ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF WILD BLACK-CRESTED GIBBONS (HYLOBATES-CONCOLOR) IN CHINA WITH A RECONSIDERATION OF EVIDENCE FOR POLYGYNY

The black-crested gibbon, Hylobates concolor, is one of the few species of gibbons that has not yet been the subject of a long term field study. Field observations in the Ai Lao and Wu Liang Mountains of Yunnan Province, China indicate that in this area the habitat and ecology of this species differ markedly from those of other gibbons that have been studied to date. These differences are correlated with some behavioral differences. In particular, these gibbons apparently have greater day ranges than other gibbons. It has also been suggested that this species lives in polygynous groups. To demonstrate this requires observation of groups with two or more females with young. Our own observations and those from other recent studies suggest that there are alternative explanations consistent with available data.

FEEDING AND VOCAL BEHAVIORS OF BLACK GIBBONS (HYLOBATES-CONCOLOR) IN YUNNAN - A PRELIMINARY-STUDY

Feeding and vocal behaviours of wild black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) were observed from 1987 to 1989 in south-western Yunnan, notably H. concolor jingdongensis at Mt. Wuliang (24-degrees 18-42'N, 100-degrees 30-50'E) in the early spring of 1989. 12 plant species were observed to have been eaten by the gibbons; these included tree species, lianas and epiphytes. Approximately 21 % of feeding time was devoted to eating fruits, 61 % to leaf buds and shoots, 7 % to flowers and 11 % to leaves. The gibbons preferred fruits to leaves even though they commonly ate leaves. In this study, the morning songs (duet and solo), reponsive (territorial) songs, alarm calls and communication calls were recorded. The gibbons sang their morning songs mainly in the early morning, with a single bout lasting more than 10 min on average. The singing of a group would trigger other groups, and all groups in an area tended to sing sequentially. The morning duet song bout was dominated by an adult male. The male emitted booms, aa notes, early multimodulated figures, intermediate multimodulated figures and codas, the latter occurring only in duets following the female's great call. The female uttered great calls and abortive great calls. The subadults or juveniles also took part in the morning songs. Lone males were heard to utter solos which lasted longer than the duets of the pairs.

西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor）栖息地与鸣叫特征分析

本研究重点对云南哀牢山、无量山、永德大雪山以及老挝 Nam Kan 保护区西黑冠 长臂猿(Nomascus concolor)的鸣叫特征进行了分析研究，以探讨长臂猿鸣叫个体特异性 的发生机制及其在地理种群区分或亚种地位划分中的意义；同时对哀牢山平河西黑冠长 臂猿栖息地乔木结构进行了样方调查，揭示西黑冠长臂猿高海拔栖息地的乔木结构特 征，为后续行为学研究提供基础生态数据。 研究表明，云南省哀牢山平河（N 24°20′09.5″, E 101°17′16.1″, 海拔2600m）的黑 长臂猿栖息地有乔木57 种隶属于23 科37 个属；木质藤本植物9 种隶属于6 科8 属。 优势科主要为杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）、木兰科（Magnoliaceae）、山茶科（Theaceae）和 壳斗科（Fagaceae）植物。乔木的多样性指数、均匀度指数在沟底明显降低，而乔木1 层和2 层所占的比例以及木质藤本的平均多度均随着坡位的下降而升高。与其他地区的 长臂猿相比，哀牢山黑长臂猿的活动高度较低（10—22m），果实性食物种类较少。 西黑冠长臂猿的雄性鸣叫包括Boom 音节、aa 音节、弱调节音节、强调节音节和 coda 音节，Boom 音节只是一单独的条带状音节，结构最简单也最稳定；aa 音节、弱调 节音节、强调节音节和coda 音节的稳定性则呈现出依次增大的趋势。强调节音节和coda 部分的稳定性在总体没有显著差异，但在某些变量上coda 音节比强调节音节有显著更 高的稳定性。在此基础上，重点基于对coda 音节的分析，发现同一地点不同群体的雄 性西黑冠长臂猿个体之间存在非常显著的鸣叫特异性，并且同一地点不同群体的雄性个 体之间鸣叫的差异，显著高于不同地点间雄性个体间鸣叫的差异。这一发现表明西黑冠 长臂猿很有可能在有意识地通过鸣叫声音的调节，来增加与邻近群体间鸣叫的差异性， 并依靠这一行为识别邻近群的成年个体和陌生个体或新成年的未配对个体，这对具领域 性、配对的长臂猿来说具有显著的生态适应意义。基于对西黑冠长臂猿所有4 个亚种雌 雄个体鸣叫的逐步判别分析，结果表明西黑冠长臂猿明显分为3 个类群：1) 指名亚种 （N. c. concolor）和景东亚种（N. c. jingdongensis）为同一类群；2)滇西亚种（N. c. furvogaster）类群；3)老挝亚种（N. c. lu）类群，综合我们及前人的研究结果，我们认 为老挝亚种与其它三个亚种之间很可能已经达到了亚种分化的水平，滇西亚种也是如 此，但其有效性还值得进一步研究和探讨，而指名亚种和景东亚种间可能还没有达到亚种分化的水平。

Propuesta de estandarización de los procesos de servicio al cliente en la red de estaciones de servicio “PUMA”, ubicadas en Pichincha

El presente trabajo se desarrolla en COMDEC S.A., que es una empresa multinacional de origen argentino, dedicada a la comercialización de combustibles, este trabajo se lo realiza en virtud de la necesidad de definir, establecer y estandarizar los procesos de servicio al cliente en las Estaciones de Servicio de la red “PUMA”, con el propósito de brindar un servicio eficiente y eficaz, de tal forma que los clientes lo perciban fácilmente y lo retribuyan con su fidelidad. Una vez realizado el levantamiento de la información, determinados los procesos de servicio al cliente y estandarizados, se persigue obtener una diferencia competitiva en el servicio, por lo tanto la compañía deberá mantener un enfoque hacia la satisfacción del cliente, para mantenerse en el mercado e incrementar sus ventas.

Predictive computed-torque control of a PUMA 560 manipulator robot

This paper describes the integration of constrained predictive control and computed-torque control, and its application on a six degree-of-freedom PUMA 560 manipulator arm. The real-time implementation was based on SIMULINK, with the predictive controller and the computed-torque control law implemented in the C programming language. The constrained predictive controller solved a quadratic programming problem at every sampling interval, which was as short as 10 ms, using a prediction horizon of 150 steps and an 18th order state space model.

Transputer control of a Puma 560 robot via the virtual bus

The robot control problem is discussed with regard to controller implementation on a multitransputer array. Some high-performance aspects required of such controllers are described, with particular reference to robot force control. The implications for the architecture required for controllers based on computed torque are discussed and an example is described. The idea of treating a transputer array as a virtual bus is put forward for the implementation of fast real-time controllers. An example is given of controlling a Puma 560 industrial robot. Some of the practical considerations for using transputers for such control are described.

Alternative mating tactics in dimorphic males of the harvestman Longiperna concolor (Arachnida: Opiliones)

Intense male-male competition for females may drive the evolution of male morphological dimorphism, which is frequently associated with alternative mating tactics. Using modern techniques for the detection of discontinuous allometries, we describe male dimorphism in the Neotropical harvestman Longiperna concolor, the males of which use their elongated, sexually dimorphic legs IV in fights for the possession of territories where females lay eggs. We also tested three predictions related to the existence of alternative mating tactics: (1) if individuals with relatively longer legs IV (majors) are more likely to monopolize access to reproductive resources, they are expected to remain close to stable groups of females more than individuals with relatively shorter legs IV (minors) do; (2) if minors achieve fertilization by moving between territories, they are expected to be less faithful to specific sites; and (3) majors should be observed in aggressive interactions more often. We individually marked all the individuals from a population of Longiperna during the reproductive season and recorded the location of each sighting for males and females as well as the identity of males involved in fights. Majors were more likely to have harems, and large majors were even more likely to do so. Majors were more philopatric and all males involved in fights belonged to this morph. These results strongly suggest that the mating tactic of the majors is based on resource defense whereas that of the minors probably relies on sneaking into the territories of the majors and furtively copulating with females.

Influência da abertura de trilhas antrópicas e clareiras naturais na fenologia reprodutiva de Gymnanthes concolor (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) (Geoffroy, 1803) (Carnivora, Felidae) food habits in a mosaic of Atlantic Rainforest and eucalypt plantations of southeastern Brazil

A dieta de uma população de jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) (Geoffroy, 1803) (Carnivora, Felidae) foi estudada entre novembro de 2000 e novembro de 2001, em 24,9 km² de mosaico de Mata Atlântica secundária e reflorestamento de eucalipto na Serra de Paranapiacaba, São Paulo, Brasil. A análise das 26 amostras fecais e regurgitadas, obtidas em 570.1 km de percurso, indicou o consumo de 19 itens alimentares em um total de 74 ocorrências de presas. Pequenos mamíferos foram os itens mais frequentemente encontrados na dieta (42,5%), seguidos por aves (21%), répteis (14%) e mamíferos de tamanho médio (3%). A porcentagem de ocorrência (PO) sugere que a dieta concentra-se, principalmente, em pequenos roedores (30%) e aves (21%). Foi também registrada a predação sobre serpentes da família Viperidae. A amplitude de nicho alimentar padronizada (Bsta = 0,76) mostra uma dieta generalista, entretanto, os dados sugerem que o jaguarundi consome principalmente pequenos vertebrados (mamíferos, aves ou répteis), sobretudo, espécies terrestres.