Fresh meat quality of pigs fed diets with different fatty acid profiles and supplemented with red wine solids

Abstract Three groups of pigs were fed three different diets, namely a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (palm oil-based, PO), a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich diet (corn oil-based, CO), and a PUFA-rich diet (corn oil-based) supplemented with red wine solids (RWS), which was added to the diet (CO+RWS) in order to assess the protective effect on the oxidative status of the pork meat. The addition of corn oil favourably modulates the FAs profile of the backfat, and to a lesser extent of the intramuscular fat of semimembranosus muscle, without causing adverse effects on the meat quality or on its oxidative stability. Moreover, these parameters were not affected by the addition of the RWS in the CO+RWS diet.

Frequency-dependent selection at the amylase locus in Drosophila melanogaster

A. strain of Drosophila melanog-aster deficient in null amylase activity (Amylase ) was isolated from a wild null population of flies. The survivorship of Amylase homozygous flies is very low when the principal dietary carbohydrate source is starch. However, the survivorship of the null Amylase genotype is comparable to the wild type when the dietary starch is replaced by glucose. In addition, the null viability of the amylase-producing and Amylase strains is comparable v and very lm<] f on a medium with no carbohydrates . Furthermore, amylase-producing genotypes were shovm to excrete enzymatically active amylase protein into the food medium. The excreted amylase causes the external breakdown of dietary starch to sugar. These results led to the following null prediction: the viability of the A.mvlase genotype (fed on a starch rich diet) might increase in the presence of individuals which were amylase-producing. It was shown experimentally that such an increase in viability did in fact occur and that this increase v\Tas proportional to the number of mnylase..::producing fli.es present. These results provide a unique example of a non-"competi ti ve inter-genotype interaction, and one where the underlying physio~ logical and biochemical mechanism has been fully understood.

Régulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle de PPARgamma via l'activation des récepteurs CD36 et GHS-R1a : potentiel anti-athérosclérotique

Les sécrétines peptidiques de l’hormone de croissance (GHRPs) constituent une classe de peptides synthétiques capables de stimuler la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance (GH). Cette activité est médiée par leur liaison à un récepteur couplé aux protéines G : le récepteur des sécrétines de l’hormone de croissance (GHS-R1a), identifié subséquemment comme le récepteur de la ghréline. La ghréline est un peptide de 28 acides aminés sécrété principalement par les cellules de la muqueuse de l’estomac, qui exerce de nombreux effets périphériques indépendamment de la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance. Les effets indépendants de la sécrétion de GH incluent, entre autres, des actions sur le contrôle de la prise de nourriture, le métabolisme énergétique, la fonction cardiaque, le système immunitaire et la prolifération cellulaire. L’étude de la distribution périphérique des sites de liaison des GHRPs nous a permis d’identifier un second site, le CD36, un récepteur scavenger exprimé dans plusieurs tissus dont le myocarde, l’endothélium de la microvasculature et les monocytes/macrophages. Le CD36 exprimé à la surface du macrophage joue un rôle clé dans l’initiation du développement de l’athérosclérose par la liaison et l’internalisation des lipoprotéines de faible densité oxydées (LDLox) dans l’espace sous-endothélial de l’artère. L’hexaréline, un analogue GHRP, a été développé comme agent thérapeutique pour stimuler la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance par l’hypophyse. Sa propriété de liaison aux récepteurs GHS-R1a et CD36 situés en périphérie et particulièrement sa capacité d’interférer avec la liaison des LDLox par le CD36 nous ont incité à évaluer la capacité de l’hexaréline à moduler le métabolisme lipidique du macrophage. L’objectif principal de ce projet a été de déterminer les effets de l’activation des récepteurs CD36 et GHS-R1a, par l’hexaréline et la ghréline, le ligand endogène du GHS-R1a, sur la physiologie du macrophage et de déterminer son potentiel anti-athérosclérotique. Les résultats montrent premièrement que l’hexaréline et la ghréline augmentent l’expression des transporteurs ABCA1 et ABCG1, impliqués dans le transport inverse du cholestérol, via un mécanisme contrôlé par le récepteur nucléaire PPARγ. La régulation de l’activité transcriptionnelle de PPARγ par l’activation des récepteurs CD36 et GHS-R1a se fait indépendamment de la présence du domaine de liaison du ligand (LBD) de PPARγ et est conséquente de changements dans l’état de phosphorylation de PPARγ. Une étude plus approfondie de la signalisation résultant de la liaison de la ghréline sur le GHS-R1a révèle que PPARγ est activé par un mécanisme de concertation entre les voies de signalisation Gαq/PI3-K/Akt et Fyn/Dok-1/ERK au niveau du macrophage. Le rôle de PPARγ dans la régulation du métabolisme lipidique par l’hexaréline a été démontré par l’utilisation de macrophages de souris hétérozygotes pour le gène de Ppar gamma, qui présentent une forte diminution de l’activation des gènes de la cascade métabolique PPARγ-LXRα-transporteurs ABC en réponse à l’hexaréline. L’injection quotidienne d’hexaréline à un modèle de souris prédisposées au développement de l’athérosclérose, les souris déficientes en apoE sous une diète riche en cholestérol et en lipides, se traduit également en une diminution significative de la présence de lésions athérosclérotiques correspondant à une augmentation de l’expression des gènes cibles de PPARγ et LXRα dans les macrophages péritonéaux provenant des animaux traités à l’hexaréline. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus dans cette thèse identifie certains nouveaux mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de PPARγ et du métabolisme du cholestérol dans le macrophage via les récepteurs CD36 et GHS-R1a. Ils pourraient servir de cibles thérapeutiques dans une perspective de traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires.

Modulation de la néovascularisation post-ischémique en présence de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire

L’athérosclérose est la principale cause d’infarctus du myocarde, de mort subite d’origine cardiaque, d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux et d’ischémie des membres inférieurs. Celle-ci cause près de la moitié des décès dans les pays industrialisés. Lorsque les obstructions artérielles athérosclérotiques sont tellement importantes que les techniques de revascularisation directe ne peuvent être effectuées avec succès, la sévérité de l’ischémie tissulaire résiduelle dépendra de l’habilité de l’organisme à développer spontanément de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins (néovascularisation). La néovascularisation postnatale est le résultat de deux phénomènes : la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux à partir de la vasculature existante (angiogenèse) et la formation de vaisseaux à partir de cellules souches progénitrices (vasculogenèse). Notre laboratoire a démontré que plusieurs facteurs de risque associés aux maladies cardiovasculaires (tabagisme, vieillissement, hypercholestérolémie) diminuaient également la réponse angiogénique suite à une ischémie. Cependant, les mécanismes précis impliqués dans cette physiopathologie sont encore inconnus. Un point commun à tous ces facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire est l’augmentation du stress oxydant. Ainsi, le présent ouvrage visait à élucider l’influence de différents facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire et du stress oxydant sur la néovascularisation. Nos résultats démontrent que l’exposition à la fumée de cigarette et le vieillissement sont associés à une diminution de la néovascularisation en réponse à l’ischémie, et que ceci est au moins en partie causé par une augmentation du stress oxydant. De plus, nous démontrons que les acides gras dérivés de la diète peuvent affecter la réponse à l’ischémie tissulaire. La première étude du projet de recherche visait à évaluer l’impact de l’exposition à la fumée de cigarette sur la néovascularisation post-ischémique, et l’effet d’une thérapie antioxydante. L’exposition à la fumée de cigarette a été associée à une réduction significative de la récupération du flot sanguin et de la densité des vaisseaux dans les muscles ischémiques. Cependant, une récupération complète de la néovascularisation a été démontrée chez les souris exposées à la fumée de cigarette et traitées au probucol ou aux vitamines antioxydantes. Nous avons démontré qu’une thérapie antioxydante administrée aux souris exposées à la fumée de cigarette était associée à une réduction significative des niveaux de stress oxydant dans le plasma et dans les muscles ischémiques. De plus, les cellules endothéliales progénitrices (EPCs) exposées à de l’extrait de fumée de cigarette in vitro présentent une diminution significative de leur activité angiogénique (migration, adhésion et incorporation dans les tissus ischémiques) qui a été complètement récupérée par le probucol et les vitamines antioxydantes. La deuxième étude avait pour but d’investiguer le rôle potentiel de la NADPH oxydase (Nox2) pour la modulation de la néovascularisation post-ischémique dans le contexte du vieillissement. Nous avons trouvé que l’expression de la Nox2 est augmentée par le vieillissement dans les muscles ischémiques des souris contrôles. Ceci est associé à une réduction significative de la récupération du flot sanguin après l’ischémie chez les vieilles souris contrôles comparées aux jeunes. Nous avons aussi démontré que la densité des capillaires et des artérioles est significativement réduite dans les muscles ischémiques des animaux vieillissants alors que les niveaux de stress oxydant sont augmentés. La déficience en Nox2 réduit les niveaux de stress oxydant dans les tissus ischémiques et améliore la récupération du flot sanguin et la densité vasculaire chez les animaux vieillissants. Nous avons aussi démontré que l’activité fonctionnelle des EPCs (migration et adhésion à des cellules endothéliales matures) est significativement diminuée chez les souris vieillissantes comparée aux jeunes. Cependant, la déficience en Nox2 est associée à une récupération de l’activité fonctionnelle des EPCs chez les animaux vieillissants. Nous avons également démontré une augmentation pathologique du stress oxydant dans les EPCs isolées d’animaux vieillissants. Cette augmentation de stress oxydant dans les EPCs n’est pas présente chez les animaux déficients en Nox2. La troisième étude du projet de recherche a investigué l’effet des acides gras dérivés de la diète sur la néovascularisation postnatale. Pour ce faire, les souris ont reçu une diète comprenant 20% d’huile de maïs (riche en oméga-6) ou 20% d’huile de poisson (riche en oméga-3). Nos résultats démontrent qu’une diète riche en oméga-3 améliore la néovascularisation post-ischémique au niveau macro-vasculaire, micro-vasculaire et clinique comparée à une diète riche en oméga-6. Cette augmentation de la néovascularisation postnatale est associée à une réduction du ratio cholestérol total/cholestérol HDL dans le sérum et à une amélioration de la voie VEGF/NO dans les tissus ischémiques. De plus, une diète riche en acides gras oméga-3 est associée à une augmentation du nombre d’EPCs au niveau central (moelle osseuse) et périphérique (rate). Nous démontrons aussi que l’activité fonctionnelle des EPCs (migration et incorporation dans des tubules de cellules endothéliales matures) est améliorée et que le niveau de stress oxydant dans les EPCs est réduit par la diète riche en oméga-3. En conclusion, nos études ont permis de déterminer l’impact de différents facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire (tabagisme et vieillissement) et des acides gras dérivés de la diète (oméga-3) sur la néovascularisation post-ischémique. Nous avons aussi identifié plusieurs mécanismes qui sont impliqués dans cette physiopathologie. Globalement, nos études devraient contribuer à mieux comprendre l’effet du tabagisme, du vieillissement, des oméga-3, et du stress oxydant sur l’évolution des maladies vasculaires ischémiques.

Chylomicron particle size and number, factor VII activation and dietary monounsaturated fatty acids

This study evaluated the effects of substituting dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on postprandial chylomicron (triacylglycerol (TAG), apolipoprotein B-48 (apo B-48) and retinyl ester (RE)), chylomicron particle size and factor VII (FVII) response when subjects were given a standard meal. In a controlled sequential design, 51 healthy young subjects followed an SFA-rich diet (Reference diet) for 8 weeks after which half of the subjects followed a moderate MUFA diet (n = 25) and half followed a high MUFA diet (n = 26) for 16 weeks. Fasting lipoprotein and lipid measurements were evaluated at baseline and at 8-week intervals during the Reference and MUFA diets. In 25 of the subjects (n = 12 moderate MUFA, n = 13 high MUFA), postprandial responses to a standard test meal containing RE and 13 C-tripalmitin were investigated at the end of the Reference and the MUFA diet periods. Although there were no differences in the postprandial lipid markers (TAG, RE, C-13-TAG) on the two diets, the postprandial apo B-48 response (incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was reduced by 21% on the moderate MUFA diet (NS) and by 54% on the high MUFA diet (P < 0.01). The postprandial peak concentrations of apo B-48 were reduced by 33% on the moderate MUFA diet (P < 0.01) and 48% on the high MUFA diet (P < 0.001). Fasting values for factor VII activity (FVIIc), activated factor VII (FVIIa) or factor VII antigen (FVIIag) did not differ significantly when subjects were transferred from Reference to MUFA diets. However, the postprandial increases in coagulation FVII activity (FVIIc) were 18% lower and of activated FVII (FVIIa) were 17% lower on the moderate MUFA diet (NS). Postprandial increases in FVIIc and FVIIa were 50% (P < 0.05) and 29% (P < 0.07) lower on the high MUFA diet and the area under the postprandial FVIIc response curve (AUC) was also lower on the high MUFA diet (P < 0.05). Significantly higher ratios of RE:apo B-48 (P < 0.001) and 13 C-palmitic acid:apo B-48 (P < 0.01) during both MUFA diets suggest that the CMs formed carry larger amounts of dietary lipids per particle, reflecting an adaptation to form larger lipid droplets in the enterocyte when increased amounts of dietary MUFAs are fed. Smaller numbers of larger chylomicrons may explain attenuated activation of factor VII during the postprandial state when the background diet is rich in MUFA. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of olive oil on immune function in middle-aged men

Consumption of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) has been linked with a low prevalence of atherosclerosis and there has been great interest in the effects of MUFAs on lipoprotein metabolism. Less attention has been paid to the effects of MUFAs on the immune system, yet cells of the immune system are an inherent part of the inflammatory events involved in atherosclerosis and several animal studies showed that olive oil has some potent immunomodulatory actions. We therefore considered it important to investigate the effects of chronic consumption of MUFAs on several immune cell functions in healthy humans. Healthy middle-aged males entered a doubleblind, randomized, controlled trial in which they consumed either a MUFA diet or a control diet for 2 mo. There was a significant decrease in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects consuming the MUFA diet. Consumption of the MUFA diet did not affect natural killer cell activity or proliferation of mitogen-stimulated leukocytes. The effects of a MUFA-rich diet on adhesion molecule expression may have implications for the influence of dietary fat on inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis.

Blueberry supplementation induces spatial memory improvements and region-specific regulation of hippocampal BDNF mRNA expression in young rats

Rationale: Flavonoid-rich foods have been shown to be able to reverse age-related cognitive deficits in memory and learning in both animals and humans. However, to date, there have been only a limited number of studies investigating the effects of flavonoid-rich foods on cognition in young/healthy animals. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a blueberry-rich diet in young animals using a spatial working memory paradigm, the delayed non-match task, using an eight-arm radial maze. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying such behavioural effects were investigated. Results: We show that a 7-week supplementation with a blueberry diet (2 % w/w) improves the spatial memory performance of young rats (2 months old). Blueberry-fed animals also exhibited a faster rate of learning compared to those on the control diet. These behavioural outputs were accompanied by the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2), increases in total cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and elevated levels of pro- and mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Changes in hippocampal CREB correlated well with memory performance. Further regional analysis of BDNF gene expression in the hippocampus revealed a specific increase in BDNF mRNA in the dentate gyrus and CA1 areas of hippocampi of blueberry-fed animals. Conclusions: The present study suggests that consumption of flavonoid-rich blueberries has a positive impact on spatial learning performance in young healthy animals, and these improvements are linked to the activation of ERK–CREB– BDNF pathway in the hippocampus.

Intakes and sources of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans, coumestrol and soya-containing foods in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk), from 7-day food diaries, using a newly updated database

Objective: A phytoestrogen-rich diet has been suggested to protect against a variety of common diseases but UK intake data on phytoestrogens or their food sources is sparse. This study aims to estimate the average intake of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans and coumestrol from 7-day food diaries (7dFD), and to provide data on total isoflavone, lignan and phytoestrogen consumption by food group. Design: Development of a food composition database for twelve phytoestrogens and analysis of soya food and phytoestrogen consumption in a population-based study. Setting: Men and women, aged 40-79 years from the general population participating in EPIC-Norfolk between 1993 and 1997, with nutrient and food data from 7dFD. Subjects: A subset of 20 437 participants. Results: The median daily phytoestrogen intake for men was 1.20mg (interquartile range (IQR) 0.93-1.54 mg; mean 1.50 mg, SD 1.50 mg) and 0.89 mg for women (IQR 0.71-1.14 mg; mean 1.20 mg, SD 1.70 mg). In soya-consumers (SC), median daily intakes were higher: 2.86 mg in men (IQR – 1.30-7.27mg; mean 5.05 mg, SD 5.03 mg) and 3.14 mg in women (IQR – 1.09-7.33mg; mean 5.40 mg, SD 6.09 mg). In both men and women, bread made the greatest contribution to phytoestrogen intake – 40.7% and 35.7% respectively. In SC men and women, vegetable dishes and soya/goat’s/sheep’s milks were the main contributors – 42.6% and 18.9% in men and 38.8% and 29.1% in women, respectively. Conclusions: The ability to estimate phytoestrogen intake in Western populations more accurately will aid investigations into their suggested effects on health.

Development of a food-exchange model to replace saturated fat with MUFAS and n-6 PUFAS in adults at moderate cardiovascular risk

The recommendation to reduce saturated fatty acid (SFA) consumption to ≤10% of total energy (%TE) is a key public health target aimed at lowering cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Replacement of SFA with unsaturated fats may provide greater benefit than replacement with carbohydrates, yet the optimal type of fat is unclear. The aim was to develop a flexible food-exchange model to investigate the effects of substituting SFAs with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or n-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on CVD risk factors. In this parallel study, UK adults aged 21-60 y with moderate CVD risk (50% greater than the population mean) were identified using a risk assessment tool (n = 195; 56% females). Three 16-wk isoenergetic diets of specific fatty acid (FA) composition (%TE SFA:%TE MUFA:%TE n-6 PUFA) were designed using spreads, oils, dairy products, and snacks as follows: 1) SFA-rich diet (17:11:4; n = 65); 2) MUFA-rich diet (9:19:4; n = 64); and 3) n-6 PUFA-rich diet (9:13:10; n = 66). Each diet provided 36%TE total fat. Dietary targets were broadly met for all intervention groups, reaching 17.6 ± 0.4%TE SFA, 18.5 ± 0.3%TE MUFA, and 10.4 ± 0.3%TE n-6 PUFA in the respective diets, with significant overall diet effects for the changes in SFA, MUFA, and n-6 PUFA between groups (P < 0.001). There were no differences in the changes of total fat, protein, carbohydrate, and alcohol intake or anthropometric measures between groups. Plasma phospholipid FA composition showed changes from baseline in the proportions of total SFA, MUFA, and n-6 PUFA for each diet group, with significant overall diet effects for total SFA and MUFA between groups (P < 0.001). In conclusion, successful implementation of the food-exchange model broadly achieved the dietary target intakes for the exchange of SFA with MUFA or n-6 PUFA with minimal disruption to the overall diet in a free-living population. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01478958.

Increased dietary α-linolenic acid has sex-specific effects upon eicosapentaenoic acid status in humans: re-examination of data from a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel study

Background: There is a metabolic pathway by which mammals can convert the omega-3 (n-3) essential fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA) into longer-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). As far as we know there are currently no studies that have specifically examined sex differences in the LC n-3 PUFA response to increased dietary ALA intake in humans, although acute studies with isotope-labelled ALA identified that women have a significantly greater capacity to synthesise EPA and DHA from ALA compared to men. Findings: Available data from a placebo-controlled, randomised study were re-examined to identify whether there are sex differences in the LC n-3 PUFA response to increased dietary ALA intake in humans. There was a significant difference between sexes in the response to increased dietary ALA, with women having a significantly greater increase in the EPA content of plasma phospholipids (mean +2.0% of total fatty acids) after six months of an ALA-rich diet compared to men (mean +0.7%, P = 0.039). Age and BMI were identified as predictors of response to dietary ALA among women. Conclusions: Women show a greater increase in circulating EPA than men during increased dietary ALA consumption. Further understanding of individual variation in the response to dietary ALA could inform nutrition advice, with recommendations being specifically tailored according to habitual diet, sex, age and BMI.

Saturated Fatty Acids Produce an Inflammatory Response Predominantly through the Activation of TLR4 Signaling in Hypothalamus: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Obesity

In animal models of diet-induced obesity, the activation of an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus produces molecular and functional resistance to the anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin. The primary events triggered by dietary fats that ultimately lead to hypothalamic cytokine expression and inflammatory signaling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that dietary fats act through the activation of toll-like receptors 2/4 and endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce cytokine expression in the hypothalamus of rodents. According to our results, long-chain saturated fatty acids activate predominantly toll-like receptor 4 signaling, which determines not only the induction of local cytokine expression but also promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress. Rats fed on a monounsaturated fat-rich diet do not develop hypothalamic leptin resistance, whereas toll-like receptor 4 loss-of-function mutation and immunopharmacological inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 protects mice from diet-induced obesity. Thus, toll-like receptor 4 acts as a predominant molecular target for saturated fatty acids in the hypothalamus, triggering the intracellular signaling network that induces an inflammatory response, and determines the resistance to anorexigenic signals.

Efeito da escassez de alimento no desenvolvimento pós-embrionário e no potencial reprodutivo de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) em laboratório

As conseqüências da escassez alimentar no período pós-embrionário e potencial reprodutivo de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) em laboratório foram avaliadas. Larvas de 1.°, 2.º e 3.° ínstares receberam alimento apenas no 1.°, 2.º ou 3.° dia após a ecdise. Nos períodos em que antecederam ou sucederam os testes com os respectivos ínstares, as larvas receberam uma, duas e três unidades de alimentação (UA) a cada dois dias para o 1.°, 2.º e 3.° ínstares, respectivamente. Cada UA constou de um disco de cartolina contendo ovos de Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Diariamente, avaliou-se a viabilidade nos diferentes ínstares, da fase larval e pupal, assim como os períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição, o número e a viabilidade de ovos. A escassez de alimento durante o 1.° ínstar pode ser suprida no decorrer do desenvolvimento larval. Entretanto, as larvas precisam encontrar alimento nas primeiras 48 horas de vida, pois a viabilidade nesse ínstar foi decrescendo com a ausência de alimento, podendo ocorrer 100% de mortalidade quando as larvas não se alimentam em até 48 horas após a eclosão. Os períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição, assim como a fecundidade, não foram influenciados pela escassez de alimento durante o 1.° ínstar larval. Durante os 2.° e 3.° ínstares larvais, C. externa necessita de alimentação rica em proteína, pois a ingestão de apenas água e açúcares nesses estádios ocasionou alta mortalidade. Entretanto, a fecundidade e viabilidade dos ovos não foram afetadas pela escassez de alimento nesses ínstares.

Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on myocardial performance, metabolism and morphology

Diets rich in saturated fatty acids are one of the most important causes of atherosclerosis in men, and have been replaced with diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) for the prevention of this disorder. However, the effect of UFA on myocardial performance, metabolism and morphology has not been completely characterized. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of a UFA-rich diet on cardiac muscle function, oxidative stress, and morphology. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats were fed a control (N = 8) or a UFA-rich diet (N = 8) for 60 days. Myocardial performance was studied in isolated papillary muscle by isometric and isotonic contractions under basal conditions after calcium chloride (5.2 mM) and ss-adrenergic stimulation with 1.0 mu M isoproterenol. Fragments of the left ventricle free wall were used to study oxidative stress and were analyzed by light microscopy, and the myocardial ultrastructure was examined in left ventricle papillary muscle. After 60 days the UFA-rich diet did not change myocardial function. However, it caused high lipid hydroperoxide (176 +/- 5 vs 158 +/- 5, P < 0.0005) and low catalase (7 +/- 1 vs 9 +/- 1, P < 0.005) and superoxide-dismutase (18 +/- 2 vs 27 +/- 5, P < 0.005) levels, and discrete morphological changes in UFA-rich diet hearts such as lipid deposits and mitochondrial membrane alterations compared to control rats. These data show that a UFA-rich diet caused myocardial oxidative stress and mild structural alterations, but did not change mechanical function.

Avaliação da eficácia e do grau de adesão ao uso prolongado de fibra dietética no tratamento da constipação intestinal funcional

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o grau de adesão e a eficácia da fibra dietética no tratamento da constipação intestinal funcional. MÉTODOS: Estudo clínico longitudinal, envolvendo 59 indivíduos, 54 mulheres e 5 homens, idade média de 46 anos (variação: 18-74 anos), com diagnóstico de constipação intestinal funcional. Após regularização do hábito intestinal, com a introdução de fibra dietética, era recomendado aos pacientes manter a dieta com fibra e retornar quatro meses depois, a fim de ser verificada a continuidade da eficácia e o grau de adesão ao seu uso. Associação entre adesão e eficácia foi pesquisada pelo teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Nove pacientes abandonaram o estudo e 50 continuaram. Destes, 32 mantiveram hábito intestinal satisfatório e a constipação recorreu em 18. Naqueles com manutenção do hábito intestinal, dezesseis mantiveram a ingestão de fibra recomendada, quatro aumentaram, nove reduziram e três interromperam. Nos casos com recorrência do sintoma, a quantidade de fibra foi mantida em três, aumentada em um, diminuída em três e suspensa em onze. Foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante entre adesão e eficácia (p=0,008). CONCLUSÃO: A eficácia da fibra dietética mostrou-se moderada, ocorrendo benefício em 64% dos casos. A perda de adesão foi grande, mais da metade dos indivíduos avaliados (52%). Tais resultados sugerem a necessidade de novas estratégias, visando garantir maior fidelidade à terapêutica com fibra e com isto melhorar seus resultados no tratamento da constipação intestinal.

Influências de dietas ricas em ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados sobre o miocárdio de ratos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)