Uma intervenção colaborativa sobre os processos de ensino e aprendizagem do aluno com deficiência intelectual

As práticas pedagógicas e processo de ensino e aprendizagem do aluno com deficiência intelectual no ensino comum são o objeto de estudo desta tese. Esta teve por finalidade analisar as estratégias pedagógicas e os suportes educacionais oferecidos para alunos com deficiência intelectual, refletir e elaborar, de forma colaborativa com a equipe pedagógica, ações educativas para a organização do processo de ensino e aprendizagem desse aluno. Para responder à questão inicial do estudo, participamos sistematicamente como pesquisadora do cotidiano escolar do aluno em sala de aula e em outros contextos da rotina das professoras, como reuniões de planejamento, estudos de caso e conselhos de classe. As interfaces metodológicas qualitativas adotadas foram o estudo de caso etnográfico para a 1 etapa e a pesquisa-ação colaborativa para a 2 etapa. Na 1 etapa, fomos a campo para conhecer os processos estabelecidos para a escolarização de três alunos com deficiência intelectual, em anos de escolaridade diferentes, e envolveu 15 profissionais do 1 segmento do ensino fundamental. A partir da análise de conteúdo dos registros do diário de campo, da observação participante, das entrevistas semiestruturadas e filmagens em sala de aula, organizamos as reflexões e análises sobre como é compreendida a deficiência intelectual, as relações que se estabelecem com a aprendizagem e as práticas pedagógicas que envolveram os três alunos. Na segunda etapa, fomos a campo para colaborar com seus atores a partir da proposta do ensino colaborativo, respaldadas pelo referencial histórico-cultural. As ações colaborativas junto às professoras de sala de aula e da sala de recursos multifuncionais (SRM) foram desenvolvidas tendo o aluno Ian como sujeito das reflexões e análises sobre o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Como resultados do estudo observamos que a presença do aluno com deficiência intelectual na escola comum ainda é motivo de estranhamento. O formato da estrutura curricular indica o quanto é difícil garantir processos de ensino e aprendizagem para o aluno com deficiência intelectual. Apesar do perfil diferenciado na formação das professoras, dúvidas sobre como organizar o ensino para esse aluno eram comuns em seus relatos. A partir da colaboração estabelecida, na 2 etapa do estudo, entre as professoras especialistas (da SRM e pesquisadora) e as professoras de sala de aula, observamos essas ampliarem a iniciativa na organização/adequação de atividades, em suas áreas de conhecimento específicas, considerando a participação e forma pela qual o aluno poderia adquirir o conhecimento trabalhado. Nesse contexto, percebemos a relevância da complementaridade entre estratégias pedagógicas para garantir o ensino, a participação e a aprendizagem do aluno, tanto em sala de aula quanto na SRM. As práticas favoreceram o aluno na medida em que as condições de ensino, para sua aprendizagem, passaram a ser conhecidas e consideradas. A mediação planejada, intencional e desafiadora, em todos os ambientes da escola, foi fundamental para que compreendêssemos como organizar o ensino para a aprendizagem de Ian. Sob essas condições observamos Ian demonstrar sua capacidade para elaborar conceitos cotidianos e complexos, em diferentes áreas do currículo escolar.

Variabilidade espacial e temporal das concentrações de clorofila na Baía de Guanabara (RJ) utilizando imagens MERIS e dados in situ

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal implementar um algoritmo empírico para o monitoramento do processo de eutrofização da Baía de Guanabara (BG), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), utilizando dados de clorofila-a coletados in situ e imagens de satélite coletadas pelo sensor MERIS, a bordo do satélite ENVISAT, da Agência Espacial Européia (ESA). Para a elaboração do algoritmo foi utilizada uma série histórica de clorofila-a (Out/2002 a Jan/2012) fornecida pelo Laboratório de Biologia Marinha da UFRJ, que, acoplada aos dados radiométricos coletados pelo sensor MERIS em datas concomitantes com as coletas in situ de clorofila-a, permitiu a determinação das curvas de regressão que deram origem aos algorítmos. Diversas combinações de bandas foram utilizadas, com ênfase nos comprimentos de onda do verde, vermelho e infra-vermelho próximo. O algoritmo escolhido (R = 0,66 e MRE = 77,5%) fez uso dos comprimentos de onda entre o verde e o vermelho (665, 680, 560 e 620 nm) e apresentou resultado satisfatório, apesar das limitações devido à complexidade da área de estudo e problemas no algoritmo de correção atmosférica . Algorítmos típicos de água do Caso I (OC3 e OC4) também foram testados, assim como os algoritmos FLH e MCI, aconselhados para águas com concentrações elevadas de Chl-a, todos com resultados insatisfatório. Como observado por estudos pretéritos, a Baia de Guanabara possui alta variabilidade espacial e temporal de concentrações de clorofila-a, com as maiores concentrações no período úmido (meses: 01, 02, 03, 10, 11 12) e nas porções marginais (~ 100 mg.m-3), particularmente na borda Oeste da baia, e menores concentrações no período seco e no canal principal de circulação (~ 20 mg.m-3). O presente trabalho é pioneiro na construção e aplicação de algoritmos bio-óptico para a região da BG utilizando imagens MERIS. Apesar dos bons resultados, o presente algorítmo não deve ser considerado definitivo, e recomenda-se para trabalhos futuros testar os diferentes modelos de correção atmosférico para as imagens MERIS.

Os desafios da inclusão de surdos no contexto escolar e a aquisição da Língua Portuguesa na proposta de Educação Bilíngue

A aquisição de Língua Portuguesa pelo aluno surdo na proposta educacional bilíngue se constitui como objeto desta dissertação. Na presente pesquisa pretendemos mergulhar no universo educacional bilíngue: Língua de Sinais como primeira língua (L1) e Língua Portuguesa como segunda língua (L2) e observar como se dá o ensino de Língua Portuguesa para o aluno surdo com idade de cinco anos e 11 meses a oito anos, filhos de pais ouvintes, matriculados em turmas dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, em três ambientes educacionais no município do Rio de janeiro. As visitas aconteceram numa escola especial, em duas escolas públicas inclusivas e numa escola particular inclusiva. O universo da pesquisa abrangeu seis profissionais: duas professoras de turma comum, dois professores de atendimento educacional especializado (AEE), um instrutor surdo e uma professora de classe especial. Também participaram 12 crianças com as características supra citadas, sendo que 10 delas fazem uso de aparelho auditivo: quatro com uso de implante coclear (IC), seis usam aparelho de amplificação sonora individual (Aasi), e dois não usam nenhum aparelho auditivo. Destes 12 alunos, dez são acompanhados por atendimento fonoaudiológico na própria escola, e dois não fazem nenhum tipo de atendimento. Em relação às aulas na sala de recursos multifuncional (SRM), oito deles participam das aulas na própria unidade escolar; um deles frequenta aulas na SRM de uma escola próxima a sua residência, e três não frequentam sala de recursos por serem de classe especial. Para responder à pergunta principal do estudo: Como se dá o ensino da Língua Portuguesa para a criança surda na proposta educacional bilíngue? foi necessário conhecer os professores e demais profissionais envolvidos no processo educacional da criança surda afim de verificar as suas necessidades, potencialidades, interesses e limitações. Outro elemento fundamental na proposta do estudo foi priorizar os momentos de ensino de Língua Portuguesa, o que exigiu planejamento prévio da pesquisadora e dos profissionais envolvidos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em espaços educacionais observados e filmados durante uma hora, sem intervenção, no período de junho de 2013 a dezembro de 2014. Foi utilizada análise qualitativa dos resultados com a categorização das atividades. Durante o desenvolvimento do estudo foram realizadas filmagens das atividades pedagógicas para ensino de Língua Portuguesa e anotações de campo, bem como as entrevistas com os profissionais, e orientações aos familiares com informações sobre a importância da participação no estudo. Com base nas entrevistas, filmagens, observações e anotações de campo foram levantadas as principais atividades realizadas e categorias foram formuladas a respeito da comunicação destes alunos e do tipo de atividades para o ensino da Língua Portuguesa. Os resultados demonstraram que a participação no estudo levou os profissionais envolvidos a refletirem sobre o tema, reverem as suas atuações e as suas crenças. O estudo conclui que a educação bilíngue é um caminho promissor para as crianças com surdez desenvolverem plenamente suas habilidades e potencialidades, e cresçam independentes e conscientes dos seus direitos e deveres. Sujeitos participantes e ativos na sociedade a qual pertencem

Mercury bioaccumulation in pike (Esox lucius) food chain from Anzali Lagoon, Iran

A number of wide-ranging monitoring studies have been performed in order to estimate the degree of mercury (Hg) contamination in freshwater ecosystems. Knowledge regarding contamination of different levels of the food chain is necessary for estimation of total pollutant input fluxes and subsequent partitioning among different phases in the aquatic system. The growing international concern about this environmental data is closely related to the strongly developing ecological risk assessment activities. In addition,freshwater monitoring outputs hold a key position in the estimation of the Hg dose consumed by the human population as it is highly dependent on fish consumption. So monitoring of Hg in the tissue of edible fish is extremely important because of contaminated fish has caused serious neurological damage to new born babies and adults. Mercury tends to accumulate in fish tissue, particularly, in the form of methyl mercury, which is about 10 times more toxic than inorganic mercury. The Anzali lagoon is one of the biggest wetland of Guilan province, which joins to the Caspian sea. Many Chemical and industrial factories plus agricultural runoffs and urban and rural sewages are major polluting sources of the Anzali wetland. Since many of those polluting sources drain their wastes directly or indirectly into the Anzali wetland and their sewages may be polluted with Hg, this study was conducted to find out the bioaccumulation of Hg bioaccumulation in pike (Esox lucius) food chain from Anzali lagoon, Iran. Sampling were carried out from July 2004 to July 2005, in addition 318 speciments of 9 fish species were collected. T-Hg was measured by LECO AMA 254 Advanced Mercury Analyzer (USA) according to ASTM standard No D-6722. Each sample was analyzed 3 times. Accuracy of T-Hg analysis was checked by running three samples of Standard Reference Materials; SRM 1633b, SRM 2711 & Sra 2709. Detection limit was 0.001 mg/kg in dry weight. The Accuracy degree of analyzor equipment with RSD<%0.05 (N=7) was between %95.5 and %105. In overal eigth fish species were distingushed in the gut content of 87 speciments of pike with age 1-5 year and maximum length 550mm. The max. and min. concentration of T-Hg in dorsal muscle of pjke was 0.2ppm in one year and 1.2ppm in five year class. The mean of T-Hg significantly increased with age and length increased (P<0.05).Mercury accumulation pattern in pike was as well as muscle > liver > spleen (P<0.05). THg content in female was higher than male(P<0.05). In contrast the mean of THg concentration in dorsal muscle of eigth fish species as prey was 0.282, 0.261, 0.328, 0.254, 0.256, 0.286, 0.322 and 0.241 ppm for Carassius auratus gibelio, Hemiculter leucisculus, Blicca bjoerkna transcaucasica, Chalcalburnus mossulensis, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Gambusia holbrooki, Alburnus charusini hohenackeri & Scardinius Erythrophthalmus respectively.Liner regresion indicated that high degree of relationship between age of pike and Uptak/Intake ratio (R2=%99.12) and indicated that the mercury bioaccumulation in the pike dorsal muscle increased with age increased. BFA was >1 and and indicating the mercury biomagnification in the pike food chain. Trophy level of pike in the Anzali lagoon was estimated as well as 3.5 and 4 . It is generally agreed that Hg concentration in carnivorous fish are higher than in noncarnivorous species.

A fast detailed-chemistry modelling approach for simulating the SI-HCCI transition

An established Stochastic Reactor Model (SRM) is used to simulate the transition from Spark Ignition (SI) to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion mode in a four cylinder in-line four-stroke naturally aspirated direct injection SI engine with cam profile switching. The SRM is coupled with GT-Power, a one-dimensional engine simulation tool used for modelling engine breathing during the open valve portion of the engine cycle, enabling multi-cycle simulations. The mode change is achieved by switching the cam profiles and phasing, resulting in a Negative Valve Overlap (NVO), opening the throttle, advancing the spark timing and reducing the fuel mass as well as using a pilot injection. A proven technique for tabulating the model is used to create look-up tables in both SI and HCCI modes. In HCCI mode several tables are required, including tables for the first NVO, transient valve timing NVO, transient valve timing HCCI and steady valve timing HCCI and NVO. This results in the ability to simulate the transition with detailed chemistry in very short computation times. The tables are then used to optimise the transition with the goal of reducing NO x emissions and fluctuations in IMEP. Copyright © 2010 SAE International.

A detailed chemistry simulation of the SI-HCCI transition

A Stochastic Reactor Model (SRM) has been used to simulate the transition from Spark Ignition (SI) mode to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) mode in a four cylinder in-line four-stroke naturally aspirated direct injection SI engine with cam profile switching. The SRM is coupled with GT-Power, a one-dimensional engine simulation tool used for modelling engine breathing during the open valve portion of the engine cycle, enabling multi-cycle simulations. The model is initially calibrated in both modes using steady state data from SI and HCCI operation. The mode change is achieved by switching the cam profiles and phasing, resulting in a Negative Valve Overlap (NVO), opening the throttle, advancing the spark timing and reducing the fuel mass as well as utilising a pilot injection. Experimental data is presented along with the simulation results. The model is used to investigate key control parameters and their effects on parameters that are difficult to measure experimentally. The effect of the spark in the first HCCI cycles is found to have a major impact on the stability of the transition. Copyright © 2010 SAE International.

Quantitative Determination of Microcystins in Rat Plasma by LC-ESI Tandem MS

A rapid and sensitive method was developed and validated for the determination of MCYST (microcystin)-RR, -LR, and [Dha(7)] MCYST-LR in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analytes were extracted from rat plasma by protein precipitation, followed by solid-phase extraction. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, operating in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, was used to quantify MCYST-RR, -LR, and [Dha(7)] MCYST-LR in rat plasma. The recoveries for each analyte in rat plasma ranged from 70.8 to 88.7%. The calibration curve was linear within the range from 0.005 to 1.25 mu g mL(-1). The limit of detection were 1.4, 1.0, 0.6 ng mL(-1) for MCYST-RR, -LR, and [Dha(7)] MCYST-LR. The overall precision was determined on three different days. The values for within- and between-day precision in rat plasma were within 15%. This method was applied to the identification and quantification of microcystins in rat plasma with acute exposure of microcystins via intravenous injection.

Simultaneous determination of microcystin-LR and its glutathione conjugate in fish tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and its glutathione conjugate (MC-LR-GSH) in fish tissues. The analytes were extracted from fish liver and kidney using 0.01 M EDTA-Na-2-5% acetic acid, followed by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis HLB and silica cartridges. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, operating in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, was used to quantify MC-LR and its glutathione conjugate in fish liver and kidney. Recoveries of analytes were assessed at three concentrations (0.2, 1.0, and 5 mu g g(-1) dry weight [DW]) and ranged from 91 to 103% for MC-LR, and from 65.0 to 75.7% for MC-LR-GSH. The assay was linear within the range from 0.02 to 5.0 mu g g(-1) DW, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 mu g g(-1) DW. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 0.007 mu g g(-1) DW in both fish liver and kidney. The overall precision was determined on three different days. The values for within- and between-day precision in liver and kidney were within 15%. This method was applied to the identification and quantification of MC-LR and its glutathione conjugate in liver and kidney of fish with acute exposure of MC-LR. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

基于支持向量机的Internet流量分类研究

准确的网络流量分类是众多网络研究工作的基础,也一直是网络测量领域的研究热点.近年来,利用机器学习方法处理流量分类问题成为了该领域一个新兴的研究方向.在目前研究中应用较多的是朴素贝叶斯(nave Bayes,NB)及其改进算法.这些方法具有实现简单、分类高效的特点.但该方法过分依赖于样本空间的分布,具有内在的不稳定性.因此,提出一种基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的流量分类方法.该方法利用非线性变换和结构风险最小化(structural risk minimization,SRM)原则将流量分类问题转化为二次寻优问题,具有良好的分类准确率和稳定性.在理论分析的基础上,通过在实际网络流集合上与朴素贝叶斯算法的对比实验,可以看出使用支持向量机方法处理流量分类问题,具有以下3个优势:1)网络流属性不必满足条件独立假设,无须进行属性过滤;2)能够在先验知识相对不足的情况下,仍保持较高的分类准确率;3)不依赖于样本空间的分布,具有较好的分类稳定性.

Direct characterization of bitter acids in a crude hop extract by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

The applicability of on-line coupling of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the separation and characterization of hop acids mixture from the crude extract of Humulus lupulus was investigated. The solvent system consisting of acetonitrile-aqueous formic acid was used to give proper separation of the six main hop bitter acids within 30 min. Further structural information about the components was acquired by collision-induced dissociation (CID). On the basis of analyses of the fragmentation patterns of the major alpha- and beta-bitter acids respectively, identification of the minor ones was performed using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) with a group of qualitatively relevant selected precursor-product ion transitions for each bitter acid in a single high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) run. Using this technique, six minor hop acids, including "adprelupulone" observed for the first time in natural resources, were detected along with the six major acids. This hyphenated techniques provides potency for rapid qualitative determination of analogs and homologs in mixtures. (C) 2004 American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

Determination of mercury in biological samples using organic compounds as matrix modifiers by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A method was developed for the determination of total mercury in biological samples. The effects of aqueous ammonia, ethylenediamine and triethanolamine on Hg signal intensity by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been evaluated and the possible mechanisms discussed. It has been proved that the signal intensity of Hg significantly increases with adding, in the presence of small amounts of aqueous ammonia, ethylenediamine or triethanolamine. The normalized intensity (the signal intensity ratio with amine and without amine) of Hg increases as the concentration of aqueous ammonia, ethylenediamine or triethanolamine increases, but the degree of enhancement of aqueous ammonia was smaller than that of ethylenediamine and triethanolamine. The normalized intensity of Hg with aqueous ammonia, ethylenediamine and triethanolamine decreases as the nebulizer flow rate increases, but decreasing degree of aqueous ammonia was smaller than that of ethylenediamine and triethanolamine. The higher the RF powers the higher the normalized intensity of Hg at the same nebulizer flow rate. The addition of aqueous ammonia, ethylenediamine and triethanolamine into analytical solutions significantly improved the transport efficiency of Hg. The detection limit of Hg is improved about ten times by the addition of ethylenediamine or triethanolamine under the optimum experimental parameters. The method has been used to determine mercury in biological standard reference materials (SRM). The analytical results are very close to the certified values and the determined values for similar samples.

顺丁橡胶的长链支化与支化临界分子量

用拟合粘度曲线法研究了顺丁橡胶的支化参数,得到了支化临界分子量M,进而计算出支化度λ。其结果用标准参考物SRM 146的测定结果验证,表明方法是可靠的;而λ值与用Drott法的结果相比。后者平均偏高百分之几。

Determination of tetrodotoxin by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry

Two methods for tetrodotoxin analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray iontrap mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) have been established with C,, reversed phase column and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column, respectively. Sensitivity and reproducibility of the methods were compared. The method using C-18 column in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode had a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 120 pg, and a good linearity of the calibration curve was obtained for tetrodotoxin (r = 0. 9992). High reproducibility of the method was observed, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 10%. The method using HILIC column in SIM mode and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode had detection limits (S/N = 3) of 15 and 3.75 pg, respectively. Good linearity of the calibration curves was obtained for tetrodotoxin (r = 0. 9996 and 0. 9998 in SIM and SRM mode, respectively). T he reproducibility was high in SIM mode but relatively poor in SRM mode. Based on the results, the method using HILIC column in SIM mode was suggested for the analysis of tetrodotoxin with LC-MS system.

青藏高原两种草甸地表通量季节变化特征

2003年1月-2004年7月运用涡度相关法技术研究青藏高原金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草甸(SWM)和藏嵩草(Kobresia humilis)沼泽化草甸(SRM)的地表通量。结果表明：二者地表湍流通量都具有明显的季节变化和日变化，其中感热通量以4月最大，1月最小，而潜热通量则以5月最大；感热通量随着季节的变动而显著变化，在相同月份中沼泽化草甸白天最大值大于灌丛草甸，日变化振幅比灌丛草甸强；白天潜热通量达到最大值的时间和波动强度因季节不同而各异，在非生长季节白天最大值在13～15 h，日波动较弱，生长季节最大值在12 h，日波动较强；高寒草甸地表湍流通量与温度间存在着线性关系；不同季节感热通量：沼泽化草甸>灌丛革甸，而潜热通量与感热通量各异，在1月沼泽化革匈>灌丛草甸，在4和10月，沼泽化草甸<灌丛草甸，在7月二者基本一致。