Market Orientation in Rapidly Internationalizing Small Companies — Evidence from the Software Industry

For more than a decade, researchers have been aware of the increased pace of small-firm internationalization and the greater effect of these rapidly growing small businesses on the wealth, international trade, and job-creation opportunities of countries. Due to the small size of the home market, Finnish companies have been generally considered highly interested in internationalization. One particular domain in which rapid internationalization has been considered feasible is the global software business, with its knowledge-intensive nature and high growth potential. However, over time the failure rate of small entrepreneurial firms has remained especially high in high-technology markets. One of the reasons for this seems to lie in the fact that these companies are often formed by people with a strong technological background but limited competences in other areas. Further, research on the marketing capabilities of rapidly internationalizing high-tech firms has been scarce thus far. In addition, while there is much research on the first years of operations of rapidly internationalizing companies, it is not well known what becomes of them later on. Therefore, there is a need for more investigation into the managerial mindset, competences and decision-making in these small companies, especially from the perspective of how they acquire and exploit market knowledge, and enhance their networking capabilities in order to promote international expansion. The present study focuses on market orientation in small software firms that internationalize their operations rapidly in global software markets. It builds on qualitative data to illustrate how these companies develop their market-oriented product-market strategies during the process of increasing international commitment. It also shows how they manage their network relationships in order to be able to offer better customer service and to thrive in the fierce global competition. The study was conducted in the empirical context of Finnish small software companies, and the main data consists of interviews with top managers in these businesses. The interviews were designed to cover a minimum period of five years of the company's international operations, thus offering a retrospective in-depth perspective on market orientation, internationalization and partnerships in the given context. One particular focus is on less successfully internationalized software companies, and the challenges they face when approaching international markets. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature on market orientation for several reasons. First, building on data from the software industry, it clarifies the existing theory in the context of rapid internationalization and network relationships. Secondly, it provides a good body of evidence on market orientation in both successfully and less successfully internationalized companies, and identifies the key related differences between the two company groups. Thirdly, it highlights the importance of inter-firm networks in the rapid internationalization of small software firms, providing companies with important market knowledge and, in some cases, management challenges. Fourthly, this investigation clarifies market orientation in the context of different software-product strategies, thus, combining the perspectives of market orientation in both manufacturing and services. In sum, the results of the study are significant for both small software firms and public-policy makers since they shed light on the market-oriented managerial mindset and the market-information gathering and sharing processes that are needed in successful rapid internationalization.

Final results of the SAKK 16/00 trial: a randomized phase III trial comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiation to chemotherapy alone in stage IIIA/N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Aim: One standard option in the treatment of stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC is neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. We investigated in a randomized trial whether the addition of neoadjuvant radiotherapy would improve the outcome. Here we present the final results of this study. Methods: Patients (pts.) with pathologically proven, resectable stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC, performance status 0-1, and adequate organ function were randomized 1:1 to chemoradiation (CRT) with 3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 and docetaxel 85 mg/m2 d1, q3weeks) followed by accelerated concomitant boost radiotherapy (RT) with 44 Gy in 22 fractions in 3 weeks, or neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone (CT), with subsequent surgery for all pts. The primary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS). Results: 232 pts. were randomized in 23 centers, the median follow-up was 53 months. Two thirds were men, median age was 60 years (range 37-76). Histology was squamous cell in 33%, adenocarcinoma in 43%. Response rate to CRT was 61% vs. 44% with CT. 85% of all pts. underwent surgery, 30-day postoperative mortality was 1%. The rate of complete resection was 91% (CRT) vs. 81% (CT) and the pathological complete remission (pCR) rate was 16% vs. 12%. The median EFS was 13.1 months (95% CI 9.9 - 23.5) for the CRT group vs. 11.8 months (95% CI 8.4 - 15.2) in the CT arm (p 0.665). The median overall survival (OS) with CRT was 37.1 months (95% CI 22.6 -50), with CT 26.1 months ( 95% CI 26.1 - 52.1, p 0.938). The local failure rate was 23% in both arms. In the CT arm 12 pts. were given postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for R1 resection, 6 pts. received PORT in violation of the protocol. Pts. with a pCR, mediastinal downstaging to ypN0/1 and complete resection had a better outcome. Toxicity of chemotherapy was substantial, especially febrile neutropenia was common, whereas RT was well tolerated. Conclusions: This is the first completed phase III trial to evaluate the role of induction chemoradiotherapy and surgery, in comparison to neoadjuvant CT alone followed by surgery. RT was active, it increased response, complete resection and pCR rates. However, this failed to translate into an improvement of local control, EFS or OS. Notably, surgery after induction treatment was safe, including pneumonectomy. The overall survival rates of our neoadjuvant regimen are very encouraging, especially for a multicenter setting. Disclosure: M. Pless: Advisory Board for Sanofi; R. Cathomas: Advisory Board Sanofi D.C. Betticher: Advisory Board Sanofi. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Sähkönsiirtoyritysten kunnossapidon taloudellinen malli

Sähkönsiirtoyritysten kunnossapidon taloudellinen malli eli SKUTMA, on sähköverkkoyhtiöille suunniteltu luotettavuuspohjainen kunnossapitomalli, mikä priorisoi ja ajoittaa sähkönjakeluverkon komponenttien huolto- ja investointiajankohdat. Malli hyödyntää dynaamisen optimoinnin algoritmia kustannusminimien löytämiseksi tarkastelujaksolta ja simuloi komponenttien rappeutumasta rappeutumismallin avulla. Tässä diplomityössä on kehitetty kunnossapito-ohjelma SKUTMA-mallin pohjalta, minkä avulla tutkitaan mallin toimivuutta oikeilla johtolähdöillä ja sen hyödyntämistä sähköverkkojen kunnossapidon suunnittelussa. Työssä käydään läpi myös kunnossapitoohjelman laskenta metodiikkaa ja sen ominaisuuksia. Tämän työn lopputuloksena saadaan selkeä kuva mallin toiminnasta, käytettävyydestä ja jatkokehityspotentiaalista.

Importância do metabolismo no planejamento de fármacos

It is widely recognized that pharmacokinetic optimization needs to be addressed early in drug discovery to reduce the high failure rate in bringing drugs to market. Poor absorption, too short duration of action due to high elimination rate, or the presence of active metabolites are examples of properties that can potentially lead to unsuccessful clinical programmes. Here I describe a brief overview of advantages and molecular strategies for improving metabolic and pharmacokinetic properties applied to the discovery of fluconazol, beta-blockers, ritonavir and ezetimibe and to the development of the prodrugs enalapril and bambuterol.

Infrared coagulation versus rubber band ligation in early stage hemorrhoids

The ideal therapy for early stages of hemorrhoids is always debated. Some are more effective but are more painful, others are less painful but their efficacy is also lower. Thus, comfort or efficacy is a major concern. In the present randomized study, a comparison is made between infrared coagulation and rubber band ligation in terms of effectiveness and discomfort. One hundred patients with second degree bleeding piles were randomized prospectively to either rubber band ligation (N = 54) or infrared coagulation (N = 46). Parameters measured included postoperative discomfort and pain, time to return to work, relief in incidence of bleeding, and recurrence rate. The mean age was 38 years (range 19-68 years). The mean duration of disease was 17.5 months (range 12 to 34 months). The number of male patients was double that of females. Postoperative pain during the first week was more intense in the band ligation group (2-5 vs 0-3 on a visual analogue scale). Post-defecation pain was more intense with band ligation and so was rectal tenesmus (P = 0.0059). The patients in the infrared coagulation group resumed their duties earlier (2 vs 4 days, P = 0.03), but also had a higher recurrence or failure rate (P = 0.03). Thus, we conclude that band ligation, although more effective in controlling symptoms and obliterating hemorrhoids, is associated with more pain and discomfort to the patient. As infrared coagulation can be conveniently repeated in case of recurrence, it could be considered to be a suitable alternative office procedure for the treatment of early stage hemorrhoids.

L’élaboration d’un programme d’Enseignement à distance par radio (EADR) pour l’amélioration des résultats d’examens officiels du baccalauréat 1ère partie en Haïti

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la contribution que pourrait apporter l’Enseignement à distance par radio (EADR) dans la réduction du taux d’échec aux examens du baccalauréat 1ère partie en Haïti. De manière spécifique, nous souhaitions élaborer un programme d’ « Enseignement à distance par radio » (EADR) afin d’aider l’ensemble des candidats bacheliers des classes de Rhéto à préparer les examens du bac 1ère partie. En Haïti, l’Enseignement à distance (EAD) est pratiquement absent. De nombreux pays ayant eu des situations similaires à Haïti ont mis en place des programmes de « Formations ouvertes et à distance » (FOAD) en complémentarité avec le mode d’enseignement classique ou en mode présentiel. La complexité de la situation exige d’envisager diverses pistes pour sortir le système éducatif haïtien de cette léthargie. Si l’on ne peut considérer l’EAD comme l’unique perspective, il est par contre pertinent et souhaitable de l’envisager comme une alternative non négligeable (Lubérisse, 2003). En nous appuyant sur les principales conditions d’efficacité des FOAD définies par Karsenti (2003), les principes théoriques de type R & D (Van der Maren, 2003?), le cadre théorique de la méthodologie de l’évaluation des besoins de Chagnon et Paquette (Institut universitaire des Centres Jeunesses de Montréal, 2005) et de Roegiers, Wouters & Gerard (1992), nous avons élaboré les grandes lignes générales de ce programme d’EADR et les avons soumises à douze (12) acteurs clés du système éducatif haïtien (4 élèves, 3 parents, 2 enseignants et 3 spécialistes de la radio ou de l’EADR). Cette ébauche de programme comportait principalement les objectifs du programme d’EADR, la méthode pédagogique, le contenu et les conditions de mise en œuvre. Des données recueillies par le biais d’entrevues individuelles il ressort que l’implantation d’un programme d’EADR peut être bénéfique au système éducatif haïtien, particulièrement sur les résultats d’examens officiels du baccalauréat 1ère partie. Les douze participants à notre recherche, croient que l’objectif poursuivi par le programme d’EADR est tout à fait réalisable et important pour le public cible. Tout en notant l’aspect positif du programme d’EADR proposé, les participants réclament certaines modifications quant à la méthode pédagogique, au contenu et aux conditions de mise en œuvre. Ainsi, les recommandations faites par les douze acteurs clés du système éducatif, jointes à notre recension nous ont permis d’élaborer un nouveau programme d’EADR revu et corrigé qui pourra servir de base à une évaluation plus large.

Fibrillation auriculaire et insuffisance cardiaque : une analyse de coût comparant la stratégie de contrôle de la fréquence à celle du contrôle du rythme

Contexte : La fibrillation auriculaire est commune chez les insuffisants cardiaques. L’efficacité des stratégies de contrôle de la fréquence et du rythme s’équivalent. Nous avons comparé l’impact économique des deux stratégies de traitement chez les patients avec fibrillation auriculaire et insuffisance cardiaque. Méthode : Dans cette sous-étude de l’essai Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure, la consommation de soins de santé des patients Québécois ainsi que leurs coûts ont été quantifiés grâce aux banques de données de la Régie de l’assurance-maladie du Québec et de l’Ontario Case Costing Initiative. Résultats : Trois cent quatre patients ont été inclus, âgés de 68±9 ans, fraction d’éjection de 26±6%. Les caractéristiques de base étaient bien réparties entre le contrôle du rythme (N=149) et de la fréquence (N=155). Les patients soumis au contrôle de la fréquence ont eu moins de procédures cardiovasculaires (146 versus 238, P<0.001) en raison du plus faible nombre de cardioversions et de moindres coûts reliés aux antiarythmiques (48 $±203 versus 1319 $±1058 par patient, P<0.001). Ces différences ont été compensées par un surplus de dépenses dues aux hospitalisations non-cardiovasculaires, aux dispositifs cardiaques implantables et aux médicaments non-cardiovasculaires dans le groupe du contrôle de la fréquence. Au total, les coûts par patient avec les stratégies du contrôle de la fréquence et du rythme s’élèvent à 78 767 $±79 568 et 72 764 $±72 800 (P=0.49). Interprétation : Chez les patients avec fibrillation auriculaire et insuffisance cardiaque, le contrôle de la fréquence est associé avec moins de procédures cardiovasculaires et une pharmacothérapie cardiovasculaire moins coûteuse. Toutefois, les coûts associés aux arythmies représentent moins de la moitié des dépenses de santé et le total des coûts s’équilibre entre les 2 stratégies.

Étude multicentrique des facteurs influençant l’adoption d’un dossier clinique informatisé hospitalier par des infirmières

À l’instar de plusieurs systèmes de santé, les centres hospitaliers québécois ont amorcé l’informatisation du dossier patient sous forme papier pour la transition vers un dossier clinique informatisé (DCI). Ce changement complexe s’est parfois traduit par des répercussions sur les pratiques de soins, la sécurité et la qualité des soins offerts. L’adoption de la part des utilisateurs de technologies de l’information (TI) est considérée comme un facteur critique de succès pour la réalisation de bénéfices suite au passage à un DCI. Cette étude transversale multicentrique avait pour objectifs d’examiner des facteurs explicatifs de l’adoption, de l’utilisation réelle d’un DCI, de la satisfaction des infirmières et de comparer les résultats au regard du sexe, de l’âge, de l’expérience des infirmières et des stades de déploiement du DCI. Un modèle théorique s’appuyant sur la Théorie unifiée de l’adoption et de l’utilisation de la technologie a été développé et testé auprès d’un échantillon comptant 616 infirmières utilisant un DCI hospitalier dans quatre milieux de soins différents. Plus particulièrement, l’étude a testé 20 hypothèses de recherche s’intéressant aux relations entre huit construits tels la compatibilité du DCI, le sentiment d’auto-efficacité des infirmières, les attentes liées à la performance, celles qui sont liées aux efforts à déployer pour adopter le DCI, l'influence sociale dans l’environnement de travail, les conditions facilitatrices mises de l’avant pour soutenir le changement et ce, relativement à l’utilisation réelle du DCI et la satisfaction des infirmières. Au terme des analyses de modélisation par équations structurelles, 13 hypothèses de recherche ont été confirmées. Les résultats tendent à démontrer qu’un DCI répondant aux attentes des infirmières quant à l’amélioration de leur performance et des efforts à déployer, la présence de conditions facilitatrices dans l’environnement de travail et un DCI compatible avec leur style de travail, leurs pratiques courantes et leurs valeurs sont les facteurs les plus déterminants pour influencer positivement l’utilisation du DCI et leur satisfaction. Les facteurs modélisés ont permis d’expliquer 50,2 % de la variance des attentes liées à la performance, 52,9 % des attentes liées aux efforts, 33,6 % de l’utilisation réelle du DCI et 54,9 % de la satisfaction des infirmières. La forte concordance du modèle testé avec les données de l’échantillon a notamment mis en lumière l’influence des attentes liées à la performance sur l’utilisation réelle du DCI (r = 0,55 p = 0,006) et sur la satisfaction des infirmières (r = 0,27 p = 0,010), des conditions facilitatrices sur les attentes liées aux efforts (r = 0,45 p = 0,009), de la compatibilité du DCI sur les attentes liées à la performance (r = 0,39 p = 0,002) et sur celles qui sont liées aux efforts (r = 0,28 p = 0,009). Les nombreuses hypothèses retenues ont permis de dégager l’importance des effets de médiation captés par le construit des attentes liées à la performance et celui des attentes liées aux efforts requis pour utiliser le DCI. Les comparaisons fondées sur l’âge, l’expérience et le sexe des répondants n’ont décelé aucune différence statistiquement significative quant à l’adoption, l’utilisation réelle du DCI et la satisfaction des infirmières. Par contre, celles qui sont fondées sur les quatre stades de déploiement du DCI ont révélé des différences significatives quant aux relations modélisées. Les résultats indiquent que plus le stade de déploiement du DCI progresse, plus on observe une intensification de certaines relations clés du modèle et une plus forte explication de la variance de la satisfaction des infirmières qui utilisent le DCI. De plus, certains résultats de l’étude divergent des données empiriques produites dans une perspective prédictive de l’adoption des TI. La présente étude tend à démontrer l’applicabilité des modèles et des théories de l’adoption des TI auprès d’infirmières œuvrant en centre hospitalier. Les résultats indiquent qu’un DCI répondant aux attentes liées à la performance des infirmières est le facteur le plus déterminant pour influencer positivement l’utilisation réelle du DCI et leur satisfaction. Pour la gestion du changement, l’étude a relevé des facteurs explicatifs de l’adoption et de l’utilisation d’un DCI. La modélisation a aussi mis en lumière les interrelations qui évoluent en fonction de stades de déploiement différents d’un DCI. Ces résultats pourront orienter les décideurs et les agents de changement quant aux mesures à déployer pour optimiser les bénéfices d’une infostructure entièrement électronique dans les systèmes de santé.

Characterization of Probability Distributions Using the Residual Entropy Function

The present study on the characterization of probability distributions using the residual entropy function. The concept of entropy is extensively used in literature as a quantitative measure of uncertainty associated with a random phenomenon. The commonly used life time models in reliability Theory are exponential distribution, Pareto distribution, Beta distribution, Weibull distribution and gamma distribution. Several characterization theorems are obtained for the above models using reliability concepts such as failure rate, mean residual life function, vitality function, variance residual life function etc. Most of the works on characterization of distributions in the reliability context centers around the failure rate or the residual life function. The important aspect of interest in the study of entropy is that of locating distributions for which the shannon’s entropy is maximum subject to certain restrictions on the underlying random variable. The geometric vitality function and examine its properties. It is established that the geometric vitality function determines the distribution uniquely. The problem of averaging the residual entropy function is examined, and also the truncated form version of entropies of higher order are defined. In this study it is established that the residual entropy function determines the distribution uniquely and that the constancy of the same is characteristics to the geometric distribution

Some concepts and models usefulninthe analysis of discrete life time data

This thesis entitled Reliability Modelling and Analysis in Discrete time Some Concepts and Models Useful in the Analysis of discrete life time data.The present study consists of five chapters. In Chapter II we take up the derivation of some general results useful in reliability modelling that involves two component mixtures. Expression for the failure rate, mean residual life and second moment of residual life of the mixture distributions in terms of the corresponding quantities in the component distributions are investigated. Some applications of these results are also pointed out. The role of the geometric,Waring and negative hypergeometric distributions as models of life lengths in the discrete time domain has been discussed already. While describing various reliability characteristics, it was found that they can be often considered as a class. The applicability of these models in single populations naturally extends to the case of populations composed of sub-populations making mixtures of these distributions worth investigating. Accordingly the general properties, various reliability characteristics and characterizations of these models are discussed in chapter III. Inference of parameters in mixture distribution is usually a difficult problem because the mass function of the mixture is a linear function of the component masses that makes manipulation of the likelihood equations, leastsquare function etc and the resulting computations.very difficult. We show that one of our characterizations help in inferring the parameters of the geometric mixture without involving computational hazards. As mentioned in the review of results in the previous sections, partial moments were not studied extensively in literature especially in the case of discrete distributions. Chapters IV and V deal with descending and ascending partial factorial moments. Apart from studying their properties, we prove characterizations of distributions by functional forms of partial moments and establish recurrence relations between successive moments for some well known families. It is further demonstrated that partial moments are equally efficient and convenient compared to many of the conventional tools to resolve practical problems in reliability modelling and analysis. The study concludes by indicating some new problems that surfaced during the course of the present investigation which could be the subject for a future work in this area.

Some bivariate life time models in discrete time"

The term reliability of an equipment or device is often meant to indicate the probability that it carries out the functions expected of it adequately or without failure and within specified performance limits at a given age for a desired mission time when put to use under the designated application and operating environmental stress. A broad classification of the approaches employed in relation to reliability studies can be made as probabilistic and deterministic, where the main interest in the former is to device tools and methods to identify the random mechanism governing the failure process through a proper statistical frame work, while the latter addresses the question of finding the causes of failure and steps to reduce individual failures thereby enhancing reliability. In the probabilistic attitude to which the present study subscribes to, the concept of life distribution, a mathematical idealisation that describes the failure times, is fundamental and a basic question a reliability analyst has to settle is the form of the life distribution. It is for no other reason that a major share of the literature on the mathematical theory of reliability is focussed on methods of arriving at reasonable models of failure times and in showing the failure patterns that induce such models. The application of the methodology of life time distributions is not confined to the assesment of endurance of equipments and systems only, but ranges over a wide variety of scientific investigations where the word life time may not refer to the length of life in the literal sense, but can be concieved in its most general form as a non-negative random variable. Thus the tools developed in connection with modelling life time data have found applications in other areas of research such as actuarial science, engineering, biomedical sciences, economics, extreme value theory etc.

Characterizations of Life Distributions Using Conditional Expectations of Doubly (Interval) Truncated Random Variables

In this article, we study reliability measures such as geometric vitality function and conditional Shannon’s measures of uncertainty proposed by Ebrahimi (1996) and Sankaran and Gupta (1999), respectively, for the doubly (interval) truncated random variables. In survival analysis and reliability engineering, these measures play a significant role in studying the various characteristics of a system/component when it fails between two time points. The interrelationships among these uncertainty measures for various distributions are derived and proved characterization theorems arising out of them

Characterizations of some continuous distributions using partial moments

Inthis paper,we define partial moments for a univariate continuous random variable. A recurrence relationship for the Pearson curve using the partial moments is established. The interrelationship between the partial moments and other reliability measures such as failure rate, mean residual life function are proved. We also prove some characterization theorems using the partial moments in the context of length biased models and equilibrium distributions

Bivariate distributions with weighted marginals and reliablity modelling

In this paper, a family of bivariate distributions whose marginals are weighted distributions in the original variables is studied. The relationship between the failure rates of the derived and original models are obtained. These relationships are used to provide some characterizations of specific bivariate models

Properties of Equilibrium Distributions of Order n

The present work is intended to discuss various properties and reliability aspects of higher order equilibrium distributions in continuous, discrete and multivariate cases, which contribute to the study on equilibrium distributions. At first, we have to study and consolidate the existing literature on equilibrium distributions. For this we need some basic concepts in reliability. These are being discussed in the 2nd chapter, In Chapter 3, some identities connecting the failure rate functions and moments of residual life of the univariate, non-negative continuous equilibrium distributions of higher order and that of the baseline distribution are derived. These identities are then used to characterize the generalized Pareto model, mixture of exponentials and gamma distribution. An approach using the characteristic functions is also discussed with illustrations. Moreover, characterizations of ageing classes using stochastic orders has been discussed. Part of the results of this chapter has been reported in Nair and Preeth (2009). Various properties of equilibrium distributions of non-negative discrete univariate random variables are discussed in Chapter 4. Then some characterizations of the geo- metric, Waring and negative hyper-geometric distributions are presented. Moreover, the ageing properties of the original distribution and nth order equilibrium distribu- tions are compared. Part of the results of this chapter have been reported in Nair, Sankaran and Preeth (2012). Chapter 5 is a continuation of Chapter 4. Here, several conditions, in terms of stochastic orders connecting the baseline and its equilibrium distributions are derived. These conditions can be used to rede_ne certain ageing notions. Then equilibrium distributions of two random variables are compared in terms of various stochastic orders that have implications in reliability applications. In Chapter 6, we make two approaches to de_ne multivariate equilibrium distribu- tions of order n. Then various properties including characterizations of higher order equilibrium distributions are presented. Part of the results of this chapter have been reported in Nair and Preeth (2008). The Thesis is concluded in Chapter 7. A discussion on further studies on equilib- rium distributions is also made in this chapter.