Adubação e o período anterior à interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do amendoim

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o efeito da adubação sobre a comunidade infestante e sobre o período anterior à interferência (PAI) das plantas daninhas na cultura do amendoim, cv. IAC Runner 886, em sistema convencional. Os períodos de convivência estudados foram: 0, 7, 15, 20, 30, 45, 55 e 126 dias após a emergência (DAE), totalizando oito tratamentos, dispostos em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em dois níveis de adubação: 0 e 150 kg ha-1 da formulação 00-20-20 (N-P-K). A adubação não alterou a composição da comunidade infestante, destacando-se Cyperus rotundus, Eleusine indica, Indigofera hirsuta, Portulaca oleraceae e Sida rhombifolia como as espécies de maior importância relativa. Contudo, a densidade de plantas daninhas foi maior na área não adubada, mas sem afetar de modo diferenciado a massa seca acumulada por elas. O cultivar de amendoim IAC Runner 886 pode conviver com essa comunidade com e sem adubação por até 15 e 17 DAE (PAI), respectivamente, sem sofrer perdas significativas na produção. A interferência das plantas daninhas reduziu entre 31 e 34% a produtividade do amendoim para as áreas sem adubação e com adubação, respectivamente.

Técnica de criação e parâmetros biológicos de Stegasta bosquella em amendoim

Studies with Stegasta bosquella in peanut crop are little explored by researchers, mainly by the need of obtaining, in the field, a large quantity of closed leaflets. Therefore, it was sought a way of rearing in a natural diet that facilitates the attainment of the insect. The research was developed at the Laboratorio de Resistencia de Plantas a Insetos (FCAV/Jaboticabal) (T: 25 +/- 2 degrees C, RH 60 +/- 10% and photophase: 12 hours) (Runner IAC 886). The rearing stock of was carried out by collecting caterpillars from the field and keeping them in flat bottom glass tubes until adult emergence and test performance. Caterpillars were individualized in Petri dish plates, lined with moistened filter paper, which contained closed and early opened leaflets, but closed with paper clips (imitating the closed leaflet). A randomized design with two treatments and 36 repetitions was used. After the pupae formation, they were separated into five couples and the adults were kept in transparent plastic cages containing a peanut stem with leaves for oviposition, and fed with a 10% honey solution. The duration and viability of the larval and pupal periods, male and female longevity with and without food, and fertility were evaluated. The two forms of larvae rearing (closed leaflet and leaflet closed with clips) did not influence on any of the studied parameters. Therefore, the rearing of S. bosquella becomes feasible in natural diet, which means there is no need to use the enclosed leaflets for this purpose, and implies the easiness for rearing.

Avaliação de espécies silvestres e cultivares de amendoim para resistência a Enneothrips flavens Moulton

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação de cultivares de amendoim para resistência a Spodoptera frugiperda

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Não-preferência para oviposição e alimentação de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) por cultivares de amendoim.

This study aimed to select peanut cultivars resistant to Spodoptera frugiperda, selecting non-oviposition and non-feeding preference in choice and no-choice tests. Peanut cultivars with upright growth habit (IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 and IAC Tatu ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 503, IAC 505, IAC 147, IAC 125, IAC Caiapo and IAC Runner 886) were evaluated. Tests of non-oviposition preference were conducted with newly emerged adults. Adults were fed a 10% honey solution, remaining in cages for 4 days until the start of the evaluations. The evaluations consisted of quantifying the number of eggs and egg masses, followed by calculating the number of eggs per egg mass. To perform non-feeding preference tests, leaf discs from different peanut cultivars were placed in disposable Petri dishes followed by releasing of a third-instar caterpillar for each cultivar. The attractiveness at 1, 5; 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 and 1,440 minutes was evaluated by counting the caterpillars that were feeding on cultivars. The leaf area consumed was evaluated at the end of the experiment for each cultivar. In the tests of non-oviposition and non-feeding preference, with choice or no-choice, none of the cultivars of the upright growth and runner growth habit influenced the oviposition or food of S. frugiperda. Thus, the peanut cultivars showed no resistance of the non-feeding and non-oviposition types.

Condutividade elétrica em função do teor de água inicial de sementes de amendoim

O vigor de sementes de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) avaliado pelo teste de condutividade elétrica demonstra estreita relação com o desempenho no campo, mas alguns fatores podem afetar o resultado da condutividade elétrica, sendo um destes o teor de água inicial das sementes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o teor de água ou faixa de umidade da semente mais adequado para a avaliação da condutividade elétrica em sementes de amendoim. Quatro lotes de sementes da cultivar 'IAC Tatu ST' e quatro da cultivar 'IAC Runner 886' foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial fisiológico e posteriormente o teor de água foi ajustado para 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e 15%, pelo método da atmosfera úmida. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4×6 (lotes × teores de água) para as sementes de cada cultivar, em quatro repetições e os resultados para o fator teor de água foram submetidos à análise de regressão. A maior relação da condutividade elétrica com vigor das sementes ocorreu naquelas com teor de água entre 9 a 15%, de forma que sementes com 5 a 7% de umidade não devem ser submetidas ao teste de condutividade elétrica, porque os lotes expressam alto padrão de germinação e vigor. A condutividade elétrica de sementes de amendoim é influenciada pelo teor de água e a estabilização dos resultados ocorre quando elas estão com teor de água entre 10 e 14%.

Optimising tetrazolium test procedures to evaluate the physiological potential of peanut seeds

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito da época de semeadura nas relações de interferência entre uma comunidade infestante e a cultura do amendoim

A presente pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da época de semeadura sobre os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do amendoim-rasteiro (Arachis hypogaea cv. IAC Runner 886). Dois experimentos foram instalados em épocas diferentes - início de novembro e de dezembro de 2005 em áreas vizinhas e provenientes de reforma de canavial, no município de Jaboticabal, SP, num solo de textura média. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos constituídos por períodos crescentes de convivência ou de controle das plantas daninhas com as plantas de amendoim. As plantas daninhas que se destacaram em importância relativa, na primeira e segunda épocas, foram Ipomoea triloba, Digitaria nuda, Hyptis lophanta e Sida spp. A comunidade infestante e a cultura foram influenciadas pela época de semeadura, modificando suas relações de interferência. Os valores de acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea das plantas daninhas na segunda época superaram em 23,7% os encontrados na primeira época durante todo o ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura, refletindo, principalmente, em redução de produtividade de vagens de amendoim. Admitindo 5% de tolerância na redução da produtividade de vagens, verificou-se que o período anterior à interferência (PAI) na primeira época foi de 28 dias após a emergência (DAE), e o período total de interferência (PTPI), de 78 DAE, com redução de produtividade de 53,5%. Na segunda época, os efeitos da convivência da comunidade infestante com a cultura foram mais drásticos, pois afetaram com maior intensidade a produtividade da cultura, reduzindo-a em 86%, com PAI de 33 DAE e PTPI de 93 DAE. Quando no limpo, durante todo o ciclo da cultura, o amendoim semeado mais cedo (início de novembro) apresentou produtividade de vagens maior, superando em 23,7% o semeado um mês mais tarde.

Desempenho de pontas de pulverização na deposição de gotas de pulverização na cultura do amendoim

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nozzles on spray droplet deposition in the peanut crop cultivar 'Runner IAC 886'. The study was conducted in the field, and the applications of treatments performed in the vegetative stage (V1) and reproductive (R2). It was used the Brilliant Blue FDC - 1 as tracer in water solution, at 500 ppm. The treatments consisted of seven spray nozzle XR 110015 VS (150 L ha(-1)), XR 11002 VS (200 L ha(-1)), TX-VK 6 (150L ha(-1)), TX-VK 8 (200 L ha-1), AI 110015 VS (150 L ha(-1)), AI11002 VS (200 L ha(-1)) e TJ60 11002 VS (150 e 200 L ha(-1)). It was used a randomized blocks design, with four replications. After application, plants were immediately collected, and washed in 100 mL of distilled water for posterior tracer quantification in spectrophotometer. The data had been adjusted a regression curve for Gompertz model. The results had evidenced that at low volumes of application the nozzle AI 110015 VS and TJ60 11002 VS, were the ones with best distribution uniformity of spray on plants of peanut cultivar 'Runner IAC 886' in the vegetative stage (V1) and reproductive (R2) respectively, and the largest deposits and higher percentage of failures in applications have been found in younger plants by comparing the growth stages of application, regardless of the spray nozzle and volume.

O espaço central das atenções: o corredor de integração da região metropolitana de Natal

This work considers the space study of the main road runner of integration of the Region Metropolitan of Natal (RMN) in formation, emphasizing its repercussion for the geographic context of the city, where we identify the positive and negative aspects of such space configuration, as for the aspects of the urban inaquality, economic centrality and of flows, promoted for the state and private capital (national and foreign). The linear convergence and polinucleately of geographic objects in that we identify as Central Space of Attentions (CSA), promoted, and still it promotes, important repercussion in the space estructuretion of the peripheral areas of the RMN, such as in the constitution of the "Capital Value of the Space". In this direction, to endorse the analysis of such reading, choose as cientific ballast the geographic theory, in a perspective dialectic, as well as we rescue contributions of the science of the administration, sociology, economy, amongst others. From the empirical research, subsidized with the application of forms together the entrepreneurs whom they possess investments in the CSA, as well as in the rescue of information you register in cadastre in the Junta Comercial do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (JUNCERN) and telephonic list, we construct a proposal of reading of the current period of training of the process of space production to which is rank the CSA. The analysis of the data, under a comparative space angle, presents an important contribution to reevaluate the urban space of the RMN in its bigger aspect, exceeding the limits of the studied road corridor

Corrosion behavior in graphite refractories impregnated with ZrO 2 and CeO 2 carrying solutions

This paper investigates corrosion behavior in graphite refractory hot metal impregnated with ZrO 2 and CeO 2 carrying solutions used in Blast Furnace hearth, consisting of 50% graphite and 50% anthracite. Corrosions tests were carried out by means of finger test method in an induction furnace, using bar-shaped 30×30×280 mm test specimens and hot metal from CSN#2 Blast Furnace runner. The temperature chosen for this test was 1520°C and sixty-minute isotherm. Upon test completion, test specimens were characterized by their dimensional variation, X-ray diffractometry and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM).

Glycogen storage and muscle glucose transporters (GLUT-4) of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

To examine the evolution of endurance-exercise behaviour, we have selectively bred four replicate lines of laboratory mice (Mus domesticus) for high voluntary wheel running ('high runner' or HR lines), while also maintaining four non-selected control (C) lines. By generation 16, HR mice ran ∼2.7-fold more than C mice, mainly by running faster (especially in females), a differential maintained through subsequent generations, suggesting an evolutionary limit of unknown origin. We hypothesized that HR mice would have higher glycogen levels before nightly running, show greater depletion of those depots during their more intense wheel running, and have increased glycogen synthase activity and GLUT-4 protein in skeletal muscle. We sampled females from generation 35 at three times (photophase 07:00 h-19:00 h) during days 5-6 of wheel access, as in the routine selection protocol: Group 1, day 5, 16:00 h-17:30 h, wheels blocked from 13:00 h; Group 2, day 6, 02:00 h-03:30 h (immediately after peak running); and Group 3, day 6, 07:00 h-08:30 h. An additional Group 4, sampled 16:00 h-17:30 h, never had wheels. HR individuals with the mini-muscle phenotype (50% reduced hindlimb muscle mass) were distinguished for statistical analyses comparing C, HR normal, and HR mini. HR mini ran more than HR normal, and at higher speeds, which might explain why they have been favored by the selective-breeding protocol. Plasma glucose was higher in Group 1 than in Group 4, indicating a training effect (phenotypic plasticity). Without wheels, no differences in gastrocnemius GLUT-4 were observed. After 5 days with wheels, all mice showed elevated GLUT-4, but HR normal and mini were 2.5-fold higher than C. At all times and irrespective of wheel access, HR mini showed approximately three-fold higher [glycogen] in gastrocnemius and altered glycogen synthase activity. HR mini also showed elevated glycogen in soleus when sampled during peak running. All mice showed some glycogen depletion during nightly wheel running, in muscles and/or liver, but the magnitude of this depletion was not large and hence does not seem to be limiting to the evolution of even-higher wheel running.

Seleção de genótipos resistentes de amendoinzeiro a Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) com base em análises multivariadas

The velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner attacks peanut leaves, and the use of resistant varieties has directly contributed to ecological and economic aspects of pest control. The aim of this work was to select resistant peanut genotypes to A. gemmatalis using cluster analyses (dendogram obtained by Ward's methods and K-means) and Principal Components analysis for data interpretation. The evaluated genotypes were: IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 and IAC Tatu ST with upright growth habit, and IAC 147, IAC 125, IAC Caiapó and IAC Runner 886 with runner growth habit, and soybean genotype BR 16 as a susceptible control. The biological parameters: leaf consumption, larval (4o instar) and pupal (24h old) weight, larval and pupal development time and adult longevity were evaluated at laboratory conditions. The genotypes IAC 147 and IAC Runner 886 were resistant to A. gemmatalis in both cluster tests, grouping apart from most of the other genotypes. Both dendrogram and K-means methods provided satisfactory biological explanation, and they can be complementary used together with Principal Component and vice-versa. These results suggest that cluster analyses may be an important statistical tool in the selection of host plant resistance.

Chemical control of pathogens and the physiological performance of peanut seeds

The establishment of a peanut crop may be unsatisfactory due to poor seed performance in the field and among the factors attributed to this are a reduction in seed vigor during storage and the presence of pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of treating peanut seeds with fungicides and the effect on physiological performance and disease control during storage. In a completely random experimental design, two seed batches of the Runner IAC 886 peanut cultivar were submitted to five fungicide treatments (1 control - untreated; 2 thiram; 3 carbendazim + thiram; 4 fludioxonil + metalaxyl-m; 5 fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole) and evaluated after zero, 30 and 60 days of storage. The seeds were stored untreated but treated before the evaluation of physiological performance from germination, vigor (first germination count and accelerated aging), field seedling emergence and seed sanitation tests. The results showed differences in batch performance potential during storage, with batch 1 being superior. The sanitation test showed that all the chemical seed treatments controlled pathogens efficiently (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium sp.), but only thiram did not affect peanut seed performance in the laboratory evaluations.

Avaliação das condições críticas para o surgimento de Aflatoxina na cadeia de processamento de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE