Implantação e uso de sistema de informações geográficas para a Área Antártica Especialmente Gerenciada Baía do Almirantado, Ilha Rei George, Antártica

Esta dissertação descreve a implementação de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) para a Área Antártica Especialmente Gerenciada (AAEG) da Baía do Almirantado, Ilha Rei George, Arquipélago das Schetland do Sul, Antártica. O trabalho constituiu na definição de equipamentos e do SIG (ARC/INFO) necessários para a operação do sistema e integração dos dados nos diferentes formatos. Os primeiros planos de informação para este SIG estão prontos: (1) altimetria; (2) batimetria; (3) linha de costa; (4) glaciologia; (5) áreas livres de gelo; (6) ocupação humana (feições antropogênicas); e (7) toponímias. Os resultados são apresentados através de quatro estudos, exemplificando algumas de suas aplicações no gerenciamento da área. Inicialmente realizou-se a revisão dos limites da AAEG, conforme sugestões do Protocolo ao Tratado Antártico sobre Proteção ao Meio Ambiente (Protocolo de Madri), a área total foi recalculada em 362km2 (anteriormente calculada em 370 km2). A partir da geração de um Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) obteve-se a visualização tridimensional da área, que possibilitou a descrição de algumas de suas características geomorfológicas e revisão de cálculos morfométricos. As águas da AAEG possuem um volume de 24,1km3, sendo 22,7 km3 pertencentes a Baía do Almirantado e 1,4km3 ao Estreito de Bransfield. Com a integração de dados multitemporais, quantificou-se a retração das frentes de gelo da Baía do Almiratado, constatando-se a perda de 22,5km2 de gelo (12% da cobertura atual) entre 1956 e 2000. E, finalmente, a Península Keller serviu como área teste para um pequeno estudo de impacto ambiental, sendo identificado conflito da ocupação humana com áreas de reprodução, constatando-se a ocorrência de impacto superior a um impacto menor ou transitório, segundo as definições do Protocolo Madri. A implementação do sistema seguiu os padrões de Working Group of Geodesy and Geographic Information (WG-GGI) do Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), permitindo a compatibilidade com projetos internacionais. O SIG serve como importante ferramenta de apoio ao gerenciamento da AAEG, podendo ser utilizado no planejamento de atividades científicas e logísticas, monitoramento e avaliações de impacto ambiental.

Para que serve o passado: cronache di poveri amanti e a crônica da história

Vasco Pratolini recreates the 1920’s and the assertion of fascism resorting to the medieval and historiographical tradition, to the social outlook and the childhood memoir. Under the effects of the intellectual movement of the Italian Resistance, within the democratic context of the parliamentary republic and pluripartyism (1946- 1948), the novel makes clear the equalitarian perspective betraying the represented moment, when hopelessness crowned the political and social life. Carlo Lizzani shoots his adaptation in the closure of horizons caused by the restoration of the conservative forces (1953), reducing the visionary focus of the narrative and representing the past from the disillusionments of the present.

High incidence of optic disc swelling at very high altitudes

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of optic disc swelling as a possible indicator of cerebral edema in a large group of healthy mountaineers exposed to very high altitudes and to correlate these findings with various clinical and environmental factors and occurrence of acute mountain sickness and high-altitude cerebral edema. METHODS: This multidisciplinary, prospective, observational cohort study was performed in 2005 within the scope of a medical research expedition to Muztagh Ata (7546 m [24,751 ft]) in Western Xinjiang Province, China. Twenty-seven healthy mountaineers aged 26 to 62 years participated. Medical examinations were performed in Switzerland 1 month before and 4 1/2 months after the expedition. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed at 4 high camps (maximum elevation, 6865 m [22,517 ft]). Optic disc status was documented using digital photography. Further assessments included arterial oxygen saturation and cerebral acute mountain sickness scores. RESULTS: Sixteen of 27 study subjects (59%) exhibited optic disc swelling during their stay at high altitudes, with complete regression on return to lowlands. Significant correlation was noted between optic disc swelling and lower arterial oxygen saturation (odds ratio, 0.86 per percentage of arterial oxygen saturation; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.92; P < .001), younger age (odds ratio, 0.95 per year; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-0.99; P = .03), and higher cerebral acute mountain sickness scores (odds ratio, 2.32 per 0.1 point; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-3.63; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Optic disc swelling occurs frequently in high-altitude climbers and is correlated with peripheral oxygen saturation and symptoms of acute mountain sickness. It is most likely the result of hypoxia-induced brain volume increase.

Effect of ascent protocol on acute mountain sickness and success at Muztagh Ata, 7546 m

Bloch, Konrad E., Alexander J. Turk, Marco Maggiorini, Thomas Hess, Tobias Merz, Martina M. Bosch, Daniel Barthelmes, Urs Hefti, Jacqueline Pichler, Oliver Senn, and Otto D. Schoch. Effect of ascent protocol on acute mountain sickness and success at Muztagh Ata, 7546 m. High Alt. Med. Biol. 10:25-32, 2009.-Data on acclimatization during expedition-style climbing to > 5000 m are scant. We evaluated the hypothesis that minor differences in ascent protocol influence acute mountain sickness (AMS) symptoms and mountaineering success in climbers to Muztagh Ata (7546 m), Western China. We performed a randomized, controlled trial during a high altitude medical research expedition to Muztagh Ata. Thirty-four healthy mountaineers (mean age 45 yr, 7 women) were randomized to follow one of two protocols, ascending within 15 or 19 days to the summit of Muztagh Ata at 7546 m, respectively. The main outcome measures, AMS symptom scores and the number of proceeding climbers, were assessed daily. Mean +/- SD AMS-C scores of 16 climbers randomized to slow ascent were 0.06 +/- 0.18, 0.26 +/- 0.08, 0.41 +/- 0.45, 0.53 +/- 0.77 at camps I (5533 m), II (6265 m), III (6865 m), and the summit (7546 m), respectively. Corresponding values in 18 climbers randomized to fast ascent were significantly higher: 0.17 +/- 0.23, 0.43 +/- 0.75, 0.49 +/- 0.36, and 0.69 +/- 0.54 (p < 0.008, vs. slow ascent in regression analysis accounting for weather-related protocol deviation). Climbers randomized to slow ascent were able to ascend according to the protocol without AMS for significantly more days than climbers randomized to fast ascent (p = 0.04, Kaplan-Meier analysis). More climbers randomized to slow ascent were successful in reaching the highest camp at 6865 m without AMS (odds ratio 9.5; 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 89). In climbers ascending to very high altitudes, differences of a few days in acclimatization have a significant impact on symptom severity, the prevalence of AMS, and mountaineering success. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00603122.

New insights into ocular blood flow at very high altitudes

Little is known about the ocular and cerebral blood flow during exposure to increasingly hypoxic conditions at high altitudes. There is evidence that an increase in cerebral blood flow resulting from altered autoregulation constitutes a risk factor for acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) by leading to capillary overperfusion and vasogenic cerebral edema. The retina represents the only part of the central nervous system where capillary blood flow is visible and can be measured by noninvasive means. In this study we aimed to gain insights into retinal and choroidal autoregulatory properties during hypoxia and to correlate circulatory changes to symptoms of AMS and clinical signs of HACE. This observational study was performed within the scope of a high-altitude medical research expedition to Mount Muztagh Ata (7,546 m). Twenty seven participants underwent general and ophthalmic examinations up to a maximal height of 6,800 m. Examinations included fundus photography and measurements of retinal and choroidal blood flow, as well as measurement of arterial oxygen saturation and hematocrit. The initial increase in retinal blood velocity was followed by a decrease despite further ascent, whereas choroidal flow increase occurred later, at even higher altitudes. The sum of all adaptational mechanisms resulted in a stable oxygen delivery to the retina and the choroid. Parameters reflecting the retinal circulation and optic disc swelling correlated well with the occurrence of AMS-related symptoms. We demonstrate that sojourns at high altitudes trigger distinct behavior of retinal and choroidal blood flow. Increase in retinal but not in choroidal blood flow correlated with the occurrence of AMS-related symptoms.

High-Resolution Ice Cores from US ITASE (West Antarctica): Development and Validation of Chronologies and Determination of Precision and Accuracy

Shallow ice cores were obtained from widely distributed sites across the West Antarctic ice sheet, as part of the United States portion of the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (US ITASE) program. The US ITASE cores have been dated by annual-layer counting, primarily through the identification of summer peaks in non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO(4)(2-)) concentration. Absolute dating accuracy of better than 2 years and relative dating accuracy better than 1 year is demonstrated by the identification of multiple volcanic marker horizons in each of the cores, Tambora, Indonesia (1815), being the most prominent. Independent validation is provided by the tracing of isochronal layers from site to site using high-frequency ice-penetrating radar observations, and by the timing of mid-winter warming events in stable-isotope ratios, which demonstrate significantly better than 1 year accuracy in the last 20 years. Dating precision to 1 month is demonstrated by the occurrence of summer nitrate peaks and stable-isotope ratios in phase with nssSO(4)(2-), and winter-time sea-salt peaks out of phase, with phase variation of < 1 month. Dating precision and accuracy are uniform with depth, for at least the last 100 years.

Solar Forcing of the Polar Atmosphere

We present highly resolved, annually dated, calibrated proxies for atmospheric circulation from several Antarctic ice cores (ITASE (International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition), Siple Dome, Law Dome) that reveal decadal-scale associations with a South Pole ice-core Be-10 proxy for solar variability over the last 600 years and annual-scale associations with solar variability since AD 1720. We show that increased (decreased) solar irradiance is associated with increased (decreased) zonal wind strength near the edge of the Antarctic polar vortex. The association is particularly strong in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and as such may contribute to understanding climate forcing that controls drought in Australia and other Southern Hemisphere climate events. We also include evidence suggestive of solar forcing of atmospheric circulation near the edge of the Arctic polar vortex based on ice-core records from Mount Logan, Yukon Territory, Canada, and both central and south Greenland as enticement for future investigations. Our identification of solar forcing of the polar atmosphere and its impact on lower latitudes offers a mechanism for better understanding modern climate variability and potentially the initiation of abrupt climate-change events that operate on decadal and faster scales.

Oxidative Stress in Hypobaric Hypoxia and Influence on Vessel-Tone Modifying Mediators

Increased pulmonary artery pressure is a well-known phenomenon of hypoxia and is seen in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, and also in mountaineers on high altitude expedition. Different mediators are known to regulate pulmonary artery vessel tone. However, exact mechanisms are not fully understood and a multimodal process consisting of a whole panel of mediators is supposed to cause pulmonary artery vasoconstriction. We hypothesized that increased hypoxemia is associated with an increase in vasoconstrictive mediators and decrease of vasodilatators leading to a vasoconstrictive net effect. Furthermore, we suggested oxidative stress being partly involved in changement of these parameters. Oxygen saturation (Sao2) and clinical parameters were assessed in 34 volunteers before and during a Swiss research expedition to Mount Muztagh Ata (7549 m) in Western China. Blood samples were taken at four different sites up to an altitude of 6865 m. A mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolomic platform was used to detect multiple parameters, and revealed functional impairment of enzymes that require oxidation-sensitive cofactors. Specifically, the tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-dependent enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) showed significantly lower activities (citrulline-to-arginine ratio decreased from baseline median 0.21 to 0.14 at 6265 m), indicating lower NO availability resulting in less vasodilatative activity. Correspondingly, an increase in systemic oxidative stress was found with a significant increase of the percentage of methionine sulfoxide from a median 6% under normoxic condition to a median level of 30% (p<0.001) in camp 1 at 5533 m. Furthermore, significant increase in vasoconstrictive mediators (e.g., tryptophan, serotonin, and peroxidation-sensitive lipids) were found. During ascent up to 6865 m, significant altitude-dependent changes in multiple vessel-tone modifying mediators with excess in vasoconstrictive metabolites could be demonstrated. These changes, as well as highly significant increase in systemic oxidative stress, may be predictive for increase in acute mountain sickness score and changes in Sao2.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 505 - Korrespondenzen mit Theodor W. Adorno (p. VI 1C, 1 - 254)

Briefwechsel und Beilagen zwischen Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. und Gretel Adorno, 1945; 1 Brief von Gretel Adorno an Frederick Wild, 1945; 1 Brief von Theodor W. Adorno an Leo Löwenthal, 1945; Briefwechsel zwischen Theodor W. Adorno und John Slawson, 1945; 1 Brief von Else Frenkel-Brunswick an Theodor W. Adorno, 1944; 2 Briefe von Gretel Adorno an Margot von Mendelssohn, 1945; Briefwechsel und Beilagen zwischen Max Horkheimer und Theodor W. und Gretel Adorno, 1946 - 1948; 1 Brief von Theodor W. Adorno an Ralph L. Beals, 1948; Briefwechsel zwischen Gretel Adorno und Frederick Wild, 1946 - 1947;