Desenvolvimento de um sistema foto-oxidativo visando aplicação no tratamento de águas produzidas em campos de petróleo

Increasing concern with the environment, in addition to strict laws, has induced the industries to find alternatives to the treatment of their wastes. Actually, the oil industry has sought solutions to overcome a big environmental problem, i.e., oil field produced water being discharged to the sea. These effluents have organic compounds dissolved, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are difficult to be removed and have high toxicity. The advanced oxidation processes - AOP are effective to degradation of these organic compounds, because they generate hydroxyl radicals with high potential of oxidation. This work includes the reactor photochemical development applied in the photodegradation treatment (by photo-Fenton process) of wastewaters containing organic compounds dissolved, aiming at treatment and recovery the oil field produced water. The studied reactor allowed the evaluation of two ultraviolet radiation sources that is the main factor to describe the feasibility of the photo- Fenton treatment, i.e., sun and black light fluorescent lamps, and other relevant variables the process: concentration of reagents, irradiated area and also various reactor configurations to maximize the use of radiation. The organic matter degradation was verified with samples collected during the experimental and analyzed with a total organic carbon analyzer (TOC), which expressed the results in terms of mgC/L. The solar radiation was more effective than radiation from the lamps. It's an important factor for the operation costs cutting. Preliminary experiments applied to oil field produced water treatment have showed satisfactory results, reducing up to 76 % of organic matter

Estudo da remoção de Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu3+, Cr3+, Sr2+, Zn2+ por eletrocoagulação em água associada à produção de petróleo

Among the waste generated in the petrochemical industry water associated with oil production is the most important. It is considered one of the great challenges due to the presence of considered toxic chemicals present in this composition. The presence of these substances difficult to reuse the water associated with the enhanced recovery processes, so that prior to their reuse or disposal, treatment is necessary. This paper aimed to study the removal efficiency of chemical species: Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Sr2+ and Zn2+, present in the composition of the water associated with oil production by electrocoagulation. The evaluation of removal of these chemical species was performed by laboratory tests using electrochemical batch reactors and continuous flow. Initial tests were performed with electrocoagulation of synthetic wastewater in batch reactor using iron electrode. Results of removal of Zn2+ and Ni2+ were 78 % and 59 % respectively. While the percentage of removed Ba2+ was 19 % by 30 minutes of treatment and by applying current of 1.10 A. The tests were performed on effluent batch reactor applying the electrochemical technique with stainless steel electrodes 304, the objective was to remove part of the dispersed oil and also of organic compounds in the effluent. Under the experimental conditions used, the maximum result was obtained TOG was 60 % and TOC was approximately 50 % compared to the initial concentration. In the experiments carried out in continuous reactor, with effluent semisynthetic, have been used electrodes of iron and aluminum and the results were 100 % removal of Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+ and Zn2+ and 77 % of Sr2+. These percentages were only attainable through the use of the iron electrode. However, when the electrode was replaced by aluminum, there was a reduction in the percentage of removal to 65 %, using the same flow rate and current. Therefore according to the results obtained using the iron electrode was more effective in removing these metals and the conditions of lower current and lower flow rate was satisfactory, as observed in the experimental design adopted

Aplicação de tensoativos não iônicos na recuperação de fluidos de perfuração poliméricos

The drilling fluid used to assist in the drilling operation of oil wells, accumulates solids inherent in the formation as it is circulated in the well, interfering in the fluid performance during operation. It is discarded after use. The disposal of these fluids causes one of the most difficult environmental problems in the world. This study aims to promote liquid phase separation of drilling fluids, which have circulated in oil wells, and enable this recovered liquid to formulate a new fluid. For this, non-ionic surfactants were used in order to select the best outcome in phase separation. Five real water-based drilling fluids were utilized, which were collected directly from the fields of drilling oil wells, classified as polymeric fluids. The methodology used consisted in combining the fluid with surfactant and then subjecting it to a process of centrifugation or decantation. The decantating tests were scheduled through experimental planning 23 and 32, using as variables the percentage (%) of surfactant utilized and the stirring time in minutes. The surfactants used were ethoxylated nonylphenol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with different degrees of ethoxylation. Phase separation was monitored first by tests of stability, and subsequently by the height of the interface in beakers of 100 mL. The results showed that from the surfactants studied, the lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with 3 ethoxylation units has been the most effective in the phase separation process of the drilling fluids tested. The statistical tool used was of great industrial value regarding the programming phase separation in drilling fluids. In conclusion, the liquid phase separated using surfactant can be reused for a new formulation of drilling fluid with similar properties of a new fluid, assuring its efficiency. And in the resulting analysis it is also suggested that the adsorption is the mechanism that leads the phase separation, with surfactant adsorbing in the active solids

Síntese e caracterização de poliacrilamidas modificadas para utilização na indústria do petróleo

Modified polyacrylamides with ≅ 0.2 mol % of N,N-dihexylacrylamide and hydrolysis degree from 0 to 25 % were synthesized by micellar copolymerization. The hydrophobic monomer was obtained by the reaction between acryloyl chloride and N,Ndihexylamine and characterized by infrared (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The polymer molecular structures were determined through 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and the polymers were studied in dilute and semi-dilute regimes by viscometry, rheometry, static light scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy, at the temperature range from 25 to 55 ºC. The data obtained by viscometry showed that the intrinsic viscosity from the hydrolyzed polymers is larger than the precursor polymers at the same ionic strength. The comparison between the charged polymers showed that the polymer with higher hydrolysis degree has a more compact structure in formation water (AFS). The increase of temperature led to an enhanced reduced viscosity to the polymers in Milli-Q water (AMQ), although, in brine, only the unhydrolyzed polymer had an increase in the reduced viscosity with the temperature, and the hydrolyzed derivatives had a decrease in the reduced viscosity. The static light scattering (SLS) analyses in salt solutions evidenced a decrease of weight-average molecular weight (⎯Mw) with the increase of the hydrolysis degree, due to the reduction of the thermodynamic interactions between polymer and solvent, which was evidenced by the decrease of the second virial coefficient (A2). The polymers showed more than one relaxation mode in solution, when analyzed by photon correlation spectroscopy, and these modes were attributed to isolated coils and aggregates of several sizes. The aggregation behavior depended strongly on the ionic strength, and also on the temperature, although in a lower extension. The polymers showed large aggregates in all studied conditions, however, their solutions did not displayed a good increase in water viscosity to be used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes

Sistema microemulsionado: caracterização e aplicação na indústria de petróleo

Alkyl polyethoxylates are surfactants widely used in vastly different fields, from oil exploitation to pharmaceutical applications. One of the most interesting characteristics of these surfactants is their ability to form micellar systems with specific geometry, the so-called wormlike micelle. In this work, microemulsions with three distinct compositions (C/T = 40 %, 30 % and 25 %) was used with contain UNITOL / butanol / water / xylene, cosurfactant / surfactante (C/S) ratio equal to 0,5. The microemulsion was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), capillary viscometry, torque rheometry and surface tensiometry experiments carried out with systems based on xylene, water, butanol (cosurfactant) and nonaethyleneglycolmonododecyl ether (surfactant), with fixed surfactant:cosurfactant:oil composition (with and without oil phase) and varying the overall concentration of the microemulsion. The results showed that a transition from wormlike micelles to nanodrops was characterized by maximum relative viscosity (depending on how relative viscosity was defined), which was connected to maximum effective diameter, determined by DLS. Surface tension suggested that adsorption at the air water interface had a Langmuir character and that the limiting value of the surfactant surface excess was independent of the presence of cosurfactant and xylene. The results of the solubilization of oil sludge and oil recovery with the microemulsion: C/S = 40%, 30% and 25% proved to be quite effective in solubilization of oil sludge, with the percentage of solubilization (%solubilization) as high as 92.37% and enhanced oil recovery rates up to 90.22% for the point with the highest concentration of active material (surfactant), that is, 40%.

Influência de tensoativos não iônicos na destilação molecular de petróleo

The molecular distillation is show as an alternative for separation and purification of various kinds of materials. The process is a special case of evaporation at high vacuum, in the order from 0.001 to 0.0001 mmHg and therefore occurs at relatively lower temperatures, preserves the material to be purified. In Brazil, molecular distillation is very applied in the separation of petroleum fractions. However, most studies evaluated the temperature of the evaporator, condenser temperature and flow such variables of the molecular distillation oil. Then, to increase the degree of recovery of the fraction of the distillate obtained in the process of the molecular distillation was evaluated the use nonionic surfactants of the class of nonylphenol ethoxylate, molecules able to interact in the liquid-liquid and liquid-vapor interface various systems. In this context, the aim of this work was to verify the influence of commercial surfactant (Ultranex-18 an Ultranex-18-50) in the molecular distillation of a crude oil. The physicochemical characterization of the oil was realized and the petroleum shown an API gravity of 42°, a light oil. Initially, studied the molecular distillation without surfactant using star design experimental (2H ± ) evaluated two variables (evaporator temperature and condenser temperature) and answer variable was the percentage in distillate obtained in the process (D%). The best experimental condition to molecular distillation oil (38% distillate) was obtained at evaporator and condenser temperatures of 120 °C and 10 ° C, respectively. Subsequently, to determine the range of surfactant concentration to be applied in the process, was determined the critical micellar concentration by the technique of scattering X-ray small angle (SAXS). The surfactants Ultranex-18 an Ultranex-18-50 shown the critical micelle concentration in the range of 10-2 mol/L in the hydrocarbons studied. Then, was applied in the study of distillation a concentration range from 0.01 to 0.15 mol/L of the surfactants (Ultranex- 18 and 50). The use of the nonionic surfactant increased the percentage of hydrocarbons in the range from 5 to 9 carbons in comparison to the process carried out without surfactant, and in some experimental conditions the fraction of light compounds in the distilled was over 700% compared to the conventional process. The study showed that increasing the degree of ethoxylation of Ultranex18 to Ultranex-50, the compounds in the range of C5 to C9 reduced the percentage in the distilled, since the increase of the hydrophilic part of the surfactant reduces its solubility in the oil. Finally, was obtained an increase in the degree of recovery of light hydrocarbons, comparing processes with and without surfactant, obtained an increase of 10% and 4% with Ultranex-18 and Ultranex-50, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that the Ultranex- 18 surfactant showed a higher capacity to distillation compared with Ultranex-50 and the application of surfactant on the molecular distillation from petroleum allowed for a greater recovery of light compounds in distillate

Caracterização hidrodinâmica e morfo-sedimentar do estuário Potengi e áreas adjascentes: subsídios para controle e recuperação ambiental no caso de derrames de hidrocarboneto

This study presents the Environmental Sensibility Mapping to oil spillings on the Potengi estuary - RN and neighboring coastline through remote sensing data, collecting, treatment and integration of the geomorphologic, oceanographic (temperature, salinity, density, direction and intensity), meteorological (wind speed and direction) and high resolution seismic (bathymetry and sonography) data. The Potengi river estuary is located on the eastern coastline of the Rio Grande do Norte State, being inserted in the geological context for the coastal Pernambuco-Paraíba basin and spreading over 18 km; it shelters the Natal harbor zone and an oil terminal, centralizing, therefore, important oil transport operations that can cause accidental spillings. Under the oceanographic point of view, the Potengi estuary is characterized by the absence of any expressive thermic stratification, being classified as partially mixed, B type according to Pritchard (1955), and 2 type in conformity to the stratification-circulation diagram by Hansen & Rattray (1966). Two main wind systems are responsable for the formation of wave sets that occur in the area. The dynamic tide presents, in the Natal Harbor, mean amplitude in spring and quadrature tides, with around 2.8 and 2m, respectively. The mechanism of saline tide mixing was defined through the salinity which is the main parameter for the identification of this mechanism. Important variations of the salinity mean values (36.32 psu), temperature (28.11ºC) and density (22.96 kg/m3) in the estuarine waters presented features belonging to low latitude regions. The water temperature follows the air temperature variations, in the region, with expressive daily amplitudes. In this study, the identification of the estuarine bed morphology through bathymetric and sonographic analysis, had the purpose to evaluate the influence of the superficial and bottom currents for the bottom shaping. In this way, the use of the side scan sonar showed, to be very useful in the identification of the bottom morphology and its relationship with the predominant action of the tidal currents in the Potengi estuary. Besides, it showed how the sonograms can be a support to the comparison of the several patterns derived from the local hydrodynamic variations. The holocene sediments, which fill the estuarine channel, are predominantly sandy, varying from selected, sometimes silty. The sedimentation is controlled by the environmental hydrodynamic conditions, being recognized two important textural facies: Muddy Facies and Sandy Facies. The distribution of these textural facies apparently oscillates owing to the tidal cycle and flow intensity. Each one of the above mentioned data was integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS), from which was produced the Environmental Sensibility Map to oil spillings with Coastal Sensibility Index (CSI) to the Potengi estuary. The integrated analysis of these data is essential to oil spilling contingency plans, in order to reduce the spilling environmental consequences and to make efficient the endeavours of contention and cleaning up/removal on the Natal Harbor. This study has the aim to collaborate for the increase of informations about the estuarine environment and contribute to a better management of the question: environment/polluting loads

Estudo da concentração e recuperação de íons lantânio e neodímio por biossorção em coluna com a biomassa Sargassum sp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Uma abordagem nebulosa de raciocínio baseado em casos para recomendação de sistemas marítimos de produção de petróleo

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação - IBILCE

Flutuação do lençol freático e sua implicação na recuperação de hidrocarbonetos: um estudo de caso

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Recuperação de resíduos plásticos provenientes dos processos de injeção

The competitiveness among global markets, the constant need for reducing manufacturing costs and also the growing environmental commitments are fueling the development of techniques for recovery residual parts generated by industrial processes. Among the various areas of a company, we highlight those that involve the processing of raw materials derived from oil, such as polymers (resins), which may take centuries to decompose in the environment and also present as a economic and environmentally strategic point. Thus, this study would examine the recovery of waste polypropylene, from the injection process of a major multinational in the field of home appliances through the recycling by a process comprising the milling, extrusion and chipping of waste material. Easy to deploy, this proposal aims to reduce levels negligible disposal (scrap) of these residues as well as the reintegration of the production process into pieces no visual and no structural importance, aimed at cutting costs and reducing environmental impacts caused. After the survey data in kilograms of waste material generated in a given period of time, and the study of changes in material properties, it would enable the reuse steadily in the injection process

Recuperação de áreas degradadas através de sistemas agroflorestais: a experiência do Projeto Agrofloresta, sustento da vida

PETROBRAS started in 2003 the implantation of agroforestry systems as an alternative to recuperate degraded areas at Oiteirinhos Farm, of its property, located in the biggest terrestrial field of oil of Brazil, between the cities of Carmópolis and Japaratuba, at Sergipe. The project, idealized by the geologist Ismael Quirino Trindade Neto and called Agrofloresta, sustento da vida, has the model of agroforestry systems developed by Ernst Götsch as technical and theoretical references, which joins agricultural cultures with forest species. In this direction, it was evidenced that the practices adopted in the SAFs allow to join recovery, conservation and production, as it follows the biodiversity and the dynamics of the natural processes as basic principles of the practices adopted. Including social inclusion and economic return, the project expands the environmental aspect, turning into an action focused in sustainable development.

Avaliação da biodegradação de tolueno por fungos isolados de ambientes associados ao petróleo

Spills can ocurr during oil productive chain and contaminate various environments due to the toxicity of monoaromatics hidrocarbons. Toluene stands out for being agressive to the nervous sistem and teratogenic, with high mobility and solubility in water, which facilitates environmental impact. Studies show that fungi are potential aromatic compounds assimilators, encouraging new researches about its use on the recovery of contaminated sites. This study aimed to select and characterize fungus with potential for biorremediation of toluene. 50 fungi were selected of the Collection of Microorganisms of Interest for Oil Gas and Biofuels, of UNESP Rio Claro, all of which were isolated from sites contaminated with monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Two trials were realized to select the microorganism with greater potential. The first test evaluated fungal growth under toluene saturated atmosphere. 24 fungi were chosen because its greater biomass production to participate in the next trial, the degradation in plates test, where the blue redox agente, DCPIP, indicates the degradation reaction, turning colorless. From this teste was possible to select one isolate which showed higher growth and stronger medium discoloration as the microorganism with the greatest potential to assimilate toluene. The Trichoderma cf. koningii had its potential evaluated through gas cromatography. The experiment proved the efficiency of the methodology, with positives results from the method validation and the effectiveness demonstrated of the LA-PHA-PACK bottles to prevent the volatilization of toluene during the 21 days of experiment. Being reliable its use for monitoring toluene decay associating it with degradation. This results are important because there aren't many methodologies and vials efficient to the purpose of this work. In the present study the degradation rates demonstrated no significant decay of the concentration of hydrocarbon. That may be related to the...

Avaliação da influência de cinza da casca de arroz em cimentos para poços de petróleo submetidos à injeção de vapor

Reservoirs that present highly viscous oils require methods to aid in their recovery to the surface. The elev ated oil viscosity hinders its flow through porous media and conventional recovery methods have not obtained significant efficiency. As such, the injection of steam into the reservoir through an injection well has been the most widely used method of therma l recovery, for it allows elevated volumes of recovery due to the viscosity reduction of the oil, facilitating the oil’s mobility within the rock formation and consequently into the production well where it will be exploited. On the other hand, the injecti on of vapor not only affects the fluids found in the rock pores, but the entire structure that composes the well where it is injected due to the high temperatures used in the process. This temperature increment is conducted to the cement, found in the annu lus, responsible for the isolation of the well and the well casing. Temperatures above 110 ̊C create new fazes rich in calcium in the cement matrix, resulting in the reduction of its permeability and the consequential phenomenon of mechanical resistance ret rogression. These alterations generate faults in the cement, reducing the well’s hydraulic isolation, creating insecurity in the operations in which the well will be submitted as well as the reduction of its economic life span. As a way of reducing this re trograde effect, this study has the objective of evaluating the incorporation of rice husk ash as a mineral additive substitute of silica flour , commercially utilized as a source of silica to reduce the CaO/SiO 2 ratio in the cement pastes submitted to high temperatures in thermal recovery. Cement pastes were formulated containing 20 and 30% levels of ash, apart from the basic paste (water + cement) and a reference paste (water + cement + 40% silica flour) for comparison purposes. The tests were executed th rough compression resistance tests, X - Ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical anal ysis BY X - ray fluorescence (EDS) on the pastes submitted to cure at low temperatures (45 ̊C) for 28 days following a cure at 280 ̊C and a pressure of 2,000 PSI for 3 days, simulating vapor injection. The results obtained show that the paste containing 30% r ice shell ash is satisfactory, obtaining mechanical resistance desired and equivalent to that of the paste containing 40% silica flour, since the products obtained were hydrated with low CaO/SiO 2 ratio, like the Tobermorita and Xonotlita fases, proving its applicability in well subject to vapor injection.

Estudo paramétrico da injeção de polímeros em reservatórios de petróleo

Developing an efficient methodology for oil recovery is extremely important . Within the range of enh anced oil recovery, known as EOR, the injection of polymer solutions becomes effective in controlling the mobility of displacing fluid . This method consists of adding polymers to the injection water to increase its viscosity, so that more water diffuses in to the porous medium and increasing the sweep efficiency in the reservoir. This work is studied by numerical simulation , application of the injection polymer solution in a homogeneous reservoir , semisynthetic with similar characteristics to the reservoirs of the Brazilian Northeast , numerical simulations were performed using thermal simulator STARS from CMG (Computer Modelling Group ). The study aimed to analyze the influence of some parameters on the behavior of reservoir oil production, with the response to cumulative production. Simulations were performed to analyze the influence of water injection, polymer solution and alternating injection of water banks and polymer solution, comparing the results for each simulated condition. The primary outcomes were: oil viscosity, percentage of injected polymer, polymer viscosity and flow rate of water injection. The evaluation of the influence of variables consisted of a complete experimental design followed a Pareto analysis for the purpose of pointing out which va riables would be most influential on the response represented b y the cumulative oil production . It was found that all variables significantly influenced the recovery of oil and the injection of polymer solution on an ongoing basis is more efficient for the cumulative production compared to oil recovery by continuous water injection. The primary recovery show ed low levels of oil production , water injection significantly improves the pro duction of oil in the reservoir , but the injection of polymer solution em erges as a new methodology to increase the production of oil, increasing the life of the well and possible reduction of water produced.