Design and simulation of SMES system using YBCO tapes for direct drive wave energy converters

The ocean represents a huge energy reservoir since waves can be exploited to generate clean and renewable electricity; however, a hybrid energy storage system is needed to smooth the fluctuation. In this paper a hybrid energy storage system using a superconducting magnetic energy system (SMES) and Li-ion battery is proposed. The SMES is designed using Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) tapes, which store 60 kJ electrical energy. The magnet component of the SMES is designed using global optimization algorithm. Mechanical stress, coupled with electromagnetic field, is calculated using COMSOL and Matlab. A cooling system is presented and a suitable refrigerator is chosen to maintain a cold working temperature taking into account four heat sources. Then a microgrid system of direct drive linear wave energy converters is designed. The interface circuit connecting the generator and storage system is given. The result reveals that the fluctuated power from direct drive linear wave energy converters is smoothed by the hybrid energy storage system. The maximum power of the wave energy converter is 10 kW. © 2012 IEEE.

Assessing soil erosion due to land use change at the Alqueva reservoir surrounding area

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Software for calculation of reservoir active capacity with the sequent-peak algorithm

It is presented a software developed with Delphi programming language to compute the reservoir's annual regulated active storage, based on the sequent-peak algorithm. Mathematical models used for that purpose generally require extended hydrological series. Usually, the analysis of those series is performed with spreadsheets or graphical representations. Based on that, it was developed a software for calculation of reservoir active capacity. An example calculation is shown by 30-years (from 1977 to 2009) monthly mean flow historical data, from Corrente River, located at São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. As an additional tool, an interface was developed to manage water resources, helping to manipulate data and to point out information that it would be of interest to the user. Moreover, with that interface irrigation districts where water consumption is higher can be analyzed as a function of specific seasonal water demands situations. From a practical application, it is possible to conclude that the program provides the calculation originally proposed. It was designed to keep information organized and retrievable at any time, and to show simulation on seasonal water demands throughout the year, contributing with the elements of study concerning reservoir projects. This program, with its functionality, is an important tool for decision making in the water resources management.

The Role of a Wildlife Reservoir in the Epidemiology of Bovine Tuberculosis

The objective of this project was to study the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in the presence of a wildlife reservoir species. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of possum populations with endemic bovine tuberculosis infection were analyzed. The results were used to develop a computer simulation model of the dynamics of bovine tuberculosis infection in possum populations. A case-control study of breakdowns to tuberculosis infection in cattle herds in the Central North Island of New Zealand was conducted to identify risk factors other than exposure to tuberculosis in local possum populations.

Modelli di scambio termico in pozzo sulla base della caratterizzazione geotermica di un reservoir a bassa entalpia: studio di sensitività sulla efficienza dei sistemi di condizionamento a pompa di calore

Tra i temi di attualità, quello del risparmio energetico è tra i più dibattuti negli ultimi anni; tale tema è strettamente correlato al problema del riscaldamento globale, infatti, mentre sul prossimo esaurimento delle risorse energetiche tradizionali non vi sono ancora certezze assolute, per quanto riguarda l’azione nociva dei gas serra, la Comunità Scientifica Internazionale si ritrova d’accordo su una netta presa di posizione contro l’emissione di tali sostanze, provocata in larga parte dall’utilizzo dei combustibili fossili. In questo contesto, l’Unione Europea sta promuovendo la diffusione di tecnologie che non prevedano l’utilizzo di gas, petrolio o carbone, soprattutto per il settore dell’edilizia, ove una corretta progettazione e l’utilizzo di tecnologie non convenzionali può portare alla riduzione anche dell’80% dei consumi, con conseguente abbattimento delle emissioni. Tra questi interventi innovativi, il più comune e conosciuto è sicuramente quello del solare termico e fotovoltaico; ma ne esistono anche di altri, ancora non molto pubblicizzati in Italia, ma ampiamente conosciuti e utilizzati in altri paesi dell’Unione. Tra questi, vi è il sistema di riscaldamento analizzato in questa tesi: la pompa di calore geotermica. Tale sistema, come verrà spiegato nell’elaborato di laurea, ha indubbi vantaggi economici, energetici ed ambientali, a fronte di una non trascurabile spesa iniziale. Attualmente, nel Nord Italia, si incominciano a vedere impianti di questo tipo, sulla scia del successo riscontrato nei paesi confinanti (in particolare Austria e Svizzera). La progettazione si basa attualmente su modelli statici, sviluppati dall’Università Svizzera del Canton Ticino, per l’utilizzo della pompa di calore nel territorio alpino. Obiettivo della tesi, è la verifica di tali modelli, di cui si è venuto a conoscenza grazie alla collaborazione con l’Università SUPSI, sulle condizioni idrogeologiche della Pianura Padana, soffermandosi su alcuni parametri fondamentali della progettazione di una pompa di calore geotermica, quali la conduttività e la capacità termica volumetrica dei terreni incontrati, la presenza di falde, ed i parametri geometrici del pozzo, al fine di dare una valutazione tecnica ed economica dell’impianto. Tali analisi è stata infatti fino ad ora affrontata in maniera sommaria dai perforatori, che eseguono generalmente sempre lo stesso modello di pozzo geotermico, sulla base degli esempi consolidati di Svizzera e Germania. Alcune misure di temperatura in situ sono state rilevate in collaborazione con la società Geotermia SRL di Mantova, ditta specializzata nella perforazione di pozzi geotermici (tale esperienza è parte centrale dell’estratto “Laboratorio di Tesi Ls”), mentre la parte modellistica della tesi è stata sviluppata in collaborazione con lo studio di progettazione Studio Seta SRL di Faenza, il cui stabile è climatizzato in parte con una pompa di calore geotermica.

Simulation of Temperatures and Stresses during Construction of a RCC Dam

Se describen las variaciones de temperaturas y de tensiones durante la construcción de presas de hormigón compactado. The curing of concrete is an exothermic process. The heat of hydration generated induces temperature increases in the concrete, which will disappear in the long term by heat conduction in the concrete mass and thermal exchanges with the environment. The problem is of particularly interest for large concrete masses, as is the case of dams, because the time involved in the heat diffusion process grows with the square of the dimensions and a hotter dam interior implies the possibility of cracking the exposed surfaces of the dam. The Cuira dam, currently being built in Venezuela using roller compacted concrete, is a 134 m high, arch-gravity dam. In support of the design, different strategies were analysed, including various combinations of cooling of the water and the aggregate in order to achieve acceptable results. The calculations were conducted with Abaqus, taking into account all the necessary mechanical and thermal characteristics, as well as the relevant non-linearities. The analyses led to the conclusion that no cooling was required, even taking into account the stress state imposed by an early and rapid filling of the reservoir.

Risk-based methodology for parameter calibration of a reservoir flood control model

Flash floods are of major relevance in natural disaster management in the Mediterranean region. In many cases, the damaging effects of flash floods can be mitigated by adequate management of flood control reservoirs. This requires the development of suitable models for optimal operation of reservoirs. A probabilistic methodology for calibrating the parameters of a reservoir flood control model (RFCM) that takes into account the stochastic variability of flood events is presented. This study addresses the crucial problem of operating reservoirs during flood events, considering downstream river damages and dam failure risk as conflicting operation criteria. These two criteria are aggregated into a single objective of total expected damages from both the maximum released flows and stored volumes (overall risk index). For each selected parameter set the RFCM is run under a wide range of hydrologic loads (determined through Monte Carlo simulation). The optimal parameter set is obtained through the overall risk index (balanced solution) and then compared with other solutions of the Pareto front. The proposed methodology is implemented at three different reservoirs in the southeast of Spain. The results obtained show that the balanced solution offers a good compromise between the two main objectives of reservoir flood control management

Adsorption of Lennard-Jones fluids in carbon slit pores of a finite length. A computer simulation study

The adsorption of simple Lennard-Jones fluids in a carbon slit pore of finite length was studied with Canonical Ensemble (NVT) and Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo Simulations (GEMC). The Canonical Ensemble was a collection of cubic simulation boxes in which a finite pore resides, while the Gibbs Ensemble was that of the pore space of the finite pore. Argon was used as a model for Lennard-Jones fluids, while the adsorbent was modelled as a finite carbon slit pore whose two walls were composed of three graphene layers with carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern. The Lennard-Jones (LJ) 12-6 potential model was used to compute the interaction energy between two fluid particles, and also between a fluid particle and a carbon atom. Argon adsorption isotherms were obtained at 87.3 K for pore widths of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 nm using both Canonical and Gibbs Ensembles. These results were compared with isotherms obtained with corresponding infinite pores using Grand Canonical Ensembles. The effects of the number of cycles necessary to reach equilibrium, the initial allocation of particles, the displacement step and the simulation box size were particularly investigated in the Monte Carlo simulation with Canonical Ensembles. Of these parameters, the displacement step had the most significant effect on the performance of the Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation box size was also important, especially at low pressures at which the size must be sufficiently large to have a statistically acceptable number of particles in the bulk phase. Finally, it was found that the Canonical Ensemble and the Gibbs Ensemble both yielded the same isotherm (within statistical error); however, the computation time for GEMC was shorter than that for canonical ensemble simulation. However, the latter method described the proper interface between the reservoir and the adsorbed phase (and hence the meniscus).

Evaluating Risks of Dam-Reservoir Systems Using Efficient Importance Sampling

The occurrence frequency of failure events serve as critical indexes representing the safety status of dam-reservoir systems. Although overtopping is the most common failure mode with significant consequences, this type of event, in most cases, has a small probability. Estimation of such rare event risks for dam-reservoir systems with crude Monte Carlo (CMC) simulation techniques requires a prohibitively large number of trials, where significant computational resources are required to reach the satisfied estimation results. Otherwise, estimation of the disturbances would not be accurate enough. In order to reduce the computation expenses and improve the risk estimation efficiency, an importance sampling (IS) based simulation approach is proposed in this dissertation to address the overtopping risks of dam-reservoir systems. Deliverables of this study mainly include the following five aspects: 1) the reservoir inflow hydrograph model; 2) the dam-reservoir system operation model; 3) the CMC simulation framework; 4) the IS-based Monte Carlo (ISMC) simulation framework; and 5) the overtopping risk estimation comparison of both CMC and ISMC simulation. In a broader sense, this study meets the following three expectations: 1) to address the natural stochastic characteristics of the dam-reservoir system, such as the reservoir inflow rate; 2) to build up the fundamental CMC and ISMC simulation frameworks of the dam-reservoir system in order to estimate the overtopping risks; and 3) to compare the simulation results and the computational performance in order to demonstrate the ISMC simulation advantages. The estimation results of overtopping probability could be used to guide the future dam safety investigations and studies, and to supplement the conventional analyses in decision making on the dam-reservoir system improvements. At the same time, the proposed methodology of ISMC simulation is reasonably robust and proved to improve the overtopping risk estimation. The more accurate estimation, the smaller variance, and the reduced CPU time, expand the application of Monte Carlo (MC) technique on evaluating rare event risks for infrastructures.