Two-phases control of DSRC Vehicle networks for road intersection coexisting safety applications

In this paper we propose a two phases control method for DSRC vehicle networks at road intersection, where multiple road safety applications may coexist. We consider two safety applications, emergency safety application with high priority and routine safety applications with low priority. The control method is designed to provide high availability and low latency for emergency safety applications while leave as much as possible bandwidth for routine applications. It is expected to be capable of adapting to changing network conditions. In the first phase of the method we use a simulation based offline approach to find out the best configurations for message rate and MAC layer parameters for given numbers of vehicles. In the second phase we use the configurations identified by simulations at roadside access point (AP) for system operation. A utilization function is proposed to balance the QoS performances provided to multiple safety applications. It is demonstrated that the proposed method can largely improve the system performance when compared to fixed control method.

Analysing Road Barrier using GIS Software: The Case Study of Bologna

The direct attention of this thesis is the maintenance of road elements to improve road safety. The goal of the research is to prioritise maintenance for barriers based on factors such as the terrain of the site, deformations, degradation of the components, and adherence to the original installation. Using these factors, a coefficient is calculated to determine the maintenance priority for each barrier. To ease understanding and visualisation, data was uploaded and processed in a GIS environment to generate analysis and maps. This was done using GIS, a free and open-source GIS software. Information about the features of the barriers was collected through both on-site and online examination. During on-site inspections, a database of geotagged photos was created to aid in the survey. GIS capabilities word fully utilised by using geoprocessing tools for more in-depth analysis.

As guardas de segurança para proteção a motociclistas: características e graus de eficácia

Os acidentes envolvendo veículos de duas rodas, são um dos maiores problemas da segurança rodoviária atual, no âmbito Europeu. Um dos tipos de acidentes que pode causar danos mais graves aos ocupantes desses veículos é o embate com guardas de segurança. Em consequência disso, neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas opiniões, abonatórias ou não, ao uso de dispositivos de proteção para motociclistas acoplados nas guardas de segurança. Estas opiniões vão partir de dados estatísticos, de estudos e exemplos concretos de vários autores e publicações relacionados com esta temática, sendo que o tipo de dispositivo de proteção para motociclistas que vai estar mais em foco e sendo ele o mais habitual nas estradas portuguesas será a saia metálica. Estes dispositivos de segurança para motociclistas ainda não são de uso obrigatório nas guardas de segurança na maioria dos países do continente Europeu, segundo a norma europeia EN 1317, apesar deste tipo de proteção já estar normalizada segundo padrões de lesões biomecânicos na zona da cabeça, cervical e anca/abdómen descritos na norma EN 1317 UNE 135900 – 1:2003, em alguns países é descurado o uso destas proteções, por não serem obrigatórias e porque ainda se tornam mais dispendiosas que as guardas de segurança habituais (barreiras de metal simples). Este estudo serviu essencialmente para verificar se estes dispositivos salvaguardam ou não a vida dos utilizadores de duas rodas, pois, se pelo contrário, aumentam ainda o risco, ou de lesões mais gravosas ou mesmo de morte, aquando o embate com as mesmas, os gastos associados a este tipo de equipamentos serão totalmente inúteis e desnecessários.

Fire safety barrier availability analysis

This paper shows several ways to analyse the performance of a safety barrier, depending on the objective to be achieved and present a method to analyse binary components usually present on sensor systems of safety barriers. An application example of a water-based fire system is presented and the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) of the sensor system is determined based on the analysis of pressure switches installed in this safety barrier. The knowledge of such information will allow the determination of safety barrier’s availability.

Georeferencing Road Accidents with Google Earth: Transforming Information into Knowledge for Decision Support

Over the last fifty years mobility practices have changed dramatically, improving the way travel takes place, the time it takes but also on matters like road safety and prevention. High mortality caused by high accident levels has reached untenable levels. But the research into road mortality stayed limited to comparative statistical exercises which go no further than defining accident types. In terms of sharing information and mapping accidents, little progress has been mad, aside from the normal publication of figures, either through simplistic tables or web pages. With considerable technological advances on geographical information technologies, research and development stayed rather static with only a few good examples on dynamic mapping. The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) devices as normal equipments on automobile industry resulted in a more dynamic mobility patterns but also with higher degrees of uncertainty on road traffic. This paper describes a road accident georeferencing project for the Lisbon District involving fatalities and serious injuries during 2007. In the initial phase, individual information summaries were compiled giving information on accidents and its majour characteristics, collected by the security forces: the Public Safety Police Force (Polícia de Segurança Pública - PSP) and the National Guard (Guarda Nacional Republicana - GNR). The Google Earth platform was used to georeference the information in order to inform the public and the authorities of the accident locations, the nature of the location, and the causes and consequences of the accidents. This paper also gives future insights about augmented reality technologies, considered crucial to advances to road safety and prevention studies. At the end, this exercise could be considered a success because of numerous consequences, as for stakeholders who decide what to do but also for the public awareness to the problem of road mortality.

Detection of road accident accumulation zones with a visual analytics approach

Nowadays, road accidents are a major public health problem, which increase is forecasted if road safety is not treated properly, dying about 1.2 million people every year around the globe. In 2012, Portugal recorded 573 fatalities in road accidents, on site, revealing the largest decreasing of the European Union for 2011, along with Denmark. Beyond the impact caused by fatalities, it was calculated that the economic and social costs of road accidents weighted about 1.17% of the Portuguese gross domestic product in 2010. Visual Analytics allows the combination of data analysis techniques with interactive visualizations, which facilitates the process of knowledge discovery in sets of large and complex data, while the Geovisual Analytics facilitates the exploration of space-time data through maps with different variables and parameters that are under analysis. In Portugal, the identification of road accident accumulation zones, in this work named black spots, has been restricted to annual fixed windows. In this work, it is presented a dynamic approach based on Visual Analytics techniques that is able to identify the displacement of black spots on sliding windows of 12 months. Moreover, with the use of different parameterizations in the formula usually used to detect black spots, it is possible to identify zones that are almost becoming black spots. Through the proposed visualizations, the study and identification of countermeasures to this social and economic problem can gain new grounds and thus the decision- making process is supported and improved.

A Transportation Safety Planning Tool for the City of Ames, August 2011

The historically-reactive approach to identifying safety problems and mitigating them involves selecting black spots or hot spots by ranking locations based on crash frequency and severity. The approach focuses mainly on the corridor level without taking the exposure rate (vehicle miles traveled) and socio-demographics information of the study area, which are very important in the transportation planning process, into consideration. A larger study analysis unit at the Transportation Analysis Zone (TAZ) level or the network planning level should be used to address the needs of development of the community in the future and incorporate safety into the long-range transportation planning process. In this study, existing planning tools (such as the PLANSAFE models presented in NCHRP Report 546) were evaluated for forecasting safety in small and medium-sized communities, particularly as related to changes in socio-demographics characteristics, traffic demand, road network, and countermeasures. The research also evaluated the applicability of the Empirical Bayes (EB) method to network-level analysis. In addition, application of the United States Road Assessment Program (usRAP) protocols at the local urban road network level was investigated. This research evaluated the applicability of these three methods for the City of Ames, Iowa. The outcome of this research is a systematic process and framework for considering road safety issues explicitly in the small and medium-sized community transportation planning process and for quantifying the safety impacts of new developments and policy programs. More specifically, quantitative safety may be incorporated into the planning process, through effective visualization and increased awareness of safety issues (usRAP), the identification of high-risk locations with potential for improvement, (usRAP maps and EB), countermeasures for high-risk locations (EB before and after study and PLANSAFE), and socio-economic and demographic induced changes at the planning-level (PLANSAFE).

Synthesis Study: Effectiveness of Safety Corridor Programs, Report on Tasks 1-3, 2008

This report synthesizes the safety corridor programs of 13 states that currently have some type of program: Alaska, California, Florida, Kentucky, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington. This synthesis can help Midwestern states implement their own safety corridor programs and select pilot corridors or enhance existing corridors. Survey and interview information about the states’ programs was gathered from members of each state department of transportation (DOT) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) division office. Topics discussed included definitions of a safety corridor; length and number of corridors in the program; criteria for selection of a corridor; measures of effectiveness of an implemented safety corridor; organizational structure of the program; funding and legislation issues; and engineering, education, enforcement, and emergency medical service strategies. Safety corridor programs with successful results were then examined in more detail, and field visits were made to Kansas, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Washington for first-hand observations. With the survey and field visit information, several characteristics of successful safety corridor programs were identified, including multidisciplinary (3E and 4E) efforts; selection, evaluation, and decommissioning strategies; organization structure, champions, and funding; task forces and Corridor Safety Action Plans; road safety audits; and legislation and other safety issues. Based on the synthesis, the report makes recommendations for establishing and maintaining a successful safety corridor program.

Valtatie 1 liikenneturvallisuustarkastus : Tarkastusraportti

Tämän työn tavoitteena oli tarkastella liikenneturvallisuuden kehittymistä moottoritien rakentamisen jälkeen valtatiellä 1 Varsinais-Suomen ja Uudenmaan ELY-keskusten alueilla välillä Turku – Lohja. Laadittu tarkastus perustui onnettomuustietoihin, tierekisteritietoihin sekä maastokäynteihin. Valtatien 1 liikenneturvallisuustaso on lähtökohtaisesti hyvä ja liikenneympäristön turvallisuusriskit ovat pienet. Liikenneturvallisuustilanne on parantunut merkittävästi moottoritieksi rakentamisen jälkeen. Valtatiellä 1 tapahtuneet henkilövahinkoon johtaneet onnettomuudet ovat vähentyneet 60 - 80 % moottoritien rakentamisen jälkeen, mikä tarkoittaa lähes 40 henkilövahinko-onnettomuutta vähemmän vuosittain. Kuolemaan johtaneiden onnettomuuksien vähenemä oli 2-3 onnettomuutta vuosittain. Moottoritiellä tapahtuneista henkilövahinkoon johtaneista onnettomuuksista yleisimpiä ovat yksittäisonnettomuudet ja peräänajo-onnettomuudet. Henkilövahinko-onnettomuuksista noin 60 % johtuu tieltä suistumisista. Onnettomuusrekisteritietojen mukaan henkilövahinkoon johtaneita kohtaamisonnettomuuksia ei tapahtunut vuosina 2007– 2011, vaikka väärään suuntaan ajamisesta johtuvat kuolonkolarit on aikaisemmin todettu vakiintuneeksi onnettomuustyypiksi moottoriteillä. Tehdyn onnettomuusanalyysin sekä maastokäyntien perusteella etenkin vanhempien moottoritieosuuksien liikenneturvallisuuden tilaa voidaan ja tulee kuitenkin edelleen parantaa ja liikenneturvallisuustasoa nostaa. Yksittäisonnettomuuksia voidaan estää ja niiden seurauksia merkittävästi lieventää reunaympäristöä kehittämällä. On kuitenkin huomattava, että kaikkia onnettomuuksia ei voida estää tieteknisin keinoin ja liikennejärjestelmää kehittämällä. Maastokäynneillä silmämääräisesti todettuihin puutteisiin pohdittiin parantamistoimenpiteitä Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen alueelle. Toimenpiteissä erityishuomiota on kiinnitetty tieympäristön törmäysturvallisuuteen ja väärään suuntaan ajamisen riskin estämiseen ramppiliittymissä. Tieympäristön törmäysturvallisuutta on esitetty parannettavaksi pääasiassa puuston raivauksella ja kaiteiden lisäämisellä. Kaiteiden lisäämisen sijasta on mahdollista parantaa törmäysturvallisuutta maatäytöllä niissä kohdissa, jossa ulkoluiska on liian matala kallioleikkauksen kohdalla. Ramppiliittymissä väärään suuntaan ajamisen riskiä pyritään taas estämään mm. lisäämällä kielletyn ajosuunnan liikennemerkkejä.

L'habitude en matière de conduite automobile : une analyse de ses composantes et du rôle qu'elle joue dans le maintien et la régulation des comportements de conduite

« La grande majorité des accidents demeure liée aux comportements dangereux des usagers de la route ». Cet énoncé, lapidaire, fait aujourd’hui figure d’évidence au sein de la communauté des intervenants en sécurité routière. Il repose pourtant sur des prémisses discutables. Le problème le plus fondamental réside dans le fait que la recherche des dernières décennies s’est presque toute entière vouée à l’analyse des seuls aspects défaillants de la conduite (l’accident, les infractions, les erreurs et les fautes de conduite, les conducteurs à risque ou dysfonctionnels, les attitudes et traits de caractère incitant à la conduite dangereuse, etc.). Ce faisant, on a fini par oublier qu’il nous restait encore beaucoup de choses à apprendre sur le fonctionnement usuel de la conduite automobile. Comment, en effet, peut-on escompter élucider tous les rouages de la dynamique accidentelle sans avoir au préalable cerné, et bien compris, les mécanismes de la conduite « ordinaire » ? Comment peut-on parvenir à approfondir notre compréhension des comportements de conduite si l’on fait totalement abstraction de toutes les activités courantes, « normales », auxquelles se livrent les conducteurs lorsqu’ils sont au volant de leur véhicule ? C’est dans la perspective de mieux comprendre les comportements de conduite, dans leur complexité et dans leur diversité, que la présente thèse a été réalisée. Y a plus spécifiquement été examinée la question des habitudes en raison de leur prédominance dans l’activité de la conduite, mais également en raison de leur résistance, des obstacles bien concrets qu’elles sont susceptibles d’opposer à tous ceux qui tentent de modifier les comportements individuels de conduite. Des entrevues en profondeur, menées auprès de trente conducteurs et conductrices âgé(e)s de 17 à 54 ans, devaient permettre de répondre, entre autres, aux questions suivantes : De quoi sont constituées les différentes habitudes en matière de conduite automobile ? Quelle place occupent-elles dans la conduite des individus ? En quoi constituent-elles un frein au changement, à la modification des pratiques adoptées ? Quelles sont les dimensions qui participent à leur installation ? Les résultats de l’analyse ont permis de jeter les bases d’un modèle des comportements de conduite où les sensations corporelles se voient conférer un rôle des plus centraux, et où l’habitude – bien davantage caractérisée par la notion de confort que par celles d’automatisme ou de répétition – concourt non seulement à la pérennité, mais également à la régulation des conduites adoptées sur la route.

The application of social marketing in reducing road traffic accidents amoung young male drivers: an investigation using physical fear threat appeals

There were 338 road fatalities on Irish roads in 2007. Research in 2007 by the Road Safety Authority in Ireland states that young male drivers (17 – 25 years) are seven times more likely to be killed on Irish roads than other road users. The car driver fatality rate was found to be approximately 10 times higher for young male drivers than for female drivers in 2000. Young male drivers in particular demonstrate a high proclivity for risky driving behaviours. These risky behaviours include drink driving, speeding, rug-driving and engaging in aggressive driving. Speed is the single largest contributing factor to road deaths in Ireland. Approximately 40% of fatal accidents are caused by excessive or inappropriate speed. This study focuses on how dangerous driving behaviours may be addressed through social marketing. This study analyses the appropriate level of fear that needs to be induced in order to change young male driving behaviour.

Expert system to calculate the cofficient of friction : an approach to enhance traffic safety

Friction plays a key role in causing slipperiness as a low coefficient of friction on the road may result in slippery and hazardous conditions. Analyzing the strong relation between friction and accident risk on winter roads is a difficult task. Many weather forecasting organizations use a variety of standard and bespoke methods to predict the coefficient of friction on roads. This article proposes an approach to predict the extent of slipperiness by building and testing an expert system. It estimates the coefficient of friction on winter roads in the province of Dalarna, Sweden using the prevailing weather conditions as a basis. Weather data from the road weather information system, Sweden (RWIS) was used. The focus of the project was to use the expert system as a part of a major project in VITSA, within the domain of intelligent transport systems

Characterization of operational safety in offshore oil wells

The main concern of activities developed in oil and gas well construction is safety. But safety during the well construction process is not a trivial subject. Today risk evaluation approaches are based in static analyses of existent systems. In other words, those approaches do not allow a dynamic analysis that evaluates the risk for each alteration of the context. This paper proposes the use of Quantitative and Dynamic Risk Assessment (QDRA) to assess the degree of safety of each planned job. The QDRA can be understood as a safe job analysis approach, developed with the purpose of quantifying the safety degree in entire well construction and maintenance activities. The QDRA is intended to be used in the planning stages of well construction and maintenance, where the effects of hazard on job sequence are important unknowns. This paper also presents definitions of barrier, and barriers integrated set (BIS), and a modeling technique showing their relationships. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The need to establish coordinated measures for the reduction of road accidents in Latin America and the Caribbean

This edition of the FAL Bulletin approaches road safety and the need for urgent, coordinated measures to be established between the public and private sectors and civil society in order to prevent the rapid increase in deaths and casualties in road accidents in Latin America and the Caribbean, an issue which is threatening the sustainability of regional development.