Efeito do consumo de tremoço (Lupinus albus) e seu isolado protéico no metabolismo do colesterol em hamsters hipercolesterolemizados

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Infecção persistente pelos flavivírus Ilhéus e Rocio em hamsters dourados jovens (Mesocricetus auratus)

Os arbovírus Ilhéus (VILH) e Rocio (VROC) são flavivirus (família Flaviviridae, gênero Flavivirus) de grande importância para a saúde pública no Brasil por estar relacionados a casos de encefalites em humanos. Sabe-se que outros flavivírus estão envolvidos com a infecção persistente in vitro, in vivo e em relatos clínicos. Deste modo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a possível ocorrência de infecção persistente in vivo dos VILH e VROC utilizando hamsters dourados jovens (Mesocricetus auratus) como modelo experimental. Os hamsters foram inoculados com suspensão de cérebros de camundongos recém-nascidos infectados com títulos de 9,8 e 9,6 DL₅₀ /0,02 mL do VROC e VILH respectivamente, pela via intraperitoneal, sendo em seguida a intervalos pré-determinados, anestesiados e sacrificados para coleta de amostras de sangue, soro, urina e órgãos durante quatro meses (120 dias) pós-inoculação (p.i.). A quantificação viral foi calculada em amostras de cérebro, fígado e sangue, pela técnica de RT-PCR em tempo real (qRT-PCR). Todas as amostras coletadas foram inoculadas em célula VERO para confirmação de replicação viral, sendo detectados antígenos virais pelo teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), os níveis de anticorpos foram determinados pelo teste de inibição da hemaglutinação. Exame histopatológico por hematoxilina-eosina e detecção de antígenos virais por imunohisquímica foram avaliados nas amostras de vísceras e encéfalos coletados durante a cinética. O estudo demonstrou que hamsters dourados jovens constituem um bom modelo experimental para infecção persistente pelos flavivírus VILH e VROC. Os dois vírus induziram uma forte resposta imune, embora os níveis de anticorpos para o VILH tenham sido maior do que para o VROC; já o VROC mostrou-se mais patogênico nestes animais, sugerindo uma capacidade de neurovirulência maior que o VILH. Das amostras coletadas dos hamsters infectados e inoculadas em células VERO foi possível isolar ambos os vírus a partir de todos os órgãos, sangue, soro e urina, sendo confirmada a replicação viral por IFI. Quanto à infecção persistente, o VROC foi detectado, pela técnica de qRT PCR, por três meses p.i., no cérebro, fígado e sangue, enquanto o VILH apresentou persistência viral apenas no cérebro durante 30 dias p.i. por qRT PCR. O VROC foi capaz de produzir alterações histopatológicas e células imuno-marcadas expressando antígenos virais nas amostras de fígado, rim, pulmão e cérebro por quatro meses. Ao passo que para o VILH, as alterações histopatológicas e a expressão de antígenos virais nas amostras de fígado, rim e pulmão ocorreram por 30 dias p.i.; e no cérebro por quatro meses p.i.; Os achados deste estudo demonstraram que ambos os vírus apresentaram capacidade de causar infecção persistente em hamsters infectados por via periférica, sendo necessários mais estudos para determinar os mecanismos fisiopatológicos e a patogênese de estabelecimento dessas infecções persistentes.

Utilização do laser de baixa densidade (LILT) para tratamento da mucosite induzida em hamsters: comparação clínica e histopatológica entre parâmetros de irradiação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização molecular do vírus Melao cepas BE AR 633512 e BE AR 8033 (Bunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus) e infecção experimental em hamsters dourados (Mesocricetus auratus)

As cepas do Virus Melao (VMEL), BE AR 8033 e BE AR 633512 foram isoladas de mosquitos Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) scapularis, em Belém- PA (1955) e Alta Floresta do Oeste- RO (2000), respectivamente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar molecularmente as cepas BE AR 633512 e BE AR 8033 e realizar estudos histopatológicos, bioquímicos e imunológicos comparativos em hamsters dourados (Mesocricetus auratus). Hamsters mostraram suscetibilidade às cepas do VMEL. A viremia em hamsters para BE AR 633512 ocorreu do 3º ao 6º dias pós-infecção (dpi.), e para a cepa BE AR 8033 ocorreu no 2º dpi. Anticorpos neutralizantes para ambas as cepas foram detectados a partir de 5 dpi., e se mantiveram até 30 dpi. As cepas testadas alteraram os marcadores bioquímicos AST, ALT e uréia, enquanto que a creatinina só apresentou alteração estatisticamente significante nos animais infectados com a cepa viral BE AR 633512, em comparação aos animais controles não infectados. Alterações histopatológicas foram observadas no SNC, fígado, rim e baço dos hamsters infectados pelas cepas do VMEL, sendo a infecção nesses órgãos confirmada por imunohistoquímica. A cepa BE AR 633512 foi mais virulenta e patogênica para hamsters que a cepa BE AR 8033. A análise genética dos genes N, Gn e Gc revelou que para os genes N e Gn, a cepa BE AR 8033 e do protótipo VMEL (TRVL 9375) são mais geneticamente relacionados. Para o gene Gc, a cepa BE AR 8033 é mais relacionada com a cepa BE AR 633512, sendo que esta última cepa apresentou maior variabilidade genética, principalmente no gene Gn com várias substituições de aminoácidos, mas as mutações no gene Gc provavelmente foram responsáveis pelo aumento da virulência e patogenicidade em hamsters.

Effects of apomorphine on mating behavior, flank marking and aggression in male hamsters

In male rats, the dopamine agonist apomorphine (APO) generally facilitates copulatory behavior. However, disruptive effects of high APO doses have been reported. These have been interpreted in diverse ways, as products of a dopaminergic system that inhibits sexual behavior or as consequences of APO's stimulation of competing responses. To test the generality of these effects, we observed APO's impact on copulatory behavior in male hamsters. Several effects were observed, all attributable to a relatively high dose and involving the disruption of male behavior. More unexpectedly, APO treatment caused males to attack estrous stimulus females in the course of these tests. To clarify these effects, we observed the effects of APO on flank marking, a type of scent marking closely allied to aggression and dominance in hamsters. Treatment reliably decreased the latency of marking. It also increased the rate of marking when appropriate measures were taken to prevent this effect from being obscured by drug-induced cheek pouching. Together, these results confirm and extend APO's well-known ability to increase aggression. Further, they suggest that APO-induced aggression can intrude into other contexts so as to disrupt, or possibly facilitate, other forms of social behavior.

Rapid Facilitation of Ultrasound Production and Lordosis in Female Hamsters by Horizontal Cuts Between the Septum and Preoptic Area

Horizontal cuts between the septum and preoptic area (anterior roof deafferentation, or ARD) dramatically affect sexual behavior, and in ways that could explain a variety of differences across behavioral categories (precopulatory, copulatory), species, and the sexes. Yet little is known about how these effects develop. Such information would be useful generally and could be pivotal in clarifying the mechanism for ultrasonic vocalization in female hamsters. Ultrasounds serve these animals as precopulatory signals that can attract males and help initiate mating. Their rates can be increased by either ARD or lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMN). If these effects are independent, they would require a mechanism that includes multiple structures and pathways within the forebrain and hypothalamus. However, it currently is not clear if they are independent: VMN lesions could affect vocalization by causing incidental damage to the same fibers targeted by ARD. Fortunately, past studies of VMN lesions have described a response with a very distinctive time course. This raises the possibility of assessing the independence of the two lesion effects by describing just the development of the response to ARD. To accomplish this, female hamsters were observed for levels of ultrasound production and lordosis before and after control surgery or ARD. As expected, both behaviors were facilitated by these cuts. Further, these effects began to appear by two days after surgery and were fully developed by six days. These results extend previous descriptions of the ARD effect by describing its development and time course. In turn, the rapid responses to ARD suggest that these cuts trigger disinhibitory changes in pathways that differ from those affected by VMN lesions. 2013

Oxotremorine Delays and Scopolamine Accelerates Sexual Exhaustion When Applied to the Preoptic Area in Male Hamsters

Acetylcholine (ACh) has not been tested for a role in the development of sexual exhaustion in males. However, male hamsters receiving infusions into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (OXO) or antagonist scopolamine (SCO) show changes in the postejaculatory interval, one of the measures that changes most consistently as exhaustion approaches. In addition, central SCO treatments cause changes in the patterning of intromissions that resemble those signaling exhaustion. To extend these observations and more thoroughly test the dependence of sexual exhaustion on ACh, male hamsters received MPOA treatments of OXO, SCO or the combination of the two before mating to exhaustion. Relative to placebo, OXO infusions caused small but consistent increases in ejaculation frequency and long intromission latency, delaying the appearance of exhaustion. Scopolamine treatments did the reverse, dramatically accelerating the development of exhaustion. Consistent with and possibly responsible for these changes were effects on the quality of performance prior to exhaustion. These included differences in overall copulatory efficiency (e.g., ejaculations/intromission), which was increased by OXO and decreased by SCO. They also extended to several standard measures of copulatory behavior, including intromission frequency, ejaculation latency and the postejaculatory interval: Most of these were increased by SCO and decreased by OXO. Finally, whereas most or all effects of OXO were counteracted by SCO, most or all of the responses to SCO resisted change by added OXO. This asymmetry in the responses to combined treatment raises the possibility that the effects of these drugs on sexual exhaustion and other elements of male behavior are mediated by distinct muscarinic receptors. Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Responses to Central Oxotremorine and Scopolamine Support the Cholinergic Control of Male Mating Behavior in Hamsters

The responses of hamsters to intracranial injections of the cholinergic agonist oxotremorine (OXO) implicate cholinergic mechanisms in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) in the control of male mating behavior. To extend these observations, we ran three studies of responses to cholinergic drugs delivered singly or in combination to the vicinity of the MPOA. The first tested responses to OXO, confirming its ability to reduce the postejaculatory interval. The second complemented the first by examining responses to MPOA microinjections of the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (SCO). These caused several changes revolving around intromission. These included increases in intromission frequency and ejaculation latency. They also included a change in the patterning of intromissions, marked by continuous strings without the usual separation by dismounts. The final study resembled the others in examining the effects of MPOA injections of OXO and SCO but focused on the ability of each drug to antagonize responses to the other. Most of the responses to OXO and SCO individually replicated earlier findings, though the measures examined here also permitted the description of effects on some noncopulatory sexual behaviors, specifically the male's inspection of the female. However, the most interesting results may be those suggesting asymmetry in the responses to the addition of the second drug: Whereas responses to OXO tended to be antagonized by SCO, OXO was less effective at counteracting responses to SCO. Though the explanation of this asymmetry is not completely clear, it is consistent with previous suggestions of differences in the affinities of these drugs for subtypes of muscarinic receptors. Therefore, it suggests that the cholinergic synapses and circuits controlling distinct elements of male behavior could differ in their dependence on these receptors. Copyright 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The influence of handling and exposure to a ferret on body temperature and running wheel activity of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

In order to determine a stress response, two groups of twenty male golden hamsters were either exposed to a ferret or handled by a human. The hamsters' body temperature and running wheel activity were measured as stress correlates. Half of the hamsters' cages were equipped with a functional running wheel to determine whether the presence of a running wheel might reduce stress. Exposure to the ferret was followed by a significant increase in body temperature and running wheel revolutions: however, running wheel activity did not change after handling. Body temperature increased less after handling in hamsters living in a cage with a functional running wheel than in those with a non-revolving running wheel. This suggests that hamsters with a functional running wheel reacted less strongly to acute stress caused by handling. On the other hand, temperature increase after the exposure to a ferret was not affected by the presence of a running wheel. Both exposure to a ferret and handling caused stress in golden hamsters, as demonstrated by an increase in body temperature (emotional fever). Stress caused by handling was much milder than stress caused by the ferret. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.