here; (2) Mt. Funiu population and Mt. Zhongtiao population should belong to the species F. taihangnicus; (3) Obvious differences exist among 12 populations of F. quadrana, the differentiation among Zhouzhi population, Anxian population, Lichuan population, and Wushan population together with the others probably reach sub-specific or specific level. Result of morphological comparison between 15 different populations show that 3 morphological types are recogenized in according with F. quadrana, F. taihangnicus and intergradation, this result conform to the result of morphometric analysis. 3. Molecular phylogenetic study on populaions of Feirana Fragment of 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA genes, and ND2 gene of 19 populations of two species of Feirana were sequenced and aligned, from which 1953 bps were received. (1) analyses of genetic distance and hereditary diversity indicated that: genetic distance between populations in each group were less than distance between two groups of Feirana, 19 haplotypes were recognized from 19 samples of 19 populations, so the hereditary diversity of populations of Feirana was very high (Hd=1.0), phylogenetic information in ND2 gene is more than fragment sequence of 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA genes. (2) Result of molecular phylogeny indicate that the phylogenetic trees constructed using different methods based on different sequence data sets showed the revised genus Feirana is monophyletic since the 19 populations of Feirana were firstly clustered together as one large clade, which was further clustered into two major clades, corresponding to F. quadrana(GroupⅠ) and F. taihangnicus(GroupⅡ), respectively. So populations of Qinshui and Lishan in Mt. Zhongtiao, populations of Luanchuan and Neixiang in Mt. Funiu, and populations of Zhashui, Dabagou of Chang’an and Ningshan in eastern Mt. Qinling should belong to the species F. taihangnicus; (3) Subspecific differentiation. on the basis of genetic distance, phylogenetic trees and geographical distribution, F. quadrana should have two subspecies, i.e., F. quadrana qudadrana, consisting of the populations Guanghuojie of Chang’an and Zhouzhi in Mid-Mt. Qinling, populations in Wushan area and northern Mt. Wuling (Lichuan), and F. qudadrana anxianensis, consisting of the populations in eastern Mt. Ming shan-Mt. Longmen-western Mt. Daba-western Mt. Qinling (Anxian, Qingchuan, Wenxian, Nanjiang and Fengxian); F. taihangnicus should also has two subspecies, i.e., F. taihangnicus taihangnicus, consisting of the populations in Mt. Zhongtiao and eastern Mt. Qinling, and F. taihangnicus funiuensis, consisting of the populations in Mt. Funiu. 4. Zoogeography of populaions of Feirana Analysis for divergent time of 19 populations of Feirana: Using the dates of run-through of Wushan segment of Changjiang River as the time when the population of Lichuan started differentiated from the populations of Wushan and Shennongjia, and the dates of Sanmenxia segment of Yellow River as the time when the populations in Mt. Zhongtiao started differentiated from the population of Dabagou in Chang’an, molecular clock was established using sequences with 1953 bps of 19 populations of Feirana and outgroup including N. pleski, P. yunnanesis, P. robertingeri, F. limnocharis in order to estimate divergent time of all clades. Result of that indicated that: ① the tribe Paini started to evolve independently at about 70Ma when is in consistent with that estimated by Roelants et al.(2004)with result of about ~60±15Ma, they were corroborated by each other, this confirms the validity of this molecular clock; ② divergent time for speciation of Feriana is early, ancestral populations of F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus were found about 46Ma~50Ma; differentiation of populations within species is greatly late to the divergence of the two species, divergent time for F. quadrana is 10Ma and divergent time for F. taihangnicus is 6Ma. Proceeding of distribution pattern of Feirana. Phylogenetic relationships of populations of Feirana matched quite with distribution pattern of them, the relationships among clades showed in phylogenetic trees is direct ratio to geographical distance of them; the estimated date of speciation between two species of Feirana was as early as speciation of Paa yunnanesis and Nanara pleski; middle part of Mt. Qinling is the center of speciation of Feirana, combination of mult-events of dispersal and vicariance are probably the mechanism of speciation of Feirana, F. quadrana colonized the mid-Mt. Qinling and then differentiated into two subspecies in southwest direction, ancestral population of F. taihangnicus colonized the mid-Mt. Qinling and then differentiated into two subspecies in northeast direction. On geological history of the distribution of Feirana. According to molecular clock and speciation model of populations of Feirana, some geological events are confirmed, including special rise of Mt. Minshan- Mt. Longmen-western Mt. Qinling, glacial age.