Concrete Swelling in Two Spanish Dams

Several chemical reactions are able to produce swelling of concrete for decades after its initial curing, a problem that affects a considerable number of concrete dams around the world. Principia has had several contracts to study this problem in recent years, which have required reviewing the state-ofthe-art, adopting appropriate mathematical descriptions, programming them into user routines in Abaqus, determining model parameters on the basis of some parts of the dams’ monitored histories, ensuring reliability using some other parts, and finally predicting the future evolution of the dams and their safety margins. The paper describes some of the above experience, including the programming of sophisticated nonisotropic swelling models, that must be compatible with cracking and other nonlinearities involved in concrete behaviour. The applications concentrate on two specific cases, an arch-gravity dam and a double-curvature arch dam, both with a long history of concrete swelling and which, interestingly, entailed different degrees of success in the modelling efforts.

Mejora de la seguridad de las presas de escollera frente a percolación accidental mediante protecciones tipo repié

Esta tesis doctoral es el fruto de un trabajo de investigación cuyo objetivo principal es definir criterios de diseño de protecciones en forma de repié en presas de materiales sueltos cuyo espaldón de aguas abajo esté formado por escollera. La protección propuesta consiste en un relleno de material granular situado sobre el pie de aguas abajo de la presa y formado a su vez por una escollera con características diferenciadas respecto de la escollera que integra el espaldón de la presa. La función de esta protección es evitar que se produzcan deslizamientos en masa cuando una cantidad de agua anormalmente elevada circula accidentalmente por el espaldón de aguas abajo de la presa por distintos motivos como pueden ser el vertido por coronación de la presa o la pérdida de estanqueidad del elemento impermeable o del cimiento. Según los datos de la International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD 1995) el 70% de las causas de rotura o avería grave en presas de materiales sueltos en el mundo están dentro de las que se han indicado con anterioridad. Esta circulación accidental de agua a través del espaldón de escollera, típicamente turbulenta, se ha denominado en esta tesis percolación (“through flow”, en inglés) para diferenciarla del término filtración, habitualmente utilizada para el flujo laminar a través de un material fino. El fenómeno físico que origina la rotura de presas de materiales sueltos sometidas a percolación accidental es complejo, entrando en juego diversidad de parámetros, muchas veces no deterministas, y con acoplamiento entre procesos, tanto de filtración como de arrastre y deslizamiento. En esta tesis se han realizado diferentes estudios experimentales y numéricos con objeto de analizar el efecto sobre el nivel de protección frente al deslizamiento en masa que producen los principales parámetros geométricos que definen el repié: la anchura de la berma, el talud exterior y su altura máxima desde la base. También se han realizado estudios sobre factores con gran influencia en el fenómeno de la percolación como son la anisotropía del material y el incremento de los caudales unitarios en el pie de presa debidos a la forma de la cerrada. A partir de los resultados obtenidos en las distintas campañas de modelación física y numérica se han obtenido conclusiones respecto a la efectividad de este tipo de protección para evitar parcial o totalmente los daños provocados por percolación accidental en presas de escollera. El resultado final de la tesis es un procedimiento de diseño para este tipo de protecciones. Con objeto de completar los criterios de dimensionamiento, teniendo en cuenta los mecanismos de rotura por erosión interna y arrastre, se han incluido dentro del procedimiento recomendaciones adicionales basadas en investigaciones existentes en la bibliografía técnica. Finalmente, se han sugerido posibles líneas de investigación futuras para ampliar el conocimiento de fenómenos complejos que influyen en el comportamiento de este tipo de protección como son el efecto de escala, la anisotropía de la escollera, las leyes de resistencia que rigen la filtración turbulenta a través de medios granulares, los efectos de cimentaciones poco competentes o la propia caracterización de las propiedades de la escollera de presas. This thesis is the result of a research project that had the main objective of defining criteria to design rockfill toe protections for dams with a highly‐permeable downstream shoulder. The proposed protection consists of a rockfill toe berm situated downstream from the dam with specific characteristics with respect to the rockfill that integrates the shoulder of the main dam. The function of these protections is to prevent mass slides due to an abnormally high water flow circulation through the dam shoulder. This accidental seepage flow may be caused by such reasons as overtopping or the loss of sealing at the impervious element of the dam or its foundation. According to data from the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD 1995), 70% of the causes of failure or serious damage in embankment dams in the world are within that described previously. This accidental seepage of water through the rockfill shoulder, typically turbulent, is usually called through‐flow. The physical phenomenon which causes the breakage of the rockfill shoulder during such through‐flow processes is complex, involving diversity of parameters (often not deterministic) and coupling among processes, not only seepage but also internal erosion, drag or mass slide. In this thesis, numerical and experimental research is conducted in order to analyze the effects of the main parameters that define the toe protection, i.e. the toe crest length, its slope and maximum height. Additional studies on significant factors which influence the seepage, such as the anisotropy of the material and the increase of the unit flows at the dam toe due to the valley shape are also performed. In addition, conclusions regarding the effectiveness of this type of protection are obtained based on the results of physical and numerical models. The main result of the thesis is a design procedure for this type of protection to avoid mass sliding. In order to complete the design criteria, additional recommendations about internal and external erosion based on the state of the art are included. Finally, new lines of research are suggested for the future to expand the level of knowledge of the complex phenomena that influence the behavior of this type of protection, such as the effects of scale, rockfill anisotropy, non‐linear seepage laws in turbulent seepage through granular media, effects of erodible foundations, or new procedures to characterize the properties of dam rockfill as a construction material.

Water seepage beneath dams on soluble evaporite deposits: a laboratory and field study (Caspe Dam, Spain)

The paper presents analytical methods and results for assessing the variation in the concentration of sulphate (and other ions) over space and time in groundwater flowing through a soluble evaporite terrain beneath a dam. The influence of effective porosity, groundwater flow velocity and the specific rate of dissolution (K′) are considered. The theoretical analysis was tested in a scale model simulating a dam constructed on heavily karstified bedrock. A simple and useful method for assessing how much material is lost through dissolution and how the rate of dissolution changes over time is considered in the context of the Caspe Dam, Spain.

Extreme flood abatement in large dams with fixed-crest spillways

This study characterises the abatement effect of large dams with fixed-crest spillways under extreme design flood conditions. In contrast to previous studies using specific hydrographs for flow into the reservoir and simplifications to obtain analytical solutions, an automated tool was designed for calculations based on a Monte Carlo simulation environment, which integrates models that represent the different physical processes in watersheds with areas of 150?2000 km2. The tool was applied to 21 sites that were uniformly distributed throughout continental Spain, with 105 fixed-crest dam configurations. This tool allowed a set of hydrographs to be obtained as an approximation for the hydrological forcing of a dam and the characterisation of the response of the dam to this forcing. For all cases studied, we obtained a strong linear correlation between the peak flow entering the reservoir and the peak flow discharged by the dam, and a simple general procedure was proposed to characterise the peak-flow attenuation behaviour of the reservoir. Additionally, two dimensionless coefficients were defined to relate the variables governing both the generation of the flood and its abatement in the reservoir. Using these coefficients, a model was defined to allow for the estimation of the flood abatement effect of a reservoir based on the available information. This model should be useful in the hydrological design of spillways and the evaluation of the hydrological safety of dams. Finally, the proposed procedure and model were evaluated and representative applications were presented

General Report on Main Session 4: Embankments and dams, slope stability and landslides

The General Reporter presents the papers from the Authors, along with some personal contributions on the subjects discussed. Embankments are classified by their use. Different kinds of slope failure and remedial measures are dealt with, as well as investigations for material characterisation and selection.

Preliminary design of symmetric arch-gravity dams

In this paper, a set of design parameters, such as the slopes of upstream and downstream faces of the dam, radius of the upper arch, width of the dam at the top level and height of the vertical upper part of the dam, are given as function of the valley characteristics when the dam is situated, such as its geometry and its geotechnical properties. These tables have been obtained using a regression of the design parameters of an arch-gravity dam with a minimum concrete volume, placed in a large number of valleys with different characteristics and properties. Elasticites for these design parameters are also discussed.

Two-dimensional direct rainfall hydraulic models applied to direct calculation of hydrologic events in dams to prevent overtopping

One of the main concerns when conducting a dam test is the acute determination of the hydrograph for a specific flood event. The use of 2D direct rainfall hydraulic mathematical models on a finite elements mesh, combined with the efficiency of vector calculus that provides CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) technology, enables nowadays the simulation of complex hydrological models without the need for terrain subbasin and transit splitting (as in HEC-HMS). Both the Spanish PNOA (National Plan of Aereal Orthophotography) Digital Terrain Model GRID with a 5 x 5 m accuracy and the CORINE GIS Land Cover (Coordination of INformation of the Environment) that allows assessment of the ground roughness, provide enough data to easily build these kind of models

Criteria to determine seismic risk on sites. Application to Spanish dams

In this paper, the main steps necessary to evaluate the seismic risk on a site are discussed. Several examples from the authors practical experience are reported and a systematic procedure to study the seismic risk on a dam site is also shown. The characteristics of the available Spanish seismic information - mainly historical and non instrumental seismic records - are commented. Different types of seismic and geologic techniques to investigate the area under the dam are given. Finally, a probabilistic method to obtain from the given seismic intensities the design earthquake is summarized

Using causal maps to support ex-post assessment of social impacts of dams

This paper presents the results of an ex-post assessment of two important dams in Brazil. The study follows the principles of Social Impact Management, which offer a suitable framework for analyzing the complex social transformations triggered by hydroelectric dams. In the implementation of this approach, participative causal maps were used to identify the ex-post social impacts of the Porto Primavera and Rosana dams on the community of Porto Rico, located along the High Paraná River. We found that in the operation of dams there are intermediate causes of a political nature, stemming from decisions based on values and interests not determined by neutral, exclusively technical reasons; and this insight opens up an area of action for managing the negative impacts of dams.

Floods resulting from suddenly breached dams :

"February 1960."

Earth and rock-fill dams, general design and construction considerations.

"This manual supersedes EM 1110-2-2300, 1 April 1959" issued under title: Earth embankments.

Rational earthquake design criteria for earth dams,

Photocopy.

The world's major dams, man-made lakes, and hydroelectric plants /

"January 1980."