Formação do profissional de educação física no contexto das atividades físicas de aventura na natureza

Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC

Movimento estudantil, gestão democrática e autonomia na Universidade

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Um estudo sobre a influência do sistema de gestão ambiental ISO 14001 sobre a imagem de organizações industriais e o papel das relações públicas

The consumers' requirements are constantly growing, as well as the concern for the environment. Considering this change of scenario, industrial companies started paying more attention to environmental issues and decided to resort to solutions such as the adoption of the Environmental Management System based on the ISO 14001 model. It is believed that the adoption of this model changes the organizational image, both internally and externally. This possible change was the focus of this research, considering that many publics related to certified companies may have the wrong idea about what being a green company really means. The objective of this study is to verify, through a survey research, the relation between the Environmental Management System based on ISO 14001 with organizational image of Brazilian firms. At first, this paper presents a theoretical review on Environmental Management System, IS0 14001, Organizational image, green Marketing, Greenwashing and Public Relations. Next, the research method is presented, as well as the results obtained through theoretical study, the research application and data analysis, and a brief analysis of the Public Relations' role in the organizational environment at issue. Finally, it presents the results obtained by tabulating the questionnaires, analysis of related data, and consideration about these

Splinter Dedication

This man who grew up on an irrigated farm near North Platte was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 1984 for invention and development of aerial-spray systems and harvesting systems, the only Nebraskan elected to that esteemed academy. Six patents are based on his research.

Presentation for Neal E. Harlan

Our first Public Service To Agriculture Award this evening will be presented posthumously to Neal E. Harlan who gained recognition throughout Nebraska and the Midwest in grain merchandising combined with a lifelong interest in the progress of agriculture through education and research.

Den utvärdera(n)de staten : Utvärderingens institutionalisering på den högre utbildningens område

In recent years evaluation has become a very important element in the public administration. The Swedish state administration to a significant extent both evaluates and is evaluated. This means that the evaluating state is at the same time the evaluated state. In this dissertation the institutionalization of evaluation is studied in a field within which this development has been particularly lively and interesting, namely the field of higher education. The dissertation focuses on evaluation activity that has been carried out in conjunction with central public authorities within higher education: the Office of the Chancellor of the Universities and Colleges in Sweden, the National Swedish Board of Universities and Colleges, and the Office of the University Chancellor, and encompasses the period 1964-1995. A newly revived research tradition within political science – historical institutionalism – is used as a perspective and a methodology. Since the application of this tradition has not yet been fully tested, another purpose is to examine the practical utility of this analytical tool and the kind of knowledge that it produces. The dissertation thereby combines the fields of education policy, evaluation research and institutional theory. The beginning of the institution has been dated to the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s. In the dissertation the forces behind the initiation of the institution are taken up. Events and developments in the field that have influenced the further development of the institution have been identified and analyzed. Developments reveal that the institution has been stable during the entire period of time under study, despite some changes. The use of historical institutionalism as a perspective and methodology has proven satisfactory on a general level. However, special solutions have been required as problems and ambiguities have arisen. The dissertation concludes with reflections on the practical utility of historical institutionalism in political science research.

Angiogenesis and angioregression gene expression analyses in swine corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (CL) lifespan is characterized by a rapid growth, differentiation and controlled regression of the luteal tissue, accompanied by an intense angiogenesis and angioregression. Indeed, the CL is one of the most highly vascularised tissue in the body with a proliferation rate of the endothelial cells 4- to 20-fold more intense than in some of the most malignant human tumours. This angiogenic process should be rigorously controlled to allow the repeated opportunities of fertilization. After a first period of rapid growth, the tissue becomes stably organized and prepares itself to switch to the phenotype required for its next apoptotic regression. In pregnant swine, the lifespan of the CLs must be extended to support embryonic and foetal development and vascularisation is necessary for the maintenance of luteal function. Among the molecules involved in the angiogenesis, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is the main regulator, promoting endothelial cells proliferation, differentiation and survival as well as vascular permeability and vessel lumen formation. During vascular invasion and apoptosis process, the remodelling of the extracellular matrix is essential for the correct evolution of the CL, particularly by the action of specific class of proteolytic enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Another important factor that plays a role in the processes of angiogenesis and angioregression during the CL formation and luteolysis is the isopeptide Endothelin-1 (ET-1), which is well-known to be a potent vasoconstrictor and mitogen for endothelial cells. The goal of the present thesis was to study the role and regulation of vascularisation in an adult vascular bed. For this purpose, using a precisely controlled in vivo model of swine CL development and regression, we determined the levels of expression of the members of VEGF system (VEGF total and specific isoforms; VEGF receptor-1, VEGFR-1; VEGF receptor-2, VEGFR-2) and ET- 1 system (ET-1; endothelin converting enzyme-1, ECE-1; endothelin receptor type A, ET-A) as well as the activity of the Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonucleases and gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Three experiments were conducted to reach such objectives in CLs isolated from ovaries of cyclic, pregnant or fasted gilts. In the Experiment I, we evaluated the influence of acute fasting on VEGF production and VEGF, VEGFR-2, ET-1, ECE-1 and ET-A mRNA expressions in CLs collected on day 6 after ovulation (midluteal phase). The results indicated a down-regulation of VEGF, VEGFR-2, ET-1 and ECE-1 mRNA expression, although no change was observed for VEGF protein. Furthermore, we observed that fasting stimulated steroidogenesis by luteal cells. On the basis of the main effects of VEGF (stimulation of vessel growth and endothelial permeability) and ET-1 (stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation and vasoconstriction, as well as VEGF stimulation), we concluded that feed restriction possibly inhibited luteal vessel development. This could be, at least in part, compensated by a decrease of vasal tone due to a diminution of ET-1, thus ensuring an adequate blood flow and the production of steroids by the luteal cells. In the Experiment II, we investigated the relationship between VEGF, gelatinases and Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonucleases activities with the functional CL stage throughout the oestrous cycle and at pregnancy. The results demonstrated differential patterns of expression of those molecules in correspondence to the different phases of the oestrous cycle. Immediately after ovulation, VEGF mRNA/protein levels and MMP-9 activity are maximal. On days 5–14 after ovulation, VEGF expression and MMP-2 and -9 activities are at basal levels, while Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonuclease levels increased significantly in relation to day 1. Only at luteolysis (day 17), Ca++/Mg++-dependent endonuclease and MMP-2 spontaneous activity increased significantly. At pregnancy, high levels of MMP-9 and VEGF were observed. These results suggested that during the very early luteal phase, high MMPs activities coupled with high VEGF levels drive the tissue to an angiogenic phenotype, allowing CL growth under LH (Luteinising Hormone) stimulus, while during the late luteal phase, low VEGF and elevate MMPs levels may play a role in the apoptotic tissue and extracellular matrix remodelling during structural luteolysis. In the Experiment III, we described the expression patterns of all distinct VEGF isoforms throughout the oestrous cycle. Furthermore, the mRNA expression and protein levels of both VEGF receptors were also evaluated. Four novel VEGF isoforms (VEGF144, VEGF147, VEGF182, and VEGF164b) were found for the first time in swine and the seven identified isoforms presented four different patterns of expression. All isoforms showed their highest mRNA levels in newly formed CLs (day 1), followed by a decrease during mid-late luteal phase (days 10–17), except for VEGF182, VEGF188 and VEGF144 that showed a differential regulation during late luteal phase (day 14) or at luteolysis (day 17). VEGF protein levels paralleled the most expressed and secreted VEGF120 and VEGF164 isoforms. The VEGF receptors mRNAs showed a different pattern of expression in relation to their ligands, increasing between day 1 and 3 and gradually decreasing during the mid-late luteal phase. The differential regulation of some VEGF isoforms principally during the late luteal phase and luteolysis suggested a specific role of VEGF during tissue remodelling process that occurs either for CL maintenance in case of pregnancy or for noncapillary vessel development essential for tissue removal during structural luteolysis. In summary, our findings allow us to determine relationships among factors involved in the angiogenesis and angioregression mechanisms that take place during the formation and regression of the CL. Thus, CL provides a very interesting model for studying such factors in different fields of the basic research.

In nome della comunità. Analisi dei testi della sicurezza e del terrorismo

The focus of this dissertation is the relationship between the necessity for protection and the construction of cultural identities. In particular, by cultural identities I mean the representation and construction of communities: national communities, religious communities or local communities. By protection I mean the need for individuals and groups to be reassured about dangers and risks. From an anthropological point of view, the relationship between the need for protection and the formation and construction of collective identities is driven by the defensive function of culture. This was recognized explicitly by Claude Lévi-Strauss and Jurij Lotman. To explore the “protective hypothesis,” it was especially useful to compare the immunitarian paradigm, proposed by Roberto Esposito, with a semiotic approach to the problem. According to Esposito, immunity traces borders, dividing Community from what should be kept outside: the enemies, dangers and chaos, and, in general, whatever is perceived to be a threat to collective and individual life. I recognized two dimensions in the concept of immunity. The first is the logic dimension: every element of a system makes sense because of the network of differential relations in which it is inscribed; the second dimension is the social praxis of division and definition of who. We are (or what is inside the border), and who They are (or what is, and must be kept, outside the border). I tested my hypothesis by analyzing two subject areas in particular: first, the security practices in London after 9/11 and 7/7; and, second, the Spiritual Guide of 9/11 suicide bombers. In both cases, one observes the construction of two entities: We and They. The difference between the two cases is their “model of the world”: in the London case, one finds the political paradigms of security as Sovereignty, Governamentality and Biopolitics. In the Spiritual Guide, one observes a religious model of the Community of God confronting the Community of Evil. From a semiotic point view, the problem is the origin of respective values, the origin of respective moral universes, and the construction of authority. In both cases, I found that emotional dynamics are crucial in the process of forming collective identities and in the process of motivating the involved subjects: specifically, the role of fear and terror is the primary factor, and represents the principal focus of my research.

Testo e memoria tra semiotica e scienze cognitive: una situazione sperimentale intorno al ricordo di un film

The research project presented in this dissertation is about text and memory. The title of the work is "Text and memory between Semiotics and Cognitive Science: an experimental setting about remembering a movie". The object of the research is the relationship between texts or "textuality" - using a more general semiotic term - and memory. The goal is to analyze the link between those semiotic artifacts that a culture defines as autonomous meaningful objects - namely texts - and the cognitive performance of memory that allows to remember them. An active dialogue between Semiotics and Cognitive Science is the theoretical paradigm in which this research is set, the major intend is to establish a productive alignment between the "theory of text" developed in Semiotics and the "theory of memory" outlined in Cognitive Science. In particular the research is an attempt to study how human subjects remember and/or misremember a film, as a specific case study; in semiotics, films are “cinematographic texts”. The research is based on the production of a corpus of data gained through the qualitative method of interviewing. After an initial screening of a fulllength feature film each participant of the experiment has been interviewed twice, according to a pre-established set of questions. The first interview immediately after the screening: the subsequent, follow-up interview three months from screening. The purpose of this design is to elicit two types of recall from the participants. In order to conduce a comparative inquiry, three films have been used in the experimental setting. Each film has been watched by thirteen subjects, that have been interviewed twice. The corpus of data is then made by seventy-eight interviews. The present dissertation displays the results of the investigation of these interviews. It is divided into six main parts. Chapter one presents a theoretical framework about the two main issues: memory and text. The issue of the memory is introduced through many recherches drown up in the field of Cognitive Science and Neuroscience. It is developed, at the same time, a possible relationship with a semiotic approach. The theoretical debate about textuality, characterizing the field of Semiotics, is examined in the same chapter. Chapter two deals with methodology, showing the process of definition of the whole method used for production of the corpus of data. The interview is explored in detail: how it is born, what are the expected results, what are the main underlying hypothesis. In Chapter three the investigation of the answers given by the spectators starts. It is examined the phenomenon of the outstanding details of the process of remembering, trying to define them in a semiotic way. Moreover there is an investigation of the most remembered scenes in the movie. Chapter four considers how the spectators deal with the whole narrative. At the same time it is examined what they think about the global meaning of the film. Chapter five is about affects. It tries to define the role of emotions in the process of comprehension and remembering. Chapter six presents a study of how the spectators account for a single scene of the movie. The complete work offers a broad perspective about the semiotic issue of textuality, using both a semiotic competence and a cognitive one. At the same time it presents a new outlook on the issue of memory, opening several direction of research.

Organic heterostructure approach for multifunctional light-emitting field-effect transistors

The possibility of combining different functionalities in a single device is of great relevance for further development of organic electronics in integrated components and circuitry. Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) have been demonstrated to be able to combine in a single device the electrical switching functionality of a field-effect transistor and the capability of light generation. A novel strategy in OLET realization is the tri-layer vertical hetero-junction. This configuration is similar to the bi-layer except for the presence of a new middle layer between the two transport layers. This “recombination” layer presents high emission quantum efficiency and OLED-like (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) vertical bulk mobility value. The key idea of the vertical tri-layer hetero-junction approach in realizing OLETs is that each layer has to be optimized according to its specific function (charge transport, energy transfer, radiative exciton recombination). Clearly, matching the overall device characteristics with the functional properties of the single materials composing the active region of the OFET, is a great challenge that requires a deep investigation of the morphological, optical and electrical features of the system. As in the case of the bi-layer based OLETs, it is clear that the interfaces between the dielectric and the bottom transport layer and between the recombination and the top transport layer are crucial for guaranteeing good ambipolar field-effect electrical characteristics. Moreover interfaces between the bottom transport and the recombination layer and between the recombination and the top transport layer should provide the favourable conditions for the charge percolation to happen in the recombination layer and form excitons. Organic light emitting transistor based on the tri-layer approach with external quantum efficiency out-performing the OLED state of the art has been recently demonstrated [Capelli et al., Nat. Mater. 9 (2010) 496-503] widening the scientific and technological interest in this field of research.

Sahaja Yoga im Vergleich mit der Progressiven Muskelrelaxation nach Jacobson

Fragestellung: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals das Sahaja Yoga (SY) bezüglich seiner Effektivität in der komplementären Behandlung von Patienten mit Mamma- oder Prostatakarzinom untersucht und mit der Progressiven Muskelrelaxation nach Jacobson (PMR) verglichen. Methoden: Zu diesem Zweck wurden 16 Patienten mit Prostatakarzinom und 21 Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom im Rahmen einer stationären Anschlußheilbehandlung (AHB) rekrutiert und jeweils mittels Zufallstabelle entweder einer SY-Gruppe oder einer PMR-Gruppe zugeteilt. Die Patienten übten während des dreiwöchigen Aufenthalts zusätzlich zu den jeweiligen physikalischen und physiotherapeutischen Therapien die entsprechenden Entspannungsverfahren (SY oder PMR) insgesamt acht mal und wurden dazu angehalten, die Verfahren auch in Eigenregie fortzuführen. Die Patienten füllten zu Beginn ihres Aufenthaltes (t1), nach 3 Wochen (Ende der AHB, t2) sowie 2 Monate nach dem Beenden der AHB (t3) folgende Fragebögen aus: den SF-36 von Bullinger et al. (1995) zur Erfassung von gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität, die HADS von Hermann et al. (1995) zur Erfassung von Angst und Depressivität und zwei vom Autor selbstkonzipierte Fragebögen, mit denen die Anzahl und Dauer der durchgeführten Übungen registriert wurden. Den MDBF von Steyer et al. (1997) (für aktuelle Befindlichkeit) füllten die Patienten jeweils direkt vor und nach der ersten (t1v und t1n) und letzten (t2v und t2n) Entspannungsübung und zum Zeitpunkt t3 aus. Ergebnisse: Fast alle Testwerte des Gesundheitsfragebogens SF-36 steigen (teils statistisch signifikant) bei beiden Gruppen von dem Zeitpunkt t1 über t2 zu t3 an. Es scheinen zwar die Verbesserungen der SY-Gruppe gegenüber der PMR-Gruppe etwas zu überwiegen, statistisch konnte dies jedoch nicht belegt werden. Bei den Subskalen der HADS (Angst und Depression) fallen die Werte bei beiden Gruppen von Zeitpunkt t1 über t2 zu t3 ab, statistisch signifikant ist der Abfall jedoch nur von t1 zu t2 bei den Werten der HADS-D (Depression) bei der SY-Gruppe. Die Testwerte sinken bei der SY-Gruppe im Verlauf etwas steiler ab als die Testwerte der PMR-Gruppe, signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen lassen sich jedoch nicht finden. Die Testwerte des MDBF (Kurzform A) steigen von dem Zeitpunkt t1v über t2v zu t3 bei beiden Gruppen (bei der SY-Gruppe etwas steiler, jedoch ohne signifikanten Unterschied zur PMR-Gruppe) nur zum Teil signifikant an. Die Werte vor und nach den jeweiligen Anwendungen (Zeitpunkt t1v zu t1n und t2v zu t2n) unterscheiden sich signifikant bei beiden Gruppen. Bezüglich der Dauer und Anzahl der durchgeführten Anwendungen zeigen sich keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Schlußfolgerungen: Die Patienten konnten beide Verfahren gleich gut annehmen. Bezüglich der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität, Angst und Depressivität sowie der aktuellen Befindlichkeit scheint sowohl das SY als auch die PMR (in dieser Studie) relevante Effekte zu haben. Diese Effekte scheinen sich auch nach 2 Monaten weiter positiv auszuwirken. Statistisch ließen sich zwischen beiden Verfahren keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung belegen. Die Ergebnisse müssen allerdings durch weitere Untersuchungen mit größerer Probandenzahl genauer geprüft werden.

The Simon effect and its time courses: an investigation

The objective of the current thesis is to investigate the temporal dynamics (i.e., time courses) of the Simon effect, both from a theoretical and experimental point of view, for a better understanding of whether a) one or more process are responsible for the Simon effect and b) how this/these mechanism/s differently influence performance. In the first theoretical (i.e., “Theoretical Overview”) part, I examined in detail the process and justification for analyzing the temporal dynamics of the Simon effect and the assumptions that underlie interpretation of the results which have been obtained in the existing literature so far. In the second part (“Experimental Investigations”), though, I experimentally investigated several issues which the existing literature left unsolved, in order to get further evidence in favor or in contrast with the mainstream models which are currently used to account for the different Simon effect time courses. Some points about the experiments are worth mentioning: First, all the experiments were conducted in the laboratory, facing participants with stimuli presented on a PC screen and then recording their responses. Both stimuli presentation and response collection was controlled by the E-Prime software. The dependent variables of interest were always behavioral measures of performance, such as velocity and accuracy. Second, the most part of my experiments had been conducted at the Communication Sciences Department (University of Bologna), under Prof. Nicoletti’s supervision. The remaining part, though, had been conducted at the Psychological Sciences Department of Purdue University (West Lafayette, Indiana, USA), where I collaborated for one year as a visiting student with Prof. Proctor and his team. Third, my experimental pool was entirely composed by healthy and young students, since the cognitive functioning of elderly people was not the target of my research.

Social Cognition: New Insights from Affordance and Simon Effects

The perspective of the present project can be inscribed in the so-called “Social Cognition” framework, that in the last years moved from a focus on the individual mind toward embodied and participatory aspects of social understanding. Among the topics relevant for social cognition, the aim of the thesis was to shed more light on motor resonance and joint action, by using two well-known effects of cognitive psychology: “Affordance” and “Simon”. In the first part of the project, the Affordance effect has been considered, starting from Gibson to some post-Gibsonian theorizations. Particular attention has received the notion of “Micro-affordance”. The theoretical and empirical overview allows to understand how it can be possible to use the affordance effect to investigate the issue of motor resonance. A first study employed a priming paradigm and explored both in adults and school-age children the influence of a micro-affordance that can be defined dangerousness, and how motor resonance develops. The second part of the thesis focused on the Simon effect, starting with the presentation of the “stimulus–response (S–R) compatibility effect” to introduce the “Simon effect”. Particular attention has been dedicated to recent studies on the “joint Simon effect”. The reviewed empirical findings have been discussed in a wider theoretical perspective on joint action. The second study was aimed at investigating whether shared representations, as indexed by the presence of the joint Simon effect, are modulated by minimal ingroup–outgroup distinctions and by experienced interdependence between participants. The third study explored to what extent prior experience could modulate performance in task sharing, combining two paradigms of cognitive psychology, the joint Simon and the joint transfer-of-learning. In a general discussion the results obtained in the three studies have been summarized, emphasizing their original contribution and their importance within the Social Cognition research.

Il corpo e l'individuo tra proprietà ed autodeterminazione. Con particolare riferimento al fenomeno delle biobanche

La bioetica è il luogo ideale per cercare risposte ai grandi interrogativi concernenti la vita, la morte e la cura dell'essere umano. I recenti dibattiti sull'uso, ed il temuto abuso, del corpo umano in medicina hanno messo in evidenza la necessità di una discussione approfondita sul potere di scelta che l'individuo può esercitare sulla propria mente e sul proprio corpo. Spinta dal desidero di indagare l'estensione di tale potere di scelta ho voluto analizzare le tematiche riguardanti “il corpo”, “l'individuo”, “la proprietà” e “l'autodeterminazione”. L'analisi è stata condotta individuando alcuni dei differenti significati che questi termini assumono nei diversi ambiti che la bioetica lambisce e mostrando, in particolare, la visione di tale realtà attraverso le lenti del giurista. A chi appartiene il corpo? Chi ha il potere di decidere su di esso? Il potere di scelta valica gli antichi i confini legati al corpo del paziente e coinvolge tessuti, organi e cellule staccati dal corpo umano, parti che un tempo erano considerati scarti operatori sono oggi divenuti tesori inestimabili per la ricerca. L'importanza assunta dai campioni biologici ha portato alla creazione di biobanche nelle quali sono raccolti, catalogati e il DNA studiato in campioni biologici Le biobanche riflettono le tensioni della bioetica e del biodititto. Lo studio delle biobanche riguarda, tra l'altro, la riceca dell'equilibrio tra le diverse esigenze meritevoli di tutela: in primo luogo il diritto alla privacy, diritto a che le “proprie informazioni” non vengano divulgate ed il diritto a non essere discriminato ed in secondo luogo le necessità dettate dalla ricerca e dalla scienza medica. Nel 2009 la rivista Times messo biobanche tra le 10 idee in grado di cambiare il mondo anche in considarazione della medicina personalizzata e del fatto che costituiscono una la speranza per la ricerca contro le malattie attuali e future.

La valutazione della ricerca scientifica: Uno studio empirico nelle Scienze umane

Nel corso degli ultimi anni si è assistito ad un ampio dibattito sull’uso della valutazione della ricerca nelle università e nelle strutture di ricerca. Nell’ambito di tale dibattito, nella presente tesi, vengono analizzate le più importanti metodologie per la valutazione della ricerca presenti a livello internazionale, i principali strumenti qualitativi di valutazione della ricerca (in particolare la peer review), gli strumenti quantitativi, quali la bibliometria, e le caratteristiche dei più importanti archivi bibliografici citazionali (es. Scopus, Web of Science), approfondendo i principali indicatori citazionali utilizzati nelle scienze umane e sociali (es. Indice H). Inoltre la tesi affronta il tema dell’impatto socio-economico della ricerca e le principali criticità di questo innovativo strumento, attraverso uno studio di caso realizzato nel Regno Unito. Una successiva analisi empirica riguarda le principali liste di riviste realizzate a livello internazionale e nazionale, nel settore scientifico di Storia e Filosofia della scienza. I risultati degli studi mostrano che le liste internazionali di riviste possono rappresentare, un punto di partenza a cui devono necessariamente essere affiancati altri strumenti di valutazione (peer review, analisi citazionali, etc); mentre le liste nazionali rischiano, invece, di essere uno strumento poco utile ed in alcuni casi inadeguato al fine di una corretta valutazione della ricerca, a causa della scarsa internazionalizzazione dei repertori e dei giudizi generalmente troppo elevati attribuiti alle riviste. Un ulteriore risultato raggiunto nella presente tesi riguarda la valutazione della ricerca nelle diverse discipline scientifiche: nelle Scienze umane e sociali risulta esserci uno scarso grado di presenza di pubblicazioni scientifiche nei principali archivi bibliografici e citazionali internazionali. Questa situazione limita fortemente l’attendibilità delle analisi statistiche basate su indici e indicatori quantitativi, per valutare la produttività scientifica di un ricercatore, oppure di una istituzione di ricerca.