992 resultados para Sensoriamento de gases
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar entre os modelos Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, France, Logístico, Logístico modificado e Logístico bicompartimental, aquele que apresenta maior qualidade de ajuste à curva de produção cumulativa de gases em silagens de girassol e milho. Os critérios adotados foram: coeficiente de determinação, quadrado médio do resíduo, análise gráfica das curvas observadas e estimadas, análise gráfica de dispersão dos resíduos estudentizados, erro percentual médio, eficiência relativa e número de iterações para atingir a convergência. Os modelos Brody, France e Logístico bicompartimental apresentaram os maiores valores de coeficiente de determinação em ambos os substratos, e a diferença entre eles pode ser considerada desprezível. Estes modelos apresentaram, também, os menores valores de quadrado médio do resíduo em silagens de girassol, e a diferença entre eles foi considerada desprezível. Os modelos Brody e France apresentaram menor quadrado médio do resíduo em silagens de milho. Todos os modelos apresentaram dispersão positiva dos resíduos em ambos os substratos após 144 horas de incubação. O modelo Brody apresentou menor erro percentual médio e número de iterações em ambos os substratos. Os modelos Logístico bicompartimental e France apresentaram maior eficiência relativa, respectivamente, em silagens de girassol e milho. Assim, o modelo Logístico bicompartimental apresenta maior qualidade de ajuste à curva de produção de gases em silagens de girassol e milho.
Análise quantitativa de parâmetros biofísicos de bacia hidrográfica obtidos por sensoriamento remoto
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quantitativamente os parâmetros biofísicos obtidos por sensoriamento remoto, para a área de abrangência da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Tapacurá, em Pernambuco. Utilizaram-se imagens do TM‑Landsat 5 de 10/7/1989, 6/7/2005 e 29/8/2007. As imagens foram registradas pela correção geométrica polinomial de primeira ordem. Foram realizadas as etapas de calibração radiométrica, reflectância, albedo planetário e transmissividade e, subsequentemente, geraram-se cartas temáticas de albedo e de temperatura da superfície, e do índice de vegetação melhorado ("enhanced vegetation index", EVI). O albedo da superfície apresentou valores médios crescentes entre as imagens obtidas em 1989 e 2005, o que indica expansão territorial urbana. A imagem de 29/8/2007 mostrou maior temperatura da superfície, seguida das temperaturas mostradas nas imagens de 10/7/1989 e 6/7/2005, e os maiores valores foram os das malhas urbanas. A imagem de 1989 mostrou o maior valor médio de EVI, o que indica ter havido, naquela data, maior presença de vegetação.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear a evapotranspiração real (ETr) e determinar o volume de água utilizado no projeto de irrigação de São Gonçalo, PB, no Semiárido brasileiro, com auxílio do sensoriamento remoto. Foram adquiridas imagens TM/Landsat 5 da área em estudo, em 2008, que foram utilizadas na obtenção dos mapas temáticos da ETr diária. Selecionaram-se dois pomares de coqueiro‑anão para validação dos resultados da evapotranspiração obtida com o "surface energy balance algorithm for land" (ET Sebal) e com o método FAO‑56 (ET FAO). Para determinação da ET FAO, utilizou-se o produto entre o coeficiente de cultura, o coeficiente de ajuste e a evapotranspiração de referência. As diferenças obtidas, com uso das duas técnicas, resultaram em raiz do erro quadrado médio, erro relativo médio e erro absoluto médio iguais a 0,53 mm, 9,46% e 0,43 mm, respectivamente. Nas áreas irrigadas, a ETr representou 85% do saldo de radiação e, nas de sequeiro, apenas 12,5%. O mapeamento da ETr delimitou claramente as áreas irrigadas das de sequeiro, bem como as diferenças existentes no interior do perímetro irrigado do projeto em investigação. O volume de água empregado no projeto de irrigação representa, somente no período de julho a dezembro, mais de 60% da capacidade do açude de São Gonçalo.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar um método para estimar a área plantada de soja em escala regional e calcular o erro estatístico associado à estimação. O método (Geosafras), que associa técnicas de amostragem estatística com características das imagens obtidas por sensoriamento remoto orbital, foi aplicado para obter estimativa amostral objetiva da área cultivada com soja, na safra de 2005/2006, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os municípios produtores de soja, no RS, foram distribuídos em dez estratos, com base em dados pré‑existentes de área cultivada com a cultura. O número de municípios selecionados, em cada estrato, seguiu a regra de alocação de Neyman. Em cada município selecionado, foram aleatorizados pontos correspondentes aos pixels das imagens, classificados como "soja" ou "não soja" após visita a campo. A partir dos dados de 3.000 pontos distribuídos nos 30 municípios selecionados, nos dez estratos, foi estimada a área cultivada com soja no RS, que totalizou 4.069.887 ha, com coeficiente de variação (CV) de 3,4%. Esta estimativa foi consistente com os dados oficiais. O método amostral objetivo estratificado, auxiliado por sensoriamento remoto, permite estimar a área cultivada com soja no Rio Grande do Sul e é capaz de quantificar o erro associado à estimativa realizada.
Resumo:
High reflectivity to laser light, alloying element evaporation during high power laser welding makes aluminium alloys highly susceptibility to weld defects such as porosity, cracking and undercutting. The dynamic behaviour of the keyhole, due to fluctuating plasma above the keyhole and the vaporization ofthe alloying elements with in the keyhole, is the key problem to be solved for the improvement of the weld quality and stabilization of the keyhole dynamics isperhaps the single most important development that can broaden the application of laser welding of aluminium alloys. In laser welding, the shielding gas is commonly used to stabilize the welding process, to improve the welded joint features and to protect the welded seam from oxidation. The chemicalcomposition of the shielding gas is a key factor in achieving the final qualityof the welded joints. Wide range of shielding gases varying from the pure gasesto complex mixtures based on helium, argon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are commercially available. These gas mixtures should be considered in terms of their suitability during laser welding of aluminium alloys to produce quality welds. The main objective of the present work is to study the effect of the shielding gascomposition during laser welding of aluminium alloys. Aluminium alloy A15754 was welded using 3kW Nd-YAG laser (continuous wave mode). The alloy samples were butt welded with different shielding gases (pure and mixture of gases) so that high quality welds with high joint efficiencies could be produced. It was observed that the chemical composition of the gases influenced the final weld quality and properties. In general, the mixture gases, in correct proportions, enabled better utilisation of the properties of the mixing gases, stabilized the welding process and produced better weld quality compared to the pure shielding gases.
Resumo:
The present study focuses on two effects of the presence of a noncondensable gas on the thermal-hydraulic behavior of thecoolant of the primary circuit of a nuclear reactor in the VVER-440 geometry inabnormal situations. First, steam condensation with the presence of air was studied in the horizontal tubes of the steam generator (SG) of the PACTEL test facility. The French thermal-hydraulic CATHARE code was used to study the heat transfer between the primary and secondary side in conditions derived from preliminary experiments performed by VTT using PACTEL. In natural circulation and single-phase vapor conditions, the injection of a volume of air, equivalent to the totalvolume of the primary side of the SG at the entrance of the hot collector, did not stop the heat transfer from the primary to the secondary side. The calculated results indicate that air is located in the second half-length (from the mid-length of the tubes to the cold collector) in all the tubes of the steam generator The hot collector remained full of steam during the transient. Secondly, the potential release of the nitrogen gas dissolved in the water of the accumulators of the emergency core coolant system of the Loviisa nuclear power plant (NPP) was investigated. The author implemented a model of the dissolution and release ofnitrogen gas in the CATHARE code; the model created by the CATHARE developers. In collaboration with VTT, an analytical experiment was performed with some components of PACTEL to determine, in particular, the value of the release time constant of the nitrogen gas in the depressurization conditions representative of the small and intermediate break transients postulated for the Loviisa NPP. Such transients, with simplified operating procedures, were calculated using the modified CATHARE code for various values of the release time constant used in the dissolution and release model. For the small breaks, nitrogen gas is trapped in thecollectors of the SGs in rather large proportions. There, the levels oscillate until the actuation of the low-pressure injection pumps (LPIS) that refill the primary circuit. In the case of the intermediate breaks, most of the nitrogen gas is expelled at the break and almost no nitrogen gas is trapped in the SGs. In comparison with the cases calculated without taking into account the release of nitrogen gas, the start of the LPIS is delayed by between 1 and 1.75 h. Applicability of the obtained results to the real safety conditions must take into accountthe real operating procedures used in the nuclear power plant.
Resumo:
The effect of the heat flux on the rate of chemical reaction in dilute gases is shown to be important for reactions characterized by high activation energies and in the presence of very large temperature gradients. This effect, obtained from the second-order terms in the distribution function (similar to those obtained in the Burnett approximation to the solution of the Boltzmann equation), is derived on the basis of information theory. It is shown that the analytical results describing the effect are simpler if the kinetic definition for the nonequilibrium temperature is introduced than if the thermodynamic definition is introduced. The numerical results are nearly the same for both definitions
Resumo:
In the present paper, we report on the analytical use of a dynamic droplet based gas collection and an analysis system. A droplet formed at the tip of a tube represents a sampling approach that provides an indefinitely renewable surface and uses very little reagent. Sample gas flows past the droplet at a low flow rate. After the gas was sampled , the analysis can be carried out by different methodologies. The feasibility of the sensor is demonstrated by continuos determination of gaseous as: NO2, Cl2 and SO2.
Resumo:
This paper describes a sample holder for the electrical measurement of oxides or conducting polymers in the form of pellets or films which are used as gas sensors. The system makes it possible to control the sample temperature, the gas pressure and composition. The temperature in the sample can be changed from 25ºC to 450ºC, and the gas pressure in the chamber is controlled between 5 ¥ 10-4 and 1000 mbar. The performance of the system in resistance measurements of doped tin oxide pellets and polyaniline films deposited on platinum electrodes for methane is analyzed.
Resumo:
Chlorinated polymers (PVC, PVDC and E-CTFE) were irradiated with white light produced at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Source (LNLS). The emitted gases were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The spectra were dominated by peaks related to hydrochloric acid, HCl, and chlorine (35Cl). The measured HCl intensity is used to evaluate the sensitivity of the polymers over a broad energy range. PVDC showed the greatest light sensitivity as compared to PVC and E-CTFE.
Resumo:
This paper describes an experimental design technique, known as variables search, developed to expose the critical variables and screen out the irrelevant ones. It is easy to learn and use and clearly dissociates the main and interactions effects from each other. An example of air separation process by pressure swing adsorption was used to demonstrate how the variables search technique works. The phases of identification of the critical variables is shown, step by step,.
Resumo:
The aim of this work was to study the removal of CO2 and NO by microalgae and to evaluate the kinetic characteristics of the cultures. Spirulina sp. showed µmax and Xmax (0.11 d-1, 1.11 g L-1 d-1) when treated with CO2 and NaNO3. The maximum CO2 removal was 22.97% for S. obliquus treated with KNO3 and atmospheric CO2. The S. obliquus showed maximum NO removal (21.30%) when treated with NO and CO2. Coupling the cultivation of these microalgae with the removal of CO2 and NO has the potential not only to reduce the costs of culture media but also to offset carbon and nitrogen emissions.
Resumo:
The objective of the present work was to verify the lipid content and the fatty acid composition of the microalgae Spirulina sp., Scenedesmus obliquus, Synechococcus nidulans and Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in a medium containing CO2, SO2 and NO. The microalga Scenedesmus obliquus presented the highest lipid content (6.18%). For the other microalgae the lipid content ranged from 4.56 to 5.97%. The major monounsaturated fatty acids content was 66.01% for S. obliquus. The PUFA were obtained in major amount by the microalgae Spirulina sp. (29.37%) and S. nidulans (29.54%). The palmitoleic acid was in larger amount, with 41.02% concentration (Spirulina sp.).
Resumo:
This paper reports the development of an easy, fast and effective procedure for the verification of the ideal gas law in splitless injection systems in order to improve the response. Results of a group of pesticides were used to demonstrate the suitability of the approach. The procedure helps establish experimental parameters through theoretical aspects. The improved instrumental response allowed extraction with lower sample volumes, the minimization of time and costs and the simplification of sample preparation.
Resumo:
In this work one proposes a didactic experience to simulate atmospheric corrosion of copper and nickel, due to sulfur dioxide presence. This is an opportunity to understand some basic aspects of atmospheric corrosion, by using fundamental concepts in chemistry, reactions of extraction and characterization of pollutants, as well as their participation in corrosion process. This subject opens a space for discussion about necessity of pollutant gases emissions control for preservation of materials and the environment.