Mechanochemical preparation of Ag catalysts for the n-octane-SCR de-NOx reaction: Structural and reactivity effects

Mechanochemical preparation of Ag/Al2O3 catalysts used for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx using hydrocarbons has been shown to substantially increase the activity of the catalyst in comparison with Ag/Al2O3 prepared by wet impregnation. The effect of using different ball-milling experimental parameters on both the structure of the material as well as the catalyst activity has been investigated and the optimum conditions established. A phase transition from γ- to α-alumina was observed milling at high speeds which was found to result in lower catalyst activities. At lower milling speeds both fracturing and agglomeration of the alumina support can be observed depending on the grinding time. However, due to ball-milling, a general enhancement in the NOx reduction activity was observed for all catalysts compared with the conventionally prepared catalysts irrespective of the reductant used. Transient DRIFTS-MS experiments were performed to investigate the effect of H2 in the absence and presence of water on the SCR reaction over catalysts prepared by both ball milling and wet impregnation. In-situ DRIFTS-MS analysis revealed significant differences in both gas phase and surface species. Most notably, isocyanate species were formed significantly more quickly and at higher surface concentration in the case of the mechanochemically prepared catalyst.

Theoretical Investigation of NH3-SCR Processes over Zeolites: A Review

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx compounds with NH3 is a hot topic in recent years. Among various catalysts, zeolites are proved to be efficient and promising for NH3-SCR, yet the whole processes and intrinsic mechanism are still not well understood due to the structural complexity of zeolites. With the improvement of theoretical chemistry techniques, quantum-chemical calculations are now capable of modeling the structure, acidity, adsorption, and ultimately reaction pathways over zeolites to some extent. In this review, a brief summary of relevant concepts of NH3-SCR is presented. Cluster approaches, embedded techniques, and periodic treatments are described as three main methods. Details of quantum-chemical investigations toward the key issues such as, the structure of active sites, the adsorption of small molecules, and the reaction mechanism of NH3-SCR over zeolites are discussed. Finally, a perspective for future theoretical research is given. 

V(2)O(5) nanoparticles obtained from a synthetic bariandite-like vanadium oxide: Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical behavior in an ionic liquid

Highly stable and crystalline V(2)O(5) nanoparticles with an average diameter of 15 nm have been easily prepared by thermal treatment of a bariandite-like vanadium oxide, V(10)O(24)center dot 9H(2)O. Their characterization was carried out by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopies, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fibrous and nanostructured film obtained by electrophoretic deposition of the V(2)O(5) nanoparticles showed good electroactivity when submitted to cyclic voltammetry in an ionic liquid-based electrolyte. The use of this film for the preparation of a nanostructured electrode led to an improvement of about 50% in discharge capacity values when compared with similar electrodes obtained by casting of a V(2)O(5) xerogel. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Automotive diesel engine transient operation: modeling, optimization and control

Traditionally, the study of internal combustion engines operation has focused on the steady-state performance. However, the daily driving schedule of automotive engines is inherently related to unsteady conditions. There are various operating conditions experienced by (diesel) engines that can be classified as transient. Besides the variation of the engine operating point, in terms of engine speed and torque, also the warm up phase can be considered as a transient condition. Chapter 2 has to do with this thermal transient condition; more precisely the main issue is the performance of a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system during cold start and warm up phases of the engine. The proposal of the underlying work is to investigate and identify optimal exhaust line heating strategies, to provide a fast activation of the catalytic reactions on SCR. Chapters 3 and 4 focus the attention on the dynamic behavior of the engine, when considering typical driving conditions. The common approach to dynamic optimization involves the solution of a single optimal-control problem. However, this approach requires the availability of models that are valid throughout the whole engine operating range and actuator ranges. In addition, the result of the optimization is meaningful only if the model is very accurate. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology to circumvent those demanding requirements: an iteration between transient measurements to refine a purpose-built model and a dynamic optimization which is constrained to the model validity region. Moreover all numerical methods required to implement this procedure are presented. Chapter 4 proposes an approach to derive a transient feedforward control system in an automated way. It relies on optimal control theory to solve a dynamic optimization problem for fast transients. From the optimal solutions, the relevant information is extracted and stored in maps spanned by the engine speed and the torque gradient.

Parameter identification of a copper-zeolite SCR catalyst model using reactor data

The selective catalytic reduction system is a well established technology for NOx emissions control in diesel engines. A one dimensional, single channel selective catalytic reduction (SCR) model was previously developed using Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) generated reactor data for an iron-zeolite catalyst system. Calibration of this model to fit the experimental reactor data collected at ORNL for a copper-zeolite SCR catalyst is presented. Initially a test protocol was developed in order to investigate the different phenomena responsible for the SCR system response. A SCR model with two distinct types of storage sites was used. The calibration process was started with storage capacity calculations for the catalyst sample. Then the chemical kinetics occurring at each segment of the protocol was investigated. The reactions included in this model were adsorption, desorption, standard SCR, fast SCR, slow SCR, NH3 Oxidation, NO oxidation and N2O formation. The reaction rates were identified for each temperature using a time domain optimization approach. Assuming an Arrhenius form of the reaction rates, activation energies and pre-exponential parameters were fit to the reaction rates. The results indicate that the Arrhenius form is appropriate and the reaction scheme used allows the model to fit to the experimental data and also for use in real world engine studies.

Adaptación de una central térmica de carbón a la Directiva de Emisiones Industriales

El proyecto que se presenta a continuación recoge la adaptación de una Central Térmica de carbón al cumplimiento de la DIRECTIVA 2010/75/UE DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO Y DEL CONSEJO de 24 de noviembre de 2010 sobre las emisiones industriales. La Central sobre la que se realiza el proyecto tiene un grupo térmico de carbón suscritico refrigerado por agua, con una potencia a plena carga de 350 MWe y de 190 MWe a mínimo técnico. Genera 1 090 t/h de vapor a 540 °C y 168 kg/cm2 funcionando a plena carga. Actualmente las emisiones de NOx son de 650 mg/m3, (condiciones normales, seco, 6 % O2). El objeto del proyecto es reducir estas emisiones a un valor máximo de 200 mg/m3 en las mismas condiciones. El proyecto analiza detalladamente las condiciones actuales de operación de la instalación en cuanto a combustible utilizado, horas de funcionamiento, condiciones climáticas y producción. Se analiza así mismo, todas las técnicas disponibles en mercado para la reducción del NOx, diferenciando entre medidas primarias (actúan sobre los efectos de formación) y secundarias (limpieza de gases). Las medidas primarias ya están implementadas en la central, por tanto, el proyecto plantea la reducción con medidas secundarias. De las medidas secundarias analizadas se ha seleccionado la instalación de un Reactor de Reducción Selectiva Catalítica (Reactor SCR). Tras un análisis de los diferentes reactores y catalizadores disponibles se ha seleccionado un reactor de configuración High-dust, una disposición de catalizador en 3 capas más 1, cuyos componentes están basados en óxidos metálicos (TiO2, V2O5, WO3) y estructura laminar. Se ha buscado la instalación del reactor para operar a una temperatura inferior a 450 °C. Como agente reductor se ha seleccionado NH3 a una dilución del 24,5 %. El proyecto recoge también el diseño de todo el sistema de almacenamiento, evaporación, dilución e inyección de amoniaco. El resultado del proyecto garantiza una concentración en los gases de salida por la chimenea inferior 180 mg/m3(n) de NOx. La reducción del NOx a los límites establecidos, tienen un coste por MWh neto generado para la central, trabajando 60 % a plena carga y 40 % a mínimo técnico y una amortización de 10 años, de 4,10 €/MWh. ABSTRACT The following project shows the compliance adjustment of a coal-fired power station to the 2010/75/EU Directive of the European Parliament and Council 24th November 2010 on industrial emissions. The project is based on a power station with a subcritical thermal coal unit, cooled with water, with a maximum power of 350 MWe and a technical minimum of 190 MWe. It produces 1 090 t/h of steam at 540 ° C and 168 kg/cm2 operating under full load. Currently, NOx emissions are 650 mg / m3 (normal conditions, dry, 6% O2). The project aims to reduce these emissions to a maximum value of 200 mg / m3 under the same conditions. The project analyses in detail the current operating conditions of the system in terms of fuel used, hours of operation, climatic conditions and production. In addition, it also analyses every available technique of NOx reduction on the market, distinguishing between primary (acting on the effects of formation) and secondary measures (gas cleaning). Primary measures are already implemented in the plant, thus proposing reduction with secondary measures. Among the secondary measures analyzed, it has been selected to install a Selective Catalytic Reduction Reactor (SCR Reactor). Having researched the different reactors and catalysts available, for the reactor has been selected High-dust configuration, an arrangement of catalyst in 3 layers plus 1, whose components are based on metal oxides (TiO2, V2O5, WO3) and laminar structure. The reactor has been sought facility to operate at a temperature below 450 ° C. NH3 diluted to 24,5 % has been selected as reducing agent. The project also includes the design of the entire storage system, evaporation, dilution and ammonia injection. The results of the project ensure a gas concentration in the lower chimney exit below 180 mg / m3(n) NOx. The reduction of NOx to the established limits has a cost per net MWh generated in the plant, working at 60% of full load and at 40% of technical minimum, with an amortization of 10 years, 4,10 € / MWh.

A SCR Model based on Reactor and Engine Experimental Studies for a Cu-zeolite Catalyst

A NOx reduction efficiency higher than 95% with NH3 slip less than 30 ppm is desirable for heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engines using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems to meet the US EPA 2010 NOx standard and the 2014-2018 fuel consumption regulation. The SCR performance needs to be improved through experimental and modeling studies. In this research, a high fidelity global kinetic 1-dimensional 2-site SCR model with mass transfer, heat transfer and global reaction mechanisms was developed for a Cu-zeolite catalyst. The model simulates the SCR performance for the engine exhaust conditions with NH3 maldistribution and aging effects, and the details are presented. SCR experimental data were collected for the model development, calibration and validation from a reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and an engine experimental setup at Michigan Technological University (MTU) with a Cummins 2010 ISB engine. The model was calibrated separately to the reactor and engine data. The experimental setup, test procedures including a surrogate HD-FTP cycle developed for transient studies and the model calibration process are described. Differences in the model parameters were determined between the calibrations developed from the reactor and the engine data. It was determined that the SCR inlet NH3 maldistribution is one of the reasons causing the differences. The model calibrated to the engine data served as a basis for developing a reduced order SCR estimator model. The effect of the SCR inlet NO2/NOx ratio on the SCR performance was studied through simulations using the surrogate HD-FTP cycle. The cumulative outlet NOx and the overall NOx conversion efficiency of the cycle are highest with a NO2/NOx ratio of 0.5. The outlet NH3 is lowest for the NO2/NOx ratio greater than 0.6. A combined engine experimental and simulation study was performed to quantify the NH3 maldistribution at the SCR inlet and its effects on the SCR performance and kinetics. The uniformity index (UI) of the SCR inlet NH3 and NH3/NOx ratio (ANR) was determined to be below 0.8 for the production system. The UI was improved to 0.9 after installation of a swirl mixer into the SCR inlet cone. A multi-channel model was developed to simulate the maldistribution effects. The results showed that reducing the UI of the inlet ANR from 1.0 to 0.7 caused a 5-10% decrease in NOx reduction efficiency and 10-20 ppm increase in the NH3 slip. The simulations of the steady-state engine data with the multi-channel model showed that the NH3 maldistribution is a factor causing the differences in the calibrations developed from the engine and the reactor data. The Reactor experiments were performed at ORNL using a Spaci-IR technique to study the thermal aging effects. The test results showed that the thermal aging (at 800°C for 16 hours) caused a 30% reduction in the NH3 stored on the catalyst under NH3 saturation conditions and different axial concentration profiles under SCR reaction conditions. The kinetics analysis showed that the thermal aging caused a reduction in total NH3 storage capacity (94.6 compared to 138 gmol/m3), different NH3 adsorption/desorption properties and a decrease in activation energy and the pre-exponential factor for NH3 oxidation, standard and fast SCR reactions. Both reduction in the storage capability and the change in kinetics of the major reactions contributed to the change in the axial storage and concentration profiles observed from the experiments.

Development of a 1-D Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter Model for Simulation of the Performance and the Oxidation of Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Oxides Using Passive Oxidation and Active Regeneration Engine Experimental Data

Back-pressure on a diesel engine equipped with an aftertreatment system is a function of the pressure drop across the individual components of the aftertreatment system, typically, a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. Pressure drop across the CPF is a function of the mass flow rate and the temperature of the exhaust flowing through it as well as the mass of particulate matter (PM) retained in the substrate wall and the cake layer that forms on the substrate wall. Therefore, in order to control the back-pressure on the engine at low levels and to minimize the fuel consumption, it is important to control the PM mass retained in the CPF. Chemical reactions involving the oxidation of PM under passive oxidation and active regeneration conditions can be utilized with computer numerical models in the engine control unit (ECU) to control the pressure drop across the CPF. Hence, understanding and predicting the filtration and oxidation of PM in the CPF and the effect of these processes on the pressure drop across the CPF are necessary for developing control strategies for the aftertreatment system to reduce back-pressure on the engine and in turn fuel consumption particularly from active regeneration. Numerical modeling of CPF's has been proven to reduce development time and the cost of aftertreatment systems used in production as well as to facilitate understanding of the internal processes occurring during different operating conditions that the particulate filter is subjected to. A numerical model of the CPF was developed in this research work which was calibrated to data from passive oxidation and active regeneration experiments in order to determine the kinetic parameters for oxidation of PM and nitrogen oxides along with the model filtration parameters. The research results include the comparison between the model and the experimental data for pressure drop, PM mass retained, filtration efficiencies, CPF outlet gas temperatures and species (NO2) concentrations out of the CPF. Comparisons of PM oxidation reaction rates obtained from the model calibration to the data from the experiments for ULSD, 10 and 20% biodiesel-blended fuels are presented.

DYNAMIC MODEL BASED STATE ESTIMATION IN A HEAVY DUTY DIESEL AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEM FOR ONBOARD DIAGNOSTICS AND CONTROLS

Estimating un-measurable states is an important component for onboard diagnostics (OBD) and control strategy development in diesel exhaust aftertreatment systems. This research focuses on the development of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based state estimator for two of the main components in a diesel engine aftertreatment system: the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst. One of the key areas of interest is the performance of these estimators when the catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) is being actively regenerated. In this study, model reduction techniques were developed and used to develop reduced order models from the 1D models used to simulate the DOC and SCR. As a result of order reduction, the number of states in the estimator is reduced from 12 to 1 per element for the DOC and 12 to 2 per element for the SCR. The reduced order models were simulated on the experimental data and compared to the high fidelity model and the experimental data. The results show that the effect of eliminating the heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients are not significant on the performance of the reduced order models. This is shown by an insignificant change in the kinetic parameters between the reduced order and 1D model for simulating the experimental data. An EKF based estimator to estimate the internal states of the DOC and SCR was developed. The DOC and SCR estimators were simulated on the experimental data to show that the estimator provides improved estimation of states compared to a reduced order model. The results showed that using the temperature measurement at the DOC outlet improved the estimates of the CO , NO , NO2 and HC concentrations from the DOC. The SCR estimator was used to evaluate the effect of NH3 and NOX sensors on state estimation quality. Three sensor combinations of NOX sensor only, NH3 sensor only and both NOX and NH3 sensors were evaluated. The NOX only configuration had the worst performance, the NH3 sensor only configuration was in the middle and both the NOX and NH3 sensor combination provided the best performance.

Alloying gold with copper makes for a highly selective visible-light photocatalyst for the reduction of nitroaromatics to anilines

Finely control of product selectivity is an essential issue in organic chemical production. In the synthesis of functionalized anilines via reduction of the corresponding nitroarenes, the challenge is to selectively reduce only the nitro group in the presence of other reducible functional groups in nitroarene molecules at a high reaction rate. Normally, the nitroarene is reduced stepwise through a series of intermediates that remain as byproducts, increasing the aniline synthesis cost. Here we report that alloying small amounts of copper into gold nanoparticles can alter the reaction pathway of the catalytic reduction under visible-light irradiation at ambient temperature, allowing nitroaromatics to be transformed directly to anilines in a highly selective manner. The reasons for the high efficiency of the photocatalytic reduction under these comparatively benign conditions as well as the light-excited reaction mechanisms are discussed. This photocatalytic process avoids byproducts, exhibits a high reaction rate and excellent substituent tolerance, and can be used for the synthesis of many useful functionalized anilines under environmentally benign conditions. Switching of the reaction pathway simply by tailoring the bimetallic alloy NPs of the photocatalysts is effective for engineering of product chemoselectivity.

Selective formation of aromatic amines by selenium-catalyzed reduction of aromatic nitro compounds with CO/H2O under atmospheric pressure

An efficient method for the catalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to the corresponding aromatic amines is reported. In the presence of selenium as a catalyst, the aromatic nitro compounds are quantitively reduced by CO/H2O to form the corresponding amines under atmospheric pressure. The reduction occurs in high selectivity regardless of other reducible functionalities present on the aromatic ring. There exists a phase transfer process of the catalyst selenium in the reaction. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rapid reduction of GO by hydrogen spill-over mechanism by in situ generated nanoparticles at room temperature and their catalytic performance towards 4-nitrophenol reduction and ethanol oxidation

Here, we report the clean and facile synthesis of Pt and Pd nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by the simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the metal ions in Mg/acid medium. As-generated Pt and Pd nanoparticles serve as a heterogeneous catalyst for the further reduction of the rGO by the hydrogen spill-over process. The C/O ratio is much higher as compared to the rGO obtained by the reduction of GO by only Mg/acid. Overall, the process is rapid, facile and green that does not require any toxic chemical agent or any rigorous chemical reactions. We perform the catalytic reduction of 4-nitophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) at room temperature by Pd@rGO and Pt@rGO. The reduction is complete within 35 s for Pd@rGO and 60 s for Pt@rGO when 50 mu g of hybrid catalyst is used for 0.5 ml of 1 mM of 4-NP. In case of ethanol oxidation, the current density for Pd@rGO is comparable to commercial Pt/C but is doubled for Pt@rGO. Overall, both structures show highly stable catalytic activity compared to commercial Pt/C. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Plasmonic photocatalysts of supported gold nanoparticles for organic conversions

This thesis is a comprehensive study of plasmonic gold photocatalysts for organic conversions. It presents the advantages of plasmonic gold photocatalysts in the selective oxidation, reduction, and acetalisation. It is discovered that plasmonic gold photocatalysts exhibit better catalytic performance (higher selectivity or activity) in these organic conversions. The study in this thesis highlights the capacity of plasmonic gold photocatalysts in harvesting solar energy for converting organic raw materials to value-added chemicals, and the great potential of gold photocatalysts in chemical production.

Reactivity and catalytic activity of layered YBA2CU3O7-delta (123) type defect perovskites

The chemical modifications of structure, reactivity and catalytic properties of layered triple perovskite oxides, related to the YBa2Cu3O7-delta (123) system, have been briefly reviewed. These oxides form a versatile family of materials with wide-ranging chemical and physical properties. The multiple sites available for chemical doping, and the ability to reversibly intercalate oxygen at the defect sites have rendered these oxides important model systems in the area of oxide catalysis. An attempt has been made to comprehend the hitherto known catalytic reactions and correlate them to various factors like structure, oxygen diffusional limitations, different geometries adopted by various substituents, oxidative non-stoichiometry and activation energy for oxygen desorption. In particular, results on the enhanced catalytic activity of cobalt-substituted 123 oxide systems towards the selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide are presented.