982 resultados para Psychoactive Substances


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Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O sistema nervoso central é vulnerável a ação de inúmeras substâncias, dentre estas se encontram as substâncias psicoativas, tal como o álcool etílico ou etanol, que é consumida pela humanidade há bastante tempo e está associado a uma gama de problemas médico sociais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações neurocomportamentais e teciduais decorrentes da exposição ao etanol da adolescência à fase adulta sobre o hipocampo. Para isto, foram avaliadas 30 ratas Wistar, distribuídas em grupo controle e etanol, que ao completarem 35 dias de idade (adolescência) receberam, por gavagem, etanol na dose de 6,5 g/Kg/dia até completar 90 dias (fase adulta). Após esse período, os animais foram submetidos aos ensaios comportamentais do campo aberto, reconhecimento social e a esquiva inibitória e posteriormente perfundidos para avaliação tecidual através de processamento histológico por violeta de cresila. Foram coletadas e processadas secções de 50 μm, as amostras foram submetidas à coloração por violeta de cresila. Os resultados demonstraram déficit nos parâmetros analisados nos ensaios comportamentais, como comprometimento na deambulação natural do animal, no percentual no número de quadrantes centrais e tempo na área central o que sugere comportamento do tipo ansiogênico, aumento no número de levantamentos relacionado à atividade exploratória dos animais. Observou-se comprometimento no desenvolvimento de processos mnemônicos com diminuição na retenção de memória de curto e longo prazo, bem como na de reconhecimento social. Quanto ao tratamento histológico foi observado diminuição na densidade celular nas regiões CA1 e CA3 do hipocampo. Estes resultados indicam que a exposição crônica ao etanol da adolescência a fase adulta perturba aspectos comportamentais relacionados ao sistema límbico, no qual o hipocampo esta inserido.

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O uso de substâncias psicoativas é um dos maiores problemas da sociedade moderna, causando transtornos sociais, econômicos e à saúde do usuário. Em 2010, 26,4-36 milhões de pessoas utilizaram analgésicos opióides para fins não-terapêuticos, sendo a frequência de uso nocivo por profissionais de saúde, cinco vezes maior quando comparados a população geral, devido ao acesso facilitado. A prevalência no uso durante a gravidez apresenta taxas que variam de 1% a 21%, representando preocupação na sociedade, uma vez que os efeitos ocasionados no desenvolvimento do feto ainda não estão bem elucidados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as respostas neurocomportamentais de ratos adultos após exposição crônica à morfina, durante o período intrauterino e lactação. Ratas grávidas receberam durante 42 dias, via subcutânea, morfina 10 mg/kg/dia. A prole foi pesada nos dias D1, D5, D10, D15, D20, D30, D60, e os ensaios comportamentais realizados com a prole aos 2,5 meses de idade, os quais consistiram no modelo do campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado, nado forçado e rota-rod. Os resultados demonstraram que a exposição à morfina promoveu redução no ganho de peso da prole após o nascimento e inclusive após o desmame, aumento da locomoção espontânea das fêmeas, bem como aumento do comportamento do tipo ansiogênico e comportamento do tipo depressivo, independente do sexo, porém sem prejuízo motor associado.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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The dependency of psychoactive substances whether licit or illicit, among adolescents is a topic that has aroused much discussion today. One of the psychoactive substance that has caught the attention of authorities and experts, its potential dependence, increasing the number of addicts and speed with which triggers the human degeneration is the crack (a derivative of cocaine - Erythroxylon coca), used via the smoked administration. Understanding the phenomenon of increasing their use requires an analysis of the concepts of addiction throughout history, current research encompassing scientific findings in epidemiology and statistics involving several types of pharmacological substances, and especially the analysis of data related specifically to crack the focus of our theme. In order to contribute to ongoing discussions and offer possible alternatives for effective intervention, especially in schools, we conducted a survey that sought to find evidence of a possible relationship between crack use and moral reasoning. Since our work specifically theoretical nature, we use to reach our goals, assumptions, two researchers in the concept of human morality: Jean Piaget (1994) and Lawrence Kohlberg (1992) both traveling within the proposed cognitive-evolutionary human development. For an understanding of the proposals of these two researchers, we use research to (Lepre, 2005), as guiding thesis of this work. The results presented indicate that adolescents who use crack are very close to a level of moral reasoning pre-conventional and conventional, although it is important to state that more accurate results require further research on the subject, including those involving field research. Yet we can conclude that prevention must go through a dialogue that privileges the moral education as possible means of effective intervention against the use of crack, allowing the construction of autonomy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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This research examines the merits of hallucinogenic plants considered and/or psychoactive substances, such as Cannabis sativa and Ipomoea violacea, using the isotope rates of stable isotope of oxygen (18O) and nitrogen (15N), continuing projects already developed by the research group at the Center for Stable Isotope (CIE), which evaluated the isotopes carbon-13. This paper helps in creating a database that we intent to use in evaluation of each plant merit. Through the IRMS (Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry) technique, it has shown that some of the 24 samples of marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) evaluated were similar to those grown in the regions of Fairbanks and Tanacross Alaska, USA. In turn, the 50 samples of Ipomoea violacea, coming from Botucatu (SP) and Três Lagoas (MS), got their differences detected, in order to clearly identify the discrepancies between their growing regions. Thus, it was possible not only to track the geographical differences between marijuana samples collected from different regions, but also evaluate the isotopic variation of leaf, flower and seed of Ipomoea violacea. With this database, it was possible to determine the origin region of the drug and/or detect where the cultivation was carried out, aiding in the search of the traffic control agencies, such as the Federal Police in Brazil

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The sexual abuse suffered in childhood and adolescence, in addition to damage to physical and psychological health of the victim, is considered as an important risk factor for alcohol and drugs addiction, development of psychopathology and psychosocial damage in adulthood. In addition to the pain and humiliation that are submitted by the abuse, children and adolescents also experience shame and guilt which require them to adopt coping strategies to endure those feelings. The use of psychoactive substances is a recognized way of dealing with the pains of living. This work, which is of narrative style, analyses and discusses, through five case reports, chemical dependency as a result of sexual abuse suffered in childhood and/or adolescence. The eight subjects in this study are male and have suffered sexual violence in this age period of life. Their ages range from 23 years to 39 years, and all are admitted to a therapeutic community in a city in the interior of Sao Paulo state, in Brazil, for treatment of chemical dependency, being met by the Department of Psychology. The reasons for the choice of the participants for treatment modality for patients are: difficult to stop using drugs, even unwilling to take it, they have easy access to it; the feeling of losing control over their lives; by successive losses as a result of drug use, and for fear that their lives had a tragic ending. With the exception of two participants, the others do not classify that as a child suffered sexual violence. However, all attribute that facilitated their entry into the world of drugs. Seven participants experienced such violence in childhood (between 7 years and 9 years) and adolescence (age 14). The attackers were people closed to the victims—in the case of two victims, their families, with the exception of one participant who was raped by a stranger. Six participants declared themselves as homosexual. Another participant does not claim to be homosexual, but presents difficulties in terms of sexuality. Two participants are HIV positive. The start of psychoactive substances use occurred during adolescence (12 years to 17 years). The participants see drugs as an anesthetic to the pain of the soul, a way to get pleasure, but they get charged expensively, as it increases the feeling of emptiness, guilt, helplessness, worthlessness and hopelessness. Although participants have sought help to deal with addiction, it is noted that throughout the life course the issue of sexual violence was not treated. It was noted that the patients have a double stigma in society: the issue of drugs addiction and the orientation of sexual desire, because the majority of participants are homosexual. The results reinforce the need for effective action geared to accommodate the victims of sexual violence and effective preventive measures to prevent children and adolescents from being abused.