Characterization of Rhodnius neglectus from Two Regions of Brazil Using Isoenzymes, Genitalia Morphology and Morphometry

Among the triatomines considered as secondary in the epidemiology of Chagas disease, Rhodnius neglectus is frequently captured in artificial ecotopes, especially peridomiciliary ones, rarely producing colonies indoors. Nevertheless, the presence of breeding colonies in houses was unquestionably demonstrated in some areas of the State of Goiás, Brazil. Previous isoenzyme comparisons of this species with morphologically close triatomines, such as R. prolixus, R. robustus or R. nasutus, did not produce definitive conclusions because of doubt about the geographical origin of the R. neglectus. We present here, for the first time, the isoenzyme profile of topotypes of R. neglectus. In addition, wild caught specimens from the type locality, Uberaba (Minas Gerais, Brazil), were compared to wild caught specimens from Jaraguá (Goiás, Brazil), where R. neglectus is more frequently reported invading houses. We used isoenzyme, morphology and morphometry analysis. Neither morphological nor enzymatic differences were found between areas, but metric, size-related divergence was evidenced between them.

Genotyping of Mycobacterium leprae present on Ziehl-Neelsen-stained microscopic slides and in skin biopsy samples from leprosy patients in different geographic regions of Brazil

We analysed 16 variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) and three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in Mycobacterium leprae present on 115 Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N)-stained slides and in 51 skin biopsy samples derived from leprosy patients from Ceará (n = 23), Pernambuco (n = 41), Rio de Janeiro (n = 22) and Rondônia (RO) (n = 78). All skin biopsies yielded SNP-based genotypes, while 48 of the samples (94.1%) yielded complete VNTR genotypes. We evaluated two procedures for extracting M. leprae DNA from Z-N-stained slides: the first including Chelex and the other combining proteinase and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Of the 76 samples processed using the first procedure, 30.2% were positive for 16 or 15 VNTRs, whereas of the 39 samples processed using the second procedure, 28.2% yielded genotypes defined by at least 10 VNTRs. Combined VNTR and SNP analysis revealed large variability in genotypes, but a high prevalence of SNP genotype 4 in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Our observation of two samples from RO with an identical genotype and seven groups with similar genotypes, including four derived from residents of the same state or region, suggest a tendency to form groups according to the origin of the isolates. This study demonstrates the existence of geographically related M. leprae genotypes and that Z-N-stained slides are an alternative source for M. leprae genotyping.

Evolutionary origin and functions of retrogene introns.

Retroposed genes (retrogenes) originate via the reverse transcription of mature messenger RNAs from parental source genes and are therefore usually devoid of introns. Here, we characterize a particular set of mammalian retrogenes that acquired introns upon their emergence and thus represent rare cases of intron gain in mammals. We find that although a few retrogenes evolved introns in their coding or 3' untranslated regions (untranslated region, UTR), most introns originated together with untranslated exons in the 5' flanking regions of the retrogene insertion site. They emerged either de novo or through fusions with 5' UTR exons of host genes into which the retrogenes inserted. Generally, retrogenes with introns display high transcription levels and show broader spatial expression patterns than other retrogenes. Our experimental expression analyses of individual intron-containing retrogenes show that 5' UTR introns may indeed promote higher expression levels, at least in part through encoded regulatory elements. By contrast, 3' UTR introns may lead to downregulation of expression levels via nonsense-mediated decay mechanisms. Notably, the majority of retrogenes with introns in their 5' flanks depend on distant, sometimes bidirectional CpG dinucleotide-enriched promoters for their expression that may be recruited from other genes in the genomic vicinity. We thus propose a scenario where the acquisition of new 5' exon-intron structures was directly linked to the recruitment of distant promoters by these retrogenes, a process potentially facilitated by the presence of proto-splice sites in the genomic vicinity of retrogene insertion sites. Thus, the primary role and selective benefit of new 5' introns (and UTR exons) was probably initially to span the often substantial distances to potent CpG promoters driving retrogene transcription. Later in evolution, these introns then obtained additional regulatory roles in fine tuning retrogene expression levels. Our study provides novel insights regarding mechanisms underlying the origin of new introns, the evolutionary relevance of intron gain, and the origin of new gene promoters.

Délire temporel systématisé et trouble auditif d'origine corticale [Systematized temporal delusion and hearing disorders of cortical origin].

We report a case of delusion characterized by a time disorientation with a constant three days advance. Five years previously, the patient had suffered a left hemisphere stroke with aphasia. The delusional belief appeared at the same time as a cortical deafness following a second right hemisphere infarction. There was severe behaviour disturbances which lasted seven months, then cleared without any other change in the clinical picture. The lesions involved the left parietal lobe as well as the temporal and insular regions of both hemispheres.

Frequent clonal loss of heterozygosity but scarcity of microsatellite instability at chromosomal breakpoint cluster regions in adult leukemias.

Microsatellites are important highly polymorphic genetic markers dispersed in the human genome. Using a panel of 22 (CA)n repeat microsatellite markers mapped to recurrent breakpoint cluster regions specifically involved in leukemia, we investigated 114 adult leukemias (25 acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL], 32 acute myeloid leukemia [AML], 36 chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL], and 21 chronic myeloid leukemia [CML] in chronic phase) for somatic mutations at these loci. In each patient, DNA from fresh leukemia samples was analyzed alongside normal constitutive DNA from buccal epithelium. We detected loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 81 of 114 patients (ALL 16/25, AML 25/32, CLL 30/36, CML 10/21). Deletions were most often seen in ALL at 11q23 and 19p13; in AML at 8q22 and 11q23; in CLL at 13q14.3, 11q13, and 11q23; and in CML at 3q26. Only six deletions were reported in 74 karyotypes analyzed, whereas in these same cases, 91 LOH events were detected by microsatellites. Of 26 leukemias with a normal karyotype, 16 nevertheless showed at least one LOH by microsatellite analysis. Replication errors were found in 10 of 114 patients (8.8%). Thus, microsatellite instability is rare in leukemia in contrast to many solid tumors. Our findings suggest that in adult leukemia, LOH may be an important genetic event in addition to typical chromosomal translocations. LOH may point to the existence of tumor suppressor genes involved in leukemogenesis to a degree that has hitherto been underestimated.

Boosting of Replication Competent NYVAC Primed HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses by HIV Synthetic Long Peptides (SLP)

Background: To enhance the induction of insert specific immune responses, a new generation of replication competent poxvirus vectors was designed and evaluated against non-replicating poxvirus vectors in a HIV vaccine study in non human primates.Methods: Rhesus macaques were immunized with either the non-replicating variant NYVAC-GagPolNef HIV-1 clade C or the replicating NYVAC-GagPolNef-C-KC, boosted with HIVGag- PolEnv-SLP and immune responses were monitored.Results: Gag-specific T-cell responses were only detected in animals immunized with the replicating NYVAC-GagPolNef-C-KC variant. Further enhancement and broadening of the immune response was studied by boosting the animals with novel T-cell immunogens HIVconsv synthetic long peptides (SLP), which direct vaccine-induced responses to the most conserved regions of HIV and contain both CD4 T-helper and CD8 CTL epitopes. The adjuvanted (Montanide ISA-720) SLP divided into subpools and delivered into anatomically separate sites enhanced the Gag-specific T-cell responses in 4 out of 6 animals, to more than 1000 SFC/106 PBMC in some animals. Furthermore, the SLP immunization broadened the immune response in 4 out of 6 animals to multiple Pol epitopes. Even Env-specific responses, to which the animals had not been primed, were induced by SLP in 2 out of 6 animals.Conclusion: This new immunization strategy of priming with replicating competent poxvirus NYVAC-HIVGagPolNef and boosting with HIVGagPolEnv-SLP, induced strong and broad Tcell responses and provides a promising new HIV vaccine approach. This study was performed within the Poxvirus T-cell Vaccine Discovery Consortium (PTVDC) which is part of the CAVD program.

Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche.

Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.

How do very open economies adjust to large immigration flows? Recent evidence from Spanish regions

In recent years, Spain has received unprecedented immigration flows. Between 2001 and 2006 the fraction of the population born abroad more than doubled, increasing from4.8% to 10.8%. For Spanish provinces with above-median inflows (relative to population),immigration increased by 24% the number of high school dropouts while only increasingcollege graduates by 11%. We study different channels by which regional labor markets haveabsorbed the large increase in relative supply of low educated workers. We identify theexogenous supply shock using historical immigrant settlement patterns by country of origin.Using data from the Labor Force Survey and the decennial Census, we find a large expansion ofemployment in high immigration regions. Disaggregating by industry, the absorption operatedthrough large increases in the share of low-educated workers, compared to the same industry inlow-immigration regions. We do not find changes in sectoral specialization. Overall, andperhaps surprisingly, the pattern of absorption is very similar to the one found in the US.

Voyages astraux et hors du corps. Héautoscopie, extase et hallucinations expérientielles d'origine épileptique [Astral and out-of-body voyages. Heautoscopy, ecstasis and experimental hallucinations of epileptic origin]

We report a 38 year-old patient who had temporoparietal epilepsy and unusual ictal "out of body" experiences that remained undiagnosed for more than ten years, until her admission for a motor seizure of the left hemibody. Out of body episodes were experienced as intense and ecstatic astral journeys. EEG showed a bilateral extension of epileptiform abnormalities to the parietal regions, predominantly on the right side. We discuss the various forms of heautoscopy and their putative mechanisms. We suggest that a disturbance in representing space in independent extrapersonal and personal coordinates might be as crucial as the elusive hypothesis of a body schema disorder. Combined involvement of the parietal neocortex and temporolimbic structures might allow those experiences to gain a subjective vividness which appears to be indissociable from normal conscious experiences.

Temporal and spatial origin of Gesneriaceae in the New World inferred from plastid DNA sequences

Gesneriaceae are represented in the New World (NW) by a major clade (c. 1000 species) currently recognized as subfamily Gesnerioideae. Radiation of this group occurred in all biomes of tropical America and was accompanied by extensive phenotypic and ecological diversification. Here we performed phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences from three plastid loci to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Gesnerioideae and to investigate its relationship with other lineages of Gesneriaceae and Lamiales. Our molecular data confirm the inclusion of the South Pacific Coronanthereae and the Old World (OW) monotypic genus Titanotrichum in Gesnerioideae and the sister-group relationship of this subfamily to the rest of the OW Gesneriaceae. Calceolariaceae and the NW genera Peltanthera and Sanango appeared successively sister to Gesneriaceae, whereas Cubitanthus, which has been previously assigned to Gesneriaceae, is shown to be related to Linderniaceae. Based on molecular dating and biogeographical reconstruction analyses, we suggest that ancestors of Gesneriaceae originated in South America during the Late Cretaceous. Distribution of Gesneriaceae in the Palaeotropics and Australasia was inferred as resulting from two independent long-distance dispersals during the Eocene and Oligocene, respectively. In a short time span starting at 34 Mya, ancestors of Gesnerioideae colonized several Neotropical regions including the tropical Andes, Brazilian Atlantic forest, cerrado, Central America and the West Indies. Subsequent diversification within these areas occurred largely in situ and was particularly extensive in the mountainous systems of the Andes, Central America and the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Only two radiations account for 90% of the diversity of Gesneriaceae in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, whereas half of the species richness in the northern Andes and Central America originated during the last 10 Myr from a single radiation.

Artificial zinc finger fusions targeting Sp1-binding sites and the trans-activator-responsive element potently repress transcription and replication of HIV-1.

Tat activates transcription by interacting with Sp1, NF-kappaB, positive transcription elongation factor b, and trans-activator-responsive element (TAR). Tat and Sp1 play major roles in transcription by protein-protein interactions at human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat. Sp1 activates transcription by interacting with cyclin T1 in the absence of Tat. To disrupt the transcription activation by Tat and Sp1, we fused Sp1-inhibiting polypeptides, zinc finger polypeptide, and the TAR-binding mutant Tat (TatdMt) together. A designed or natural zinc finger and Tat mutant fusion was used to target the fusion to the key regulatory sites (GC box and TAR) on the long terminal repeat and nascent short transcripts to disrupt the molecular interaction that normally result in robust transcription. The designed zinc finger and TatdMt fusions were targeted to the TAR, and they potently repressed both transcription and replication of HIV-1. The Sp1-inhibiting POZ domain, TatdMt, and zinc fingers are key functional domains important in repression of transcription and replication. The designed artificial zinc fingers were targeted to the high affinity Sp1-binding site, and by being fused with TatdMt and POZ domain, they strongly block both Sp1-cyclin T1-dependent transcription and Tat-dependent transcription, even in the presence of excess expressed Tat.

Origin of siderite mineralisation in Petrova and Trgovska Gora Mts., NW Dinarides

The Petrova and Trgovska Gora Mts. (Gora=Mountain) are Variscan basement units incorporated into the northwestern Dinarides during the Alpine orogeny. They host numerous siderite-quartz-polysulphide, siderite-chalcopyrite, siderite-galena and barite veins, as well as stratabound hydrothermal-replacement ankerite bodies within carbonates in non-metamorphosed, flysch-like Permo-Carboniferous sequences. The deposits have been mined for Cu, Pb, Ag and Fe ores since Medieval times. Fluid inclusion studies of quartz from siderite-polysulphide-quartz and barite veins of both regions have shown the presence of primary aqueous NaCl-CaCl(2)+/- MgCl(2)-H(2)O +/- CO(2) inclusions. The quartz-sulphide stage of both regions show variable salinities; 2.7-26.2 wt% NaCl eq. for the Trgovska Gora region and 3.4-23.4 wt% NaCl eq. for the Petrova gora region, and similar homogenisation temperatures (100-230A degrees C). Finally, barite is precipitated from low salinity-low temperature solutions (3.7-15.8 wt % NaCl equ. and 115-145A degrees C). P-t conditions estimated via isochore construction yield formation temperatures between 180-250A degrees C for the quartz-sulphide stage and 160-180A degrees C for the barite stage, using a maximum lithostatic pressure of 1 kbar (cc. 3 km of overburden). The sulphur isotope composition of barite from both deposits indicates the involvement of Permian seawater in ore fluids. This is supported by the elevated bromium content of the fluid inclusion leachates (120-660 ppm in quartz, 420-960 ppm in barite) with respect to the seawater, indicating evaporated seawater as the major portion of the ore-forming fluids. Variable sulphur isotope compositions of galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite, between -3.2 and +2.7aEuro degrees, are interpreted as a product of incomplete thermal reduction of the Permian marine sulphate mixed with organically- and pyrite-bound sulphur from the host sedimentary rocks. Ore-forming fluids are interpreted as deep-circulating fluids derived primarily from evaporated Permian seawater and later modified by interaction with the Variscan basement rocks. (40)Ar/(39)Ar data of the detrital mica from the host rocks yielded the Variscan age overprinted by an Early Permian tectonothermal event dated at 266-274 Ma. These ages are interpreted as those reflecting hydrothermal activity correlated with an incipient intracontinental rifting in the Tethyan domain. Nevertheless, 75 Ma recorded at a fine-grained sericite sample from the alteration zone is interpreted as a result of later resetting of white mica during Campanian opening/closure of the Sava back arc in the neighbouring Sava suture zone (Ustaszewski et al. 2008).

Feedback control of DnaA-mediated replication initiation by replisome-associated HdaA protein in Caulobacter.

Chromosome replication in Caulobacter crescentus is tightly regulated to ensure that initiation occurs at the right time and only once during the cell cycle. The timing of replication initiation is controlled by both CtrA and DnaA. CtrA binds to and silences the origin. Upon the clearance of CtrA from the cell, the DnaA protein accumulates and allows loading of the replisome at the origin. Here, we identify an additional layer of replication initiation control that is mediated by the HdaA protein. In Escherichia coli, the Hda protein inactivates DnaA after replication initiation. We show that the Caulobacter HdaA homologue is necessary to restrict the initiation of DNA replication to only once per cell cycle and that it dynamically colocalizes with the replisome throughout the cell cycle. Moreover, the transcription of hdaA is directly activated by DnaA, providing a robust feedback regulatory mechanism that adjusts the levels of HdaA to inactivate DnaA.

Novel Approach Identifies SNPs in SLC2A10 and KCNK9 with Evidence for Parent-of-Origin Effect on Body Mass Index.

The phenotypic effect of some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) depends on their parental origin. We present a novel approach to detect parent-of-origin effects (POEs) in genome-wide genotype data of unrelated individuals. The method exploits increased phenotypic variance in the heterozygous genotype group relative to the homozygous groups. We applied the method to >56,000 unrelated individuals to search for POEs influencing body mass index (BMI). Six lead SNPs were carried forward for replication in five family-based studies (of ∼4,000 trios). Two SNPs replicated: the paternal rs2471083-C allele (located near the imprinted KCNK9 gene) and the paternal rs3091869-T allele (located near the SLC2A10 gene) increased BMI equally (beta = 0.11 (SD), P<0.0027) compared to the respective maternal alleles. Real-time PCR experiments of lymphoblastoid cell lines from the CEPH families showed that expression of both genes was dependent on parental origin of the SNPs alleles (P<0.01). Our scheme opens new opportunities to exploit GWAS data of unrelated individuals to identify POEs and demonstrates that they play an important role in adult obesity.

Radiolarian biochronology and Pacific origin of Jurassic-Cretaceous oceanic terranes in Costa Rica and Puerto Rico

AbstractAs demonstrated during several recent geological conferences, there is still a large debate concerning the origins of the Mesozoic oceanic remnants on the Caribbean Plate. The geodynamic models describing the Mesozoic history of the Caribbean realm can be divided into two main categories based on the origin of the Caribbean Plate: 1) An in situ origin between the Americas; 2) A Pacific origin and an eastward transport relative to the Americas. The study of the ribbon-bedded radiolarite is a key in determining the origins of associated Mesozoic oceanic terranes and may help to achieve a general agreement regarding the basic principles on the evolution of the Caribbean Plate. The Early Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous Bermeja Complex of Puerto Rico, witch contains serpentinized peridotite, altered basalt, amphibolite, and chert (Mariquita Chert Formation), and the contemporaneous Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex, which crops out in several half-windows along the south shores of the Santa Elena Peninsula in northwestern Costa Rica, are two of these little-known and crucial ophiolitic mélanges. The Manzanillo and Matambú fore-arc Terranes of the Nicoya Peninsula in the northwestern Costa Rica, which contain Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene radiolarian-bearing siliceous mudstones and cherts associated with arc-derived mafic to intermediate volcaniclastics, bring important information on the history of the western active margin of the Caribbean Plate. A systematic radiolarian study of these three regions is presented herein in three different articles.The radiolarian biochronology of the Mariquita Chert Formation of the Bermeja Complex presented in this work indicate an early Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (late Bajocian-early Callovian to middle Albian-middle Cenomanian) age for the Mariquita Chert Formation. The illustrated assemblages contain 150 species, of which 3 are new (Pantanellium karinae, Loopus bermejaense, and L. boricus), and belonging to 59 genera. A review of the previous radiolarian published works on this formation and the results of this study suggest that the Bermeja Complex ranges in age from Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (late Aalenian to middle Cenomanian) and also reveal a possible feature of the complex, which is the youngling of radiolarian cherts from north to south, evoking a polarity of accretion. On the basis of a currently exhaustive inventory of the ribbonbedded radiolaritic facies on the Caribbean Plate, a re-examination of the distribution of Middle Jurassic sediments associated with oceanic crust from the Caribbean realm, and a paleoceanographical argumentation on the water currents, we come to the conclusion that the radiolarite and associated Mesozoic oceanic terranes of the Caribbean Plate are of Pacific origin. The previous argument for a Pacific origin of the Bermeja Complex presented by Montgomery et al. (1994a), based on their radiolarian age and their estimation of the oldest Proto-Caribbean oceanic crust, is nowadays seriously questionable, owing to the recent progresses in radiolarian biostratigraphy and new discoveries on the age of the first oceanic crust spreading between the Americas. Furthermore, we interpret the radiolarian Parvicingulidae-rich assemblages in the low-latitude Caribbean context as potential indicators of upwelling or land nutrients inputs, instead of indicators of paleolatitudes,as firstly stated by Pessagno and Blome (1986). Eventually, a discussion on the origin of the cherts of the Mariquita Formation illustrated by Middle Jurassic to middle Cretaceous geodynamic models of the Pacific and Caribbean realms bring up the possibility that the rocks of the Bermeja Complex are remnants of two different oceans.The Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex contains various oceanic assemblages of alkaline basalt, radiolarite and polymictic breccias. The radiolarian biochronology (19 illustrated assemblages, 232 species belonging to 63 genera) presented in this work indicate an Early Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (early Pliensbachian to earliest Turonian) age for the sediments associated with oceanic basalts or recovered from blocks in breccias or megabreccias from the Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex. This study brings to light the Early Jurassic age of a sequence of ribbon-bedded radiolarite, which was previously thought to be of Cretaceous age, intruded by alkaline basalts sills. The presence of Early Jurassic large reworked blocks of radiolarite in a polymictic megabreccia, firstly reported by De Wever et al. (1985) is confirmed. Therefore, the alkaline basalt associated with these radiolarites could be of Jurassic age. In the Carrizal tectonic window, Middle Jurassic radiolarian chert blocks and Early Cretaceous brick-red ribbon-bedded radiolarites overlying pillow basalts are interpreted as fragments of a Middle Jurassic oceanic basement accreted to an Early Cretaceous oceanic plate, in an intra-oceanic subduction context. Whereas, knobby radiolarites and black shale at Playa Carrizal are indicative of a shallower middle Cretaceous paleoenvironment. Other younger oceanic remnants documented the rapid approach of the site of sedimentation to a subduction trench during the late Early Cretaceous (AlbianCenomanian), maybe early Late Cretaceous (Turonian).In total, 60 species belonging to 34 genera were present in relatively well-preserved radiolarian faunas from volcaniclastics and associated pelagic and hemipelagic rocks of the Matambú and Manzanillo terranes, ranging in age from Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene (middle Turonian-Santonian to late Thanetian-Ypresian). This study shows that radiolarians can provide significant biostratigraphic control in the Nicoya Peninsula where very similar lithologies of different ages are present. Two radiolarian samples directly date the Berrugate Formation for the first time (middle Turonian-Santonian and Coniacian-Santonian). These ages allow to determine a volcanic arc activity on the western edge of the future Caribbean Plate at least since the Santonian that could have lasted through the middle Turonian-early Campanian interval by stratigraphic superposition. Moreover on the basis of these radiolarian ages, the Loma Chumico Formation of Albian age, and the Berrugate Formation of middle Turonian-early Maastrichtian age, can now be clearly differentiated. Two samples from the Sabana Grande Formation give a Coniacian-Santonian age and a Coniacian-Campanian age and indicate that there is a stratigraphic gap of ~10 million years between this formation and the underlying Albian Loma Chumico Formation.RésuméComme cela a pu se vérifier à plusieurs reprises lors de conférences géologiques récentes, le débat sur l'origine des terrains océaniques mésozoïques de la Plaque Caraïbes est toujours d'actualité. Les modèles géodynamiques décrivant l'histoire de la région caraïbes peuvent être classés en deux catégories basées sur l'origine de la Plaque Caraïbes : 1) Une origine in situ entre les Amériques ; 2) Une origine Pacifique et un transport vers l'est, par rapport aux Amériques. L'étude des radiolarites rubanées est capitale pour la détermination de l'origine des terrains océaniques allochtones du Mésozoïque et peut être utile pour parvenir à un compromis général concernant les principes basiques de l'évolution de la Plaque Caraïbes. Le complexe de Bermeja à Porto Rico qui est constitué de péridotites serpentinisées, de basaltes altérés, d'amphibolites et de cherts (Formation des Cherts de Mariquita), et le Complexe d'Accrétion de Santa Rosa qui affleure dans plusieurs demi-fenêtres tectoniques au sud de la Péninsule de Santa Elena au nord-ouest du Costa Rica sont deux de ces mélanges ophiolitiques peu décrits et déterminants. Les terrains de fore-arc de Manzanillo et de Matambu dans la Péninsule de Nicoya au nord-ouest du Costa Rica qui sont composés de calcaires siliceux et de cherts riches en radiolaires associés à du matériel volcanique d'arc mafique à intermédiaire, apportent d'importantes informations sur l'histoire de la marge active occidentale de la Plaque Caraïbe. Une étude systématique des radiolaires de ces trois régions est présentée dans ce travail sous forme de trois articles.La biochronologie des radiolaires de la Formation des Cherts de Mariquita du Complexe d'Accrétion de Santa Rosa présentée dans ce travail indique un âge Jurassique Moyen inférieur à Crétacé Supérieur inférieur (Bajocien supérieur-Callovien inférieur à Albien moyen-Cénomanien moyen) pour la Formation des Cherts de Mariquita. Les assemblages illustrés contiennent 150 espèces, parmis lesquelles 3 sont nouvelles (Pantanellium karinae, Loopus bermejaense et L. boricus), et appartenant à 59 genres différents. Une révision des travaux publiés précédemment sur les radiolaires de cette formation, ainsi que les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que le Complexe de Bermeja a un âge allant du Jurassique moyen au Crétacé Supérieur inférieur (Aalénien supérieur à Cénomanien moyen) et révèle aussi une caractéristique éventuelle du complexe qui est le rajeunissement des radiolarites du nord au sud, évoquant une polarité d'accrétion. Sur la base d'un inventaire actuellement exhaustif du facies radiolaritique rubané sur la Plaque Caraïbes, d'un nouvel examen de la distribution globale des sédiments du Jurassique Moyen associés à de la croûte océanique et d'une argumentation paléocéanographique sur les courants, nous arrivons à la conclusion que les radiolarites et les unités tectoniques océaniques du Mésozoïque associées de la Plaque Caraïbes sont d'origine pacifique. L'argument antérieur pour une origine pacifique du Complexe de Bermeja présenté par Montgomery et al. (1994a), basé sur leur âge à radiolaire et leur estimation de l'âge de la plus vieille croûte océanique des Proto-Caraïbes, est sérieusement remis en question aujourd'hui, en raison des progrès récents de la biostratigraphie des radiolaires et des nouvelles découvertes concernant l'âge du début de l'océanisation entre les Amériques. En outre, dans le contexte de basses latitudes des Caraïbes, nous interprétons les assemblages à radiolaires riches en Parvicingulidae comme étant des indicateurs potentiels d'apports en nutriments des zones d'uppwelling ou des terres, plutôt que des indicateurs de paléolatitudes, comme exposer pour la première fois par Pessagno et Blome (1986). Finalement, une discussion sur l'origine des cherts de la Formation de Mariquita illustrée par des modèles géodynamiques du Jurassique Moyen au Crétacé moyen des régions pacifique et caraïbes, fait poindre la possibilité que les roches du Complexe de Bermeja proviennent de deux océans différents.Le Complexe d'Accrétion de Santa Rosa contient plusieurs assemblages océaniques différents de basaltes alcalins, radiolarites et brèches polymictes. La biochronologie des radiolaires (19 assemblages illustrés, 232 espèces appartenant à 63 genres) présentée dans ce second travail indique un âge Jurassique Inférieur à Crétacé Supérieur inférieur (Pliensbachien inférieur à Turonien initial) pour les sédiments associés aux basaltes océaniques ou provenant de blocs dans des brèches ou des mégabrèches du Complexe d'Accrétion de Santa Rosa. Cette étude met en évidence l'âge Jurassique Inférieur d'une séquence de radiolarites rubanées entrecoupée de sills de basaltes alcalins, dont l'âge estimé était précédemment le Crétacé.La présence de blocs plurimétriques de radiolarites d'âge Jurassique Inférieur remaniés dans une mégabrèche polymicte, dont la présence avait été signalée par De Wever et al. (1985), est confirmée. Par conséquent, les basaltes alcalins associés à ces radiolarites pourraient aussi être d'âge Jurassique. Dans la fenêtre tectonique de Carrizal, des blocs de radiolarites d'âge Jurassique Moyen et des radiolarites du Crétacé Inférieur recouvrant des basaltes en coussins sont interprétés comme des fragments d'une croûte océanique d'âge Jurassique Moyen accrétés à une plaque océanique d'âge Crétacé Inférieur, dans un contexte de subduction intra-océanique. Alors que dans la même zone, les radiolarites « noueuses » et les argiles noires associées sont interprétées comme des indicateurs d'un milieu peu profond au Crétacé. D'autres fragments océaniques plus jeunes documentent une approche rapide du lieu de sédimentation vers une fosse de subduction pendant le Crétacé Inférieur supérieur (Albien-Cénomanien), peut-être Crétacé Supérieur (Turonien).Au total, 60 espèces appartenant à 34 genres ont été déterminées à partir de faunes à radiolaires relativement bien préservées, extraites de roches volcanoclastiques et pélagiques à hémipélagiques associées, provenant des terrains de Matambu et Manzanillo et ayant des âges compris entre le Crétacé Supérieur et le Paléogène Inférieur (Turonien moyen-Santonien à Thanétien supérieur-Yprésien). Cette étude montre que les radiolaires peuvent fournir un contrôle stratigraphique significatif dans la Péninsule de Nicoya, où des lithologies similaires, mais d'âges différents sont présentes. Deux échantillons à radiolaires permettent de dater la Formation de Berrugate pour la première fois (Turonien moyen-Santonien et Coniacien-Santonien). Ces âges permettent d'établir une activité volcanique d'arc le long de la marge occidentale de la futur Plaque Caraïbes au moins depuis le Santonien et qui pourrait avoir durée jusqu'au Turonien moyen-Campanien inférieur. De plus, sur la base de ces âges à radiolaires, la Formation de Loma Chumico d'âge Albien, et la Formation de Berrugate d'âge Turonien moyen-Maastrichtien inférieur, peuvent maintenant être différenciées. Deux échantillons de la Formation de Sabana Grande donnent des âges Coniacien-Santonien et Coniacien-Campanien et indiquent qu'il existe une lacune stratigraphique d'environ 10 millions d'années entre cette formation et la Formation de Loma Chumico sous-jacente d'âge Albien.