New insights on river water chemistry by using non-centred simplicial principal component analysis: a case study

The use of perturbation and power transformation operations permits the investigation of linear processes in the simplex as in a vectorial space. When the investigated geochemical processes can be constrained by the use of well-known starting point, the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of a non-centred principalcomponent analysis allow to model compositional changes compared with a reference point.The results obtained for the chemistry of water collected in River Arno (central-northern Italy) have open new perspectives for considering relative changes of the analysed variables and to hypothesise the relative effect of different acting physical-chemical processes, thus posing the basis for a quantitative modelling

Thermodynamics and log–contrast analysis in fluid geochemistry

There are two principal chemical concepts that are important for studying the naturalenvironment. The first one is thermodynamics, which describes whether a system is atequilibrium or can spontaneously change by chemical reactions. The second main conceptis how fast chemical reactions (kinetics or rate of chemical change) take place wheneverthey start. In this work we examine a natural system in which both thermodynamics andkinetic factors are important in determining the abundance of NH+4 , NO−2 and NO−3 insuperficial waters. Samples were collected in the Arno Basin (Tuscany, Italy), a system inwhich natural and antrophic effects both contribute to highly modify the chemical compositionof water. Thermodynamical modelling based on the reduction-oxidation reactionsinvolving the passage NH+4 -& NO−2 -& NO−3 in equilibrium conditions has allowed todetermine the Eh redox potential values able to characterise the state of each sample and,consequently, of the fluid environment from which it was drawn. Just as pH expressesthe concentration of H+ in solution, redox potential is used to express the tendency of anenvironment to receive or supply electrons. In this context, oxic environments, as thoseof river systems, are said to have a high redox potential because O2 is available as anelectron acceptor.Principles of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics allow to obtain a model that oftendoes not completely describe the reality of natural systems. Chemical reactions may indeedfail to achieve equilibrium because the products escape from the site of the rectionor because reactions involving the trasformation are very slow, so that non-equilibriumconditions exist for long periods. Moreover, reaction rates can be sensitive to poorly understoodcatalytic effects or to surface effects, while variables as concentration (a largenumber of chemical species can coexist and interact concurrently), temperature and pressurecan have large gradients in natural systems. By taking into account this, data of 91water samples have been modelled by using statistical methodologies for compositionaldata. The application of log–contrast analysis has allowed to obtain statistical parametersto be correlated with the calculated Eh values. In this way, natural conditions in whichchemical equilibrium is hypothesised, as well as underlying fast reactions, are comparedwith those described by a stochastic approach

Diabetes Gestacional: Influencia del origen étnico en la morbilidad maternofetal.

El trabajo estudia de forma prospectiva las características clínicas y la morbilidad perinatal de las gestantes de cinco grupos étnicos distintos con diabetes gestacional y tratadas en nuestro centro con el objetivo de valorar la influencia de la etnia en los resultados maternofetales e identificar los factores asociados de forma indepeniente al desarrollo de neonatos grandes para la edad gestacional.

Réquiem por la muerte del yo artista

RÉQUIEM POR LA MUERTE DEL YO ARTISTA es un proyecto audiovisual en forma de performance sobre la música del compositor finlandés contemporáneo Einojuhani Rautavaara, los Requiem del poeta alemán Rainer Maria Rilke y la concepción filosófica del arte y su comercialidad del artista americano Andy Warhol. RÉQUIEM POR LA MUERTE DEL YO ARTISTA es mi sangre. Es mi compromiso. Trata sobre la dualidad entre el artista y la persona, y cómo esto afecta a nuestro arte. RÉQUIEM POR LA MUERTE DEL YO ARTISTA es una operación de corazón. Es provocación; es sobre vomitar tu mente y estar sediento de futuro. Es comerte a ti mismo. Pero sobre todo, es mi concepción de arte: arte es todo aquello por lo que el creador esté dispuesto a morir.

Dynamic properties of human brain structure: learning-related changes in cortical areas and associated fiber connections.

Recent findings in neuroscience suggest that adult brain structure changes in response to environmental alterations and skill learning. Whereas much is known about structural changes after intensive practice for several months, little is known about the effects of single practice sessions on macroscopic brain structure and about progressive (dynamic) morphological alterations relative to improved task proficiency during learning for several weeks. Using T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging in humans, we demonstrate significant gray matter volume increases in frontal and parietal brain areas following only two sessions of practice in a complex whole-body balancing task. Gray matter volume increase in the prefrontal cortex correlated positively with subject's performance improvements during a 6 week learning period. Furthermore, we found that microstructural changes of fractional anisotropy in corresponding white matter regions followed the same temporal dynamic in relation to task performance. The results make clear how marginal alterations in our ever changing environment affect adult brain structure and elucidate the interrelated reorganization in cortical areas and associated fiber connections in correlation with improvements in task performance.

Influência do fenômeno El Niño na erosividade das chuvas na região de Santa Maria (RS)

O fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) altera o tempo e o clima em vários locais, provocando alterações na circulação atmosférica que afetam os elementos meteorológicos e climáticos, principalmente a chuva, nas diferentes regiões do Brasil. Na região Sul do País, em anos de El Niño, fase positiva do fenômeno, a chuva é frequentemente acima da normal, e, em anos de La Niña, fase negativa do fenômeno, a chuva é frequentemente abaixo da normal. Algumas características das chuvas são alteradas pelo ENOS, como a frequência de ocorrência, a intensidade e a quantidade. Essas características são importantes para a definição das chuvas erosivas. Entre os métodos de determinação da erosividade das chuvas, o índice de erosividade EI30 é o mais usado no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar e associar o índice de erosividade EI30 com o fenômeno ENOS para a região de Santa Maria, RS. Usaram-se os dados diários de chuva registrados em pluviogramas a partir de 1º de julho de 1978 a 30 de junho de 2008, coletados na Estação Climatológica Principal de Santa Maria, RS. As chuvas individuais e erosivas foram identificadas nos pluviogramas, classificadas em anos de El Niño, La Niña e Neutros, e foi calculado o seu índice EI30. Foi realizada a análise de correlação de Pearson e análise de regressão entre o EI30 e o Índice Oceânico do Niño (ION). A significância da regressão foi testada com o teste t, a fim de quantificar a associação entre as duas variáveis, com vistas à possível previsibilidade do potencial erosivo das chuvas a partir de anomalias de Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM) no oceano Pacífico. Também foram classificadas as chuvas em padrões Avançado, Intermediário e Atrasado. O potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria é afetado pelo fenômeno ENOS, de modo que maior número de chuvas tem maior potencial erosivo em anos de El Niño e em anos Neutros. A variabilidade do potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria é maior nos anos Neutros do que nos anos de anomalia da TSM. O padrão das chuvas é alterado em anos de anomalia da TSM, no sentido de que nos anos de El Niño há aumento nas chuvas de padrão avançado e em anos de La Niña há aumento nas chuvas de padrão atrasado; no padrão intermediário, há diminuição do número de chuvas em anos de El Niño e La Niña, em comparação com anos Neutros. A capacidade preditiva do potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria pelo índice ION é fraca.

Interlaboratory comparison of size measurements on nanoparticles using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)

One of the key challenges in the field of nanoparticle (NP) analysis is in producing reliable and reproducible characterisation data for nanomaterials. This study looks at the reproducibility using a relatively new, but rapidly adopted, technique, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) on a range of particle sizes and materials in several different media. It describes the protocol development and presents both the data and analysis of results obtained from 12 laboratories, mostly based in Europe, who are primarily QualityNano members. QualityNano is an EU FP7 funded Research Infrastructure that integrates 28 European analytical and experimental facilities in nanotechnology, medicine and natural sciences with the goal of developing and implementing best practice and quality in all aspects of nanosafety assessment. This study looks at both the development of the protocol and how this leads to highly reproducible results amongst participants. In this study, the parameter being measured is the modal particle size.