Genotyping, serotyping and determination of mating-type of Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from São Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Screening and characterization of sex-specific DNA fragments in the freshwater fish matrinch, Brycon amazonicus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Enrichment of a continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the yeast Issatchenkia orientalis in the production of ethanol at increasing temperatures

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genetic markers between Biomphalaria glabrata snails susceptible and resistant to Schistosoma mansoni infection

The analysis of the genetic variability related to susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni infection in the vector of the genus Biomphalaria is important in terms of a better understanding of the epidemiology of schistosomiasis itself, the possible pathological implications of this interaction in vertebrate hosts, and the formulation of new strategies and approaches for disease control. In the present study, the genetic variability of B. glabrata strains found to be resistant or susceptible to S. mansoni infection was investigated using DNA amplification by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). The amplification products were analyzed on 8% polyacrylamide gel and stained with silver. We selected 10 primers, since they have previously been useful to detect polymorphism among B. glabrata and/or B. tenagophila. The results showed polymorphisms with 5 primers. Polymorphic bands observed only in the susceptible strain. The RAPD-PCR methodology represents an adequate approach for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. The understanding of the genetic polymorphisms associated to resistance may contribute to the future identification of genomic sequences related to the resistance/susceptibility of Biomphalaria to the larval forms of S. mansoni and to the development of new strategies for the control of schistosomiasis.

An evaluation of the genetic diversity of Xylella fastidiosa isolated from diseased citrus and coffee in São Paulo, Brazil

Strains of Xylella fastidiosa, isolated from sweet orange trees (Citrus sinensis) and coffee trees (Coffea arabica) with symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis and Requeima do Cafe, respectively, were indistinguish able based on repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR assays. These strains were also indistinguishable with a previously described PCR assay that distinguished the citrus strains from all other strains of Xylella fastidiosa. Because we were not able to document any genomic diversity in our collection of Xylella fastidiosa strains isolated from diseased citrus, the observed gradient of increasing disease severity from southern to northern regions of São Paulo State is unlikely due to the presence of significantly different strains of the pathogen in the different regions. When comparisons were made to reference strains of Xylella fastidiosa isolated from other hosts using these methods, four groups were consistently identified consistent with the hosts and regions from which the strains originated: citrus and coffee, grapevine and almond, mulberry, and elm, plum, and oak. Independent results from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR assays were also consistent with these results; however, two of the primers tested in RAPD-PCR were able to distinguish the coffee and citrus strains. Sequence comparisons of a PCR product amplified from all strains of Xylella fastidiosa confirmed the presence of a CfoI polymorphism that can be used to distinguish the citrus strains from all others. The ability to distinguish Xylella fastidiosa strains from citrus and coffee with a PCR-based assay will be useful in epidemiological and etiological studies of this pathogen.

Genetic structure of Aedes aegypti populations determined using pairwise comparisons

The biological characteristics of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae), which is a vector of dengue and yellow fever, make this organism a good model for studying population structure and the events that may influence it under the effect of human activity. We assessed the genetic variability of five A. aegypti populations using RAPD-PCR technique and six primers. Four populations were from Brazil and one was from the USA. A total of 165 polymorphic DNA loci were generated. Considering the six primers and the five populations, the mean value of inter-population genetic diversity (Gst) was 0.277, which is considered high according to the Wright classification. However, pairwise comparisons of the populations gave variable Gst values ranging from 0.044 to 0.289. This variation followed the population's geographic distance to some extent but was also influenced by human activity. The lowest Gst values were obtained in the comparison of populations from cities with intensive commercial and medical contacts. These mosquito populations were previously classified as insecticide resistant, susceptible, or with decreased susceptibility; this parameter apparently had an effect on the Gst values obtained in the pairwise comparisons. ©FUNPEC-RP.

Caracterização genotípica microrganismos isolados de infecções da corrente sanguína relacionadas a cateteres em recém-nascidos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da variabilidade genética de populações de Aedes aegypti (Diptera,Culicidae), resistente e suscetíveis a inseticidas

Pós-graduação em Genética - IBILCE

Diversidade e evolução da microbiota lática autóctone em queijo Muçarela de búfala e aplicação tecnológica dos isolados

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diversity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Brazilian Water Buffalo Mozzarella Cheese

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Bacteriocinogenic and virulence potential of Enterococcus isolates obtained from raw milk and cheese

Aims To provide molecular and phenotypical characterization of Enterococcus isolates obtained from raw milk and cheese, regarding their bacteriocinogenic and virulence activity. Methods and Results Forty-three bacteriocinogenic enterococci isolates were identified by 16s rDNA, fingerprinted by RAPD-PCR analysis and tested by PCR for the presence of genes for lantibiotics (lanM, lanB and lanC) and enterocins (entA, entB, entP, entL50AB and entAS48) and by phenotypical methods for bacteriocin production and inhibitory spectrum. Also, the virulence of the isolates was evaluated by PCR for genes gelE, hyl, asa1, esp, cylA, efaA, ace, vanA, vanB, hdc1, hdc2, tdc and odc and by phenotypical tests for gelatinase, lipase, DNAse and a- and beta-haemolysis. Most isolates (93.0%) harboured at least one lantibiotic or enterocin gene and were positive for several tested virulence genes, mainly asa1 (100%), gelE (93.0%) and efaA (83.7%). 53.5% of the isolates presented beta-haemolysis. Conclusions Enterococcus spp. isolates presented an interesting potential application for food preservation because of bacteriocin production; however, virulence-related genes were identified in all RAPD profiles. Significance and Impact of the Study The study demonstrated the contradictory characteristics of the tested Enterococcus isolates: they presented a good potential for application in food biopreservation but contained several virulence factors.

Entwicklung molekularbiologischer Methoden zum Nachweis verschiedener Sclerotiniaceae

Botrytis cinerea ist einer der wichtigsten Phytopathogene, der im Bereich der Weinbereitung als Erreger des Edel- bzw. des Grauschimmels von Trauben eine zentrale Stellung einnimmt. Taxonomisch gehört dieser Organismus zur Familie der Sclerotiniaceae, die ausnahmslos Phytopathogene sind und weltweit große Schäden bei verschiedenen Pflanzen verursachen. Die molekularbiologische Identifikation von Vertretern dieser wichtigen Gruppe von Pflanzenpathogenen ist jedoch bis heute ein Problem. Aus diesem Grund wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit als Themenschwerpunkt die zweifelsfreie Identifikation einiger Vertreter der Sclerotiniaceae bearbeitet. Hier konnte von neun verschiedenen Organismen die ‚Internal Transcribed Spacer Region’ identifiziert und zusätzlich zur 18S rDNA für eine sichere Identifikation ausgeschlossen werden. Die Unterscheidung der einzelnen Gattungen und verschiedener B. cinerea-Stämme wurde mit Hilfe der neuartigen nSAPD-PCR Technologie erfolgreich überprüft. Hier konnten die drei Gattungen Botrytis, Monilinia sowie Sclerotinia zweifelsfrei differenziert werden. Ferner konnten von Monilinia fructigena, Sclerotinia minor und Sclerotinia sclerotiorum neue Laccase-Gene identifiziert und komplett sequenziert werden, die homolog zur Laccase2 (lcc2) von B. cinerea sind. Auf Basis dieser Sequenzen bzw. Sequenzunterschiede konnte eine Multiplex-PCR zur zweifelsfreien Identifi-kation dieser Spezies etabliert werden. Im Folgenden konnte dieses System auch an Umweltproben aus der Umgebung von Mainz und Wiesbaden, aus Flomborn (Rheinhessen) sowie aus Stollberg (Sachsen) überprüft werden. Anhand dieser Proben konnte gleichzeitig ein konstantes Vorkommen dieses Gens in allen über-prüften Organismen gezeigt werden. Somit ist es zum ersten Mal möglich, ver-schiedene Spezies der Sclerotiniaceae in einer Probe simultan nachzuweisen und zu differenzieren. Anschließend wurde die Laccase-Expression der jeweiligen Sclerotiniaceae überprüft. Für M. fructigena konnte mindestens eine konstitutiv exprimierte Laccase im Kulturüberstand detektiert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten weder S. minor noch S. sclerotiorum eine derartige Aktivität. Da B. cinerea lcc2 expri-miert, wurde dies auch für M. fructigena angenommen. Die reverse Transkription der codierenden mRNA konnte jedoch nicht erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Die Analyse des Genoms von B. cinerea und S. sclerotiorum zeigte zudem 13 bzw. 8 mögliche Laccase-Gene. Somit ist es wahrscheinlich, dass M. fructigena mehr als einen codierenden Bereich für ein derartiges Enzym besitzt und somit eine oder mehrere andere Laccasen exprimiert. Auf Basis der codierenden DNA-Sequenzen konnten EDV-gestützte Prote-incharakterisierungen mit allen neu entdeckten Laccase-Sequenzen durchgeführt werden. Die hier ermittelten Eigenschaften legen den Schluss nahe, dass es sich ausnahmslos um Proteine handelt, die extrazellulär lokalisiert sind. So besitzen alle drei eine identisch lange Signalsequenz, die für die Translokation in die extra-zelluläre Matrix nötig ist. Des Weiteren zeigen alle Laccasen eine schwache Hydrophobizität, so dass davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass diese Enzyme keine membranständigen Proteine sind. Auch konnten zahlreiche Glykosylie-rungspositionen ermittelt werden und bei M. fructigena die Glykosylierung der akti-ven Laccase nachgewiesen werden. Des Weiteren konnten alle konservierten Kupferbindepositionen ermittelt werden. Der Vergleich zur mRNA der Lcc2 von B. cinerea offenbarte die lcc2 von M. fructigena drei nicht-codierende Intronse-quenzen, für S. minor und S. sclerotiorum jedoch lediglich die ersten beiden. Somit bleibt für alle neu identifizierten Sequenzen die Frage nach der Expression offen. Es wurden weder Deletionen von Nukleotiden noch frame-shift Mutationen in den einzelnen Genen gefunden. Auch geben die Signalsequenzen bzw. die ent-haltenen Kupferbindepositionen keine Aufschluss über das Ausbleiben der Ex-pression dieser Gene. Da das von B. cinerea synthetisierte ß-1,3-1,6-Glucan in der Kellerwirtschaft große Filtrationsprobleme verursacht, wurde als ein zusätzlicher Themenschwerpunkt die Lyse dieses Polymers mit symbiontischen Mikroorganismen aus Termitendär-men untersucht. Da Termiten auf den Abbau von Polymeren, wie Cellulose und Hemicellulosen spezialisiert sind, lag die Vermutung nahe, dass auch das ß-Glucan von symbiontischen Mikroorganismen hydrolysiert werden kann. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit konnte zwar das ß-Glucan erfolgreich herge-stellt und in pulverisierter Form 5 verschiedenen Termitenspezies als Futter ange-boten werden, die anschließende Isolierung der Darmflora und die Untersuchung der isolierten Mikroorganismen auf ein mögliche glucanolytische Aktivität erbrach-te jedoch nicht den erhofften Erfolg. Hier wurden acht verschiedene filamentöse Ascomyceten bzw. Zygomyceten isoliert, eine lytische Aktivität konnte jedoch bei keiner dieser Spezies gezeigt werden.

Clonal analysis of Inquilinus limosus isolates from six cystic fibrosis patients and specific serum antibody response

Inquilinus limosus is a novel Gram-negative bacterium of the subdivision alpha-Proteobacteria recently found in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, the authors report on the clinical courses of six CF patients colonized with I. limosus. Five patients suffered from either an acute respiratory exacerbation or a progressive loss of pulmonary function, whereas one patient was in a stable clinical situation. This study focused on two aims: (i) the clonal analysis of I. limosus isolates by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, and (ii) the clarification of whether the presence of I. limosus in the respiratory tract is associated with a specific serum antibody response. Serum IgG was detected by immunoblotting using I. limosus whole-cell-lysate proteins as antigens. Sera from healthy blood donors (n=10) and from CF patients colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=10) were found to be immunoblot negative. All six Inquilinus-positive patients raised serum IgG antibodies against various I. limosus antigens. Surprisingly, in one patient, a specific I. limosus serum antibody response was already detected 1 year prior to Inquilinus-positive sputum cultures. Two prominent antigens were characterized by MALDI-MS: a 23 kDa protein revealed homology to the outer membrane lipoprotein OmlA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and an 18 kDa protein to a protein-tyrosine phosphatase of Burkholderia cepacia. In conclusion, detection of I. limosus is accompanied by a specific serum antibody response and may reflect the infectious/pathogenic potential of I. limosus. Moreover, IgG immunoblotting may be useful to detect early infection with I. limosus and may support the selective cultivation of this novel emerging pathogen.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of Clostrum Difficile

Clostridium difficile is at present one of the most common nosocomial infections in the developed world. Hypervirulent strains (PCR ribotype 027) of C. difficile which produce enhanced levels of toxins have also been associated with other characteristics such as a greater rate of sporulation and resistance to fluoroquinolones. Infection due to C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 has also been associated with greater rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this thesis was to investigate both the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of two populations of toxigenic clinical isolates of C. difficile which were recovered from two separate hospital trusts within the UK. Phenotypic characterisation of the isolates was undertaken using analytical profile indexes (APIs), minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) and S-layer protein typing. In addition to this, isolates were also investigated for the production of a range of extracellular enzymes as potential virulence factors. Genotypic characterisation was performed using a random amplification of polymorphic DNA(RAPD) PCR protocol which was fully optimised in this study, and the gold standard method, PCR ribotyping. The discriminatory power of both methods was compared and the similarity between the different isolates also analysed. Associations between the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and the recovery location of the isolate were then investigated. Extracellular enzyme production and API testing revealed little variation between the isolates; with S-layer typing demonstrating low discrimination. Minimum inhibitory concentrations did not identify any resistance towards either vancomycin or metronidazole; there were however significant differences in the distribution of antibiogram profiles of isolates recovered from the two different trusts. The RAPD PCR protocol was successfully optimised and alongside PCR ribotyping, effectively typed all of the clinical isolates and also identified differences in the number of types defined between the two locations. Both PCR ribotyping and RAPD demonstrated similar discriminatory power; however, the two genotyping methods did not generate amplicons that mapped directly onto each other and therefore clearly characterised isolates based on different genomic markers. The RAPD protocol also identified different subtypes within PCR ribotypes, therefore demonstrating that all isolates defined as a particular PCR ribotype were not the same strain. No associations could be demonstrated between the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics observed; however, the location from which an isolate was recovered did appear to influence antibiotic resistance and genotypic characteristics. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics observed amongst the C. difficile isolates in this study, may provide a basis for the identification of further targets which may be potentially incorporated into future methods for the characterisation of C. difficile isolates.

Frequência de microrganismos em conteúdo vulvovaginal de vacas tratadas com dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona

The dissertation was divided in two studies. With the first, aimed to evaluate the occurrence of microorganisms present in the vulvovaginal region of cows that received intravaginal progesterone devices during the fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) programs, and correlate the results with pregnancy rates. Samples were collected from vulvovaginal region of 30 beef cows Guzerá and 30 crossbred dairy cows, and also intravaginal devices, randomly. Of the 120 samples of cows, 60 corresponded to the collections of the period prior to the introduction device (D0) and 60 to the subsequent withdrawal of it (D9); it yielded 100% of bacterial growth, whereas, in most samples, it was found more than one isolated. In D0, the most frequent agent was Escherichia coli (52%), and in D9, Proteus spp and E. coli were the most frequent (32% and 28%, respectively). Regarding intravaginal progesterone devices, in D0 were isolated 37 microorganisms, being predominant those of the genus Bacillus (35%); in D9, 41 colony forming units (CFU) were isolated, of which 36.6% corresponded to Proteus spp. For the analysis of the antimicrobial profile, susceptibility testing was performed by diffusion agar disk, and cows that did not became pregnant after FTAI program were selected, as a future treatment. There resistance 100% to penicillin, and sensitivity, approximately, 90% to gentamicin, both isolates obtained from samples of beef cows and obtained of dairy cows. Regarding pregnancy rate, the 30 beef cows, 11 were diagnosed pregnant (36.7%), 4 (36.4%) treated with reused devices and 7 (63.6%) with new devices, which showed more effective. Of the 30 dairy cows, 15 were pregnant (50%), 8 (53.3%) were implanted with reused devices and 7 (46.7%) with new devices, with no significant differences in pregnancy rates. Because it is a research, females were chosen at random, and factors such as body condition, nutritional management and health weren't priority. With the second study, aimed to analyze the similarity between strains, conducted by technical Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD -PCR). Presence of E. coli and the absence of pregnancy were selection criteria used. From the results, it was observed that most of the isolates wasn't phylogenetically similar, since they showed lower than 85% similarity. The study stressed the importance of E. coli in vulvovaginal microbiota of cows and the presence of phenotypic and genotypic characters of this bacterium on possible reproductive problems.